Three-dimensional Spatial Analysis Research Articles

3D ocean assessments reveal that fisheries reach deep but marine protection remains shallow

The wave of new global conservation targets, the conclusion of the High Seas Treaty negotiations, and the expansion of extractive use into the deep sea call for a paradigm shift in ocean conservation. The current reductionist 2D representation of the ocean to set targets and measure impacts will fail at achieving effective biodiversity conservation. Here, we develop a framework that overlays depth realms onto marine ecoregions to conduct the first three-dimensional spatial analysis of global marine conservation achievements and fisheries footprint. Our novel approach reveals conservation gaps of mesophotic, rariphotic, and abyssal depths and an underrepresentation of high protection levels across all depths. In contrast, the 3D footprint of fisheries covers all depths, with benthic fishing occurring down to the lower bathyal and mesopelagic fishing peaking in areas overlying abyssal depths. Additionally, conservation efforts are biased towards areas where the lowest fishing pressures occur, compromising the effectiveness of the marine conservation network. These spatial mismatches emphasize the need to shift towards 3D thinking to achieve ocean sustainability.

Three-dimensional spatial analysis of temporomandibular joint in adolescent Class II division 1 malocclusion patients: comparison of Twin-Block and clear functional aligner

BackgroundOur study aimed to use three-dimensional (3D) spatial morphological measurement methods to compare the influence of Twin-Block and clear functional aligners on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of adolescent Class II division 1 malocclusion mandibular retraction patients. We also aimed to explore the similarities and differences in the effects on the TMJ upon using Twin-Block and clear functional aligner.MethodsCone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data of 49 patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion (Twin-Block group: 24; clear functional aligner group: 25) were collected before and after functional orthodontic treatment, and a 3D model of the TMJ was reconstructed using MIMICS 21.0 software. Eighteen measurement parameters, including the anterior, superior, and posterior joint spaces, were measured and compared using the 3D model.ResultsAfter the two groups underwent functional appliance treatment, the height, volume, and surface area of the condyle, length of the mandibular ramus and mandibular length increased; The retro-displaced condyle moved to the middle position of the articular fossa, while the rest of the condylar position did not change significantly. Remodeling of the articular fossa after treatment was not evident. The superior joint space of the clear functional aligner group increased, but there was no significant change after Twin-Block appliances treatment.ConclusionsBoth appliances promote condylar growth and sagittal and vertical development of the mandible in adolescent Class II division 1 malocclusion mandibular retraction patients. The length of the mandibular ramus showed a more significant increase following treatment with the Twin-Block appliances than with clear function aligners.

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Factors of Land Development: Evidence from Shandong Province, China

As populations and economies have grown rapidly, questions of land development and use have intensified. It has become a major global concern to achieve sustainable land use practices. This study reveals evolution of the spatiotemporal pattern of land development intensity of counties in Shandong Province by introducing a land development intensity measurement model combined with three-dimensional trend surface and spatial autocorrelation analyses. Geodetector and geographically weighted regression models were employed to demonstrate the interplay and spatiotemporal heterogeneity between development intensity and drivers. The empirical results show that the value of land development intensity of counties in Shandong Province shows a general growth trend, with the number of counties with higher values gradually increasing and the number of counties with lower values gradually decreasing. We also found that the spatial heterogeneity of land development intensity across counties in Shandong Province is significant, and the spatial distribution pattern is basically consistent with the “one group, two centers and three circles” strategy proposed by the Shandong Provincial Government. There is also a positive spatial correlation and clustering effect of land development intensity of counties in Shandong Province. High (low) value clusters are concentrated in core hot (cold) counties, driving some of the surrounding counties towards radial development. The alteration in the intensity of county land development is a complex occurrence that is shaped by numerous factors. Among these, GDP per capita and population density have the primary influence on land development of counties in Shandong Province. To achieve coordinated regional social, economic, and environmental benefits, land development within the county should adhere to the principle of adapting to local conditions and implement differentiated development strategies according to different development intensities.

Three-dimensional spatial quantitative analysis of cardiac lymphatics in the mouse heart.

Three-dimensional (3D) microscopy and image data analysis are necessary for studying the morphology of cardiac lymphatic vessels (LyVs) and their association with other cell types. We aimed to develop a methodology for 3D multiplexed lightsheet microscopy and highly sensitive and quantitative image analysis to identify pathological remodeling in the 3D morphology of LyVs in young adult mouse hearts with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). We developed a 3D lightsheet microscopy workflow providing a quick turn-around (as few as 5-6 days), multiplex fluorescence detection, and preservation of LyV structure and epitope markers. Hearts from non-transgenic and transgenic (TG) HCM mice were arrested in diastole, retrograde perfused, immunolabeled, optically cleared, and imaged. We built an image-processing pipeline to quantify LyV morphological parameters at the chamber and branch levels. Chamber-specific pathological alterations of LyVs were identified, and significant changes were seen in the right atrium (RA). TG hearts had a higher volume percent of ER-TR7+ fibroblasts and reticular fibers. In the RA, we found associations between ER-TR7+ volume percent and both LyV segment density and median diameter. This workflow and study enabled multi-scale analysis of pathological changes in cardiac LyVs of young adult mice, inviting ideas for research on LyVs in cardiac disease.

Three-dimensional spatial analysis of the temporomandibular joint in adult patients with Class II division 2 malocclusion before and after orthodontic treatment: a retrospective study

BackgroundTo investigate changes in the three-dimensional (3D) spatial morphology of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and condyle position in adult patients with Class II division 2 malocclusion using a 3D spatial measurement method and to investigate the similarities and differences in the effects of fixed appliance and clear aligner treatments on the TMJ.MethodsCone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data of 47 adult patients with Class II division 2 malocclusion (25, fixed appliance group; 22, clear aligner group) were collected before and after treatment. Mimics 21.0 was used to reconstruct the TMJ 3D model. Fourteen measurement items, such as the anterior, upper, and posterior joint spaces, were measured directly on the 3D model and compared.ResultsPost-orthodontic treatment, the shape and position of the condyle changed in adult patients with Class II division 2 malocclusion. Reduction in the anterior joint space and increase in the posterior joint space after orthodontic treatment were significant in both fixed appliance and clear aligner treatments; the condyle moved forward to the center of the fossa. The superior joint space and depth of the glenoid fossa increased after clear aligner treatment, but there was no significant change after fixed appliance treatment.ConclusionsThe condylar shape and position in patients with Class II division 2 malocclusion changed significantly post-treatment, indicating that the condyle undergoes adaptive reconstruction during orthodontic treatment in these patients. These results provide a reference for diagnosis, design of treatment plan, and monitoring of treatment in orthodontic clinics.

A Spatial Relation Model of Three-Dimensional Electronic Navigation Charts Based on Point-Set Topology Theory

Spatial relation models are the basis for realising three-dimensional spatial analysis. More researchers are now focusing on models that combine topological relations with distance or directional relations; however, a model that unifies all three relations has not yet been developed. In particular, it is more effective to use different spatial relations between features with different spatial characteristics in three-dimensional electronic navigation charts (3D ENC). Therefore, this paper proposes a 3D ENC feature spatial relation model (3DSRM) based on point-set topology theory, which combines 3D topological relations, distance relations and directional relations, and uses a unified model framework to describe 64 topological relations of 3D ENC features from both horizontal and vertical directions. Through the comparison and derivation of feature topological relations, it is demonstrated that the model can distinguish 3D spatial topological relations more comprehensively, realise the mutual derivation between spatial relations and spatial features, and improve the robustness of spatial relations judgement. The model can be used to judge the topological relations between features, realise 3D topological relation checking and topological creation of complex features, and improve the accuracy and interactivity of 3D ENC.

Numerical modeling of knocking combustion in spark ignition engines

At present, around 85% of the 1.1 billion passenger cars in the world are powered by gasoline spark ignition (SI) engines. Engine downsizing coupled with boosted operation and transition to sustainable fuels is considered an attractive strategy to enhance power density and reduce fuel consumption of SI engines. However, these operating conditions result in severe thermodynamic conditions, thereby promoting the likelihood of abnormal combustion phenomena such as knock. The severity of knock can vary significantly, and the efficiency of engines at high loads is limited in practice by heavy knocking phenomena. Since, a thorough analysis of such recurrent but non-cyclic phenomena via experiments alone becomes highly cumbersome, in the present work, a multi-cycle large-eddy simulation study was performed to quantitatively predict cyclic variability in the combustion process and cyclic knock intensity variability in a direct injection spark-ignition engine. For both the mild knock and heavy knock conditions, the numerical results were validated against experimental measurements. Based on the simulation results, a correlation analysis was performed considering combustion phasing, peak cylinder pressure and maximum amplitude of pressure oscillation. Furthermore, a detailed three-dimensional spatial analysis illustrated the evolution of auto-ignition kernel development and propagation of pressure waves during knocking combustion.

Three-Dimensional Quantitative Coherent Diffraction Imaging of Staphylococcus aureus Treated with Peptide-Mineralized Au-Cluster Probes.

Characterizing interactions between microbial cells and their specific inhibitory drugs is essential for developing effective drugs and understanding the therapeutic mechanism. Functional metal nanoclusters can be effective inhibitory agents against microorganisms according to various characterization methods, but quantitative three-dimensional (3D) spatial structural analysis of intact cells is lacking. Herein, using coherent X-ray diffraction imaging, we performed in situ 3D visualization of unstained Staphylococcus aureus cells treated with peptide-mineralized Au-cluster probes at a resolution of ∼47 nm. Subsequent 3D mass-density mapping and quantitative structural analyses of S. aureus in different degrees of destruction showed that the bacterial cell wall was damaged and cytoplasmic constituents were released from cells, confirming the significant antibacterial effects of the Au-cluster probe. This study provides a promising nondestructive approach for quantitative imaging and paves the way for further research into microbe-inhibitor drug interactions.

Analyses of three-dimensional species associations reveal departures from neutrality in a tropical forest.

The study of community spatial structure is central to understanding diversity patterns over space and species co-occurrence at local scales. Although most analytical approaches consider horizontal and vertical dimensions separately, in this study we introduce a three-dimensional spatial analysis that simultaneously includes horizontal and vertical species associations. Using tree census data (2000-2016) and allometries from the Luquillo forest plot in Puerto Rico, we show that spatial organization becomes less random over time as the forest recovered from land-use legacy effects and hurricane disturbance. Tree species vertical segregation is predominant in the forest with almost all species that co-occur in the horizontal plane avoiding each other in the vertical dimension. Horizontal segregation is less common than vertical, whereas three-dimensional aggregation (a proxy for direct tree competition) is the least frequent type of spatial association. Furthermore, dominant species are involved in more non-random spatial associations, implying that species co-occurrence is facilitated by species segregation in space. This novel three-dimensional analysis allowed us to identify and quantify tree species spatial distributions, how interspecific competition was reduced through forest structure, and how it changed over time after disturbance, in ways not detectable from two-dimensional analyses alone.

Research on Ethanol Coupling to Prepare C4 Olefins Based on BP Neural Network and Cluster Analysis

Ethanol, as a clean energy source, is an ideal raw material for the preparation of C4 olefins, but there are few studies on the preparation of C4 olefins by the coupling of ethanol. This research is based on the data from Question B of the 2021 Chinese Contemporary Undergraduate Mathematical Contest in Modeling. The researchers firstly perform data interpolation and visualization processing on the original data. Secondly, based on the two-dimensional visualization analysis, we cluster the different catalyst combinations; divide the influencing factors into temperature, Co/SiO2 and HAP loading ratio, Co loading, and ethanol concentration; and construct a quaternary linear regression equation that affects ethanol conversion rate and C4 olefin selectivity. Finally, according to the three-dimensional spatial visualization analysis and using the BP neural network model training data, we obtain that under the conditions of using loading method I, catalyst combination type 200 mg 0.5 wt% Co/SiO2-200 mg HAP-ethanol concentration 0.9 ml/min and temperature 450°C, the yield of C4 olefins can reach the maximum. This study provides new research ideas and methods for the preparation of C4 olefins from ethanol.

The drivers of avian-haemosporidian prevalence in tropical lowland forests of New Guinea in three dimensions.

Haemosporidians are among the most common parasites of birds and often negatively impact host fitness. A multitude of biotic and abiotic factors influence these associations, but the magnitude of these factors can differ by spatial scales (i.e., local, regional and global). Consequently, to better understand global and regional drivers of avian‐haemosporidian associations, it is key to investigate these associations at smaller (local) spatial scales. Thus, here, we explore the effect of abiotic variables (e.g., temperature, forest structure, and anthropogenic disturbances) on haemosporidian prevalence and host–parasite networks on a horizontal spatial scale, comparing four fragmented forests and five localities within a continuous forest in Papua New Guinea. Additionally, we investigate if prevalence and host–parasite networks differ between the canopy and the understory (vertical stratification) in one forest patch. We found that the majority of Haemosporidian infections were caused by the genus Haemoproteus and that avian‐haemosporidian networks were more specialized in continuous forests. At the community level, only forest greenness was negatively associated with Haemoproteus infections, while the effects of abiotic variables on parasite prevalence differed between bird species. Haemoproteus prevalence levels were significantly higher in the canopy, and an opposite trend was observed for Plasmodium. This implies that birds experience distinct parasite pressures depending on the stratum they inhabit, likely driven by vector community differences. These three‐dimensional spatial analyses of avian‐haemosporidians at horizontal and vertical scales suggest that the effect of abiotic variables on haemosporidian infections are species specific, so that factors influencing community‐level infections are primarily driven by host community composition.

Application of Data Visualization in Data Analysis of Inclinometer Hole

The deformation measurement data of the bank slope survey hole is one of the typical physical quantities characterizing the safety state of the bank slope. The measurement results of the inclinometer hole are two-way horizontal displacements perpendicular to each other at different depths, and the traditional two-dimensional analysis diagram can’t show the vectorization of the horizontal displacement of the inclinometer hole well, neither highlighting the change of displacement with time nor showing the direction of displacement. In this paper, the measuring principle of inclinometer hole is introduced firstly, and then the monitoring data of several inclinometer holes on the back bank slope of an arch dam is taken as an example to visualize, and the advantages and disadvantages of traditional two-dimensional analysis chart, three-dimensional process analysis chart and spatial displacement analysis chart in visualizing the measuring results of inclinometer hole are compared and analysed. It has certain reference significance for the analysis of the monitoring results of inclinometer holes.

Three-dimensional geological modeling and spatial analysis from geotechnical borehole data using an implicit surface and marching tetrahedra algorithm

Three-dimensional (3D) geological modeling based on borehole data usually requires many manual operations, and the modeling process remains very complicated and time consuming. This paper presents an automatic implicit 3D geological modeling and visualization method that can be applied to urban geotechnical drilling data. First, by analyzing the general characteristics of these types of data, the implicit Hermite radial basis function (HRBF) surface is used to simulate geological interfaces according to lithological layers/units in boreholes. Second, the marching tetrahedra (MT) visualization method is optimized with new data structures and split operations to extract explicit mesh models from implicit geological surfaces. Then, the optimized tetrahedron used in the field of 3D urban drilling modeling is described in detail. Finally, the local geotechnical engineering data of two Chinese cities are used to verify the modeling algorithm, and several kinds of spatial analyses are carried out, including visualization, data querying, accuracy assessment and multiple cutting methods. The results show that the proposed urban subsurface 3D geological modeling method is effective in visualizing the structural shape, topological relationship and formation properties of strata that can be used to predict underground conditions and reduce construction risks during urban geotechnical engineering projects.

Outdoor Atmospheric Microbial Diversity Is Associated With Urban Landscape Structure and Differs From Indoor-Transit Systems as Revealed by Mobile Monitoring and Three-Dimensional Spatial Analysis

Microbes are abundant inhabitants of the near-surface atmosphere in urban areas. The distribution of microbial communities may benefit or hinder human wellbeing and ecosystem function. Surveys of airborne microbial diversity are uncommon in both natural and built environments and those that investigate diversity are stationary in the city, thus missing continuous exposure to microbes that covary with three-dimensional urban structure. Individuals in cities are generally mobile and would be exposed to diverse urban structures outdoors and within indoor-transit systems in a day. We used mobile monitoring of microbial diversity and geographic information system spatial analysis, across Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA in outdoor and indoor-transit (subways and train cars) environments. This study identifies to the role of the three-dimensional urban landscape in structuring atmospheric microbiomes and employs mobile monitoring over ~1,920 kilometers to measure continuous biodiversity. We found more diverse communities outdoors that significantly differ from indoor-transit air in microbial community structure, function, likely source environment, and potentially pathogenic fraction of the community. Variation in the structure of the urban landscape was associated with diversity and function of the near-surface atmospheric microbiome in outdoor samples.

Coordinating urban construction and coal resource mining based on equilibrium value between coal reserve and land resource in coal cities

With the acceleration of urbanization and industrialization, coal cities in China are suffering from the conflicts between urban construction and coal mining (land- mining). Land-mining conflicts in coal cities have caused serious destruction of land resources and the aggravation of ecological and economic conflicts. In order to deal with the land-mining conflict, we proposed a new three-dimensional spatial analysis framework to overall plan the underground coal exploitation and aboveground land use based on economic comparative advantage and value equilibrium theory. First, estimating aboveground land resource value (LP) and underground coal resource value (MP), then comparing MP and LP by equilibrium analysis method to recognize three-dimensional development boundary. Last three boundaries derived were used to divide the study area into four parts (construction/mining-forbidden area, construction put-off/mining-limited area, construction limited/mining-put-off area and construction forbidden/mining area). Ji’ning, a typical Chinese land-mining conflict city, is taken as a case to verify the effectiveness of the new method. The results show that the amount of coal mining and urban construction area increased by about 2 times, the new method can resolve land-mining conflicts in coal cities. It can contribute to a better reference for the design of coal city regulation and control policies design.

近20年城市遥感研究现状及其发展趋势

随着城市化进程的不断加速，城市遥感研究已成为地理学、生态学、城市规划学等学科领域主要发展方向之一。城市化使人口与经济增长的同时，也使得城市原有的生态环境状况发生改变，从而引起了一系列城市生态环境问题。城市遥感是一门多学科交叉研究领域，近年来已经取得了一系列显著的研究成果。对近年来城市遥感研究涉及的城市地表温度、边界扩张、不透水表面、景观格局以及生态安全5个方面的理论、研究方法、应用动态以及发展方向进行了较为详细的总结与探讨。主要得出如下结论：（1）数据源从单个遥感数据研究走向多源遥感数据融合发展，多源遥感数据尤其是结合高分辨率数据越来越多的被应用到城市研究的各个领域中；（2）城市遥感的研究目标不断扩展、深化和聚焦；（3）城市遥感研究已开始从二维空间向三维空间拓展；（4）城市遥感涉及的研究对象之间相互作用，相互影响在深入解读城市遥感研究理论意义和潜在挑战的基础上，结合最新研究对本文所涉及的主题进行了补充和完善，为城市典型生态环境问题的解决提供新的思路；今后应按照城市形态与构成、城市关键要素、生态环境响应、生态环境评价以及城市扩展与环境预测的体系结构进行综合分析。;In recent decades, accelerated economic development and rapid urbanization of urban areas globally have emerged huge environmental challenges of the 21st century that require both new analytic approaches and new sources of data and information. The availability of satellite remote sensing data has increased significantly in the last two decades, and these data constitute a useful data source for mapping the composition of urban settings and analyzing changes over time. Most importantly, remote sensing can play a key role in providing information on urbanization to help science and policy making. Urban remote sensing is a significant field of remote sensing applications, which has become one of the important aspects in geography, ecology, urban planning and other disciplines. Urbanization not only changes the population and economy, but also changes the originally ecological environment of the city, which causes a series of urban ecological environment problems. Urban remote sensing has been used and applied by many fields in urban studies and is an interdisciplinary research field which has progressed and made great advancement in recent years. In the stage of the country's new type urbanization planning, ecological civilization and smart city construction, urban remote sensing faces new opportunities and challenges. Based on the researches of urban remote sensing in this paper, we reviewed the theory, methodology, and application of urban surface temperature, urban boundary expansion, urban impervious surfaces, urban landscape pattern, and urban ecological security. This paper discusses the dynamics and trends of these five aspects in the last two decades. The main conclusions are as follows:Firstly, the data sources have changed from single remote sensing data to multi-source remote sensing data. In particular, the combination of high-resolution data is increasingly used in various fields of urban research; Secondly, the research objectives of urban remote sensing continue to expand, deepen, and become more focused; Thirdly, urban remote sensing research has begun to expand from two-dimensional to three-dimensional spatial analysis; and Fourthly, the contexts involved in urban remote sensing interaction and affected each other. Based on an in-depth understanding of the theoretical significance and potential challenges of urban remote sensing research, the paper provides a comprehensive background for future studies in the area. The paper also provides some information and future research challenges in urban ecological environment problems. The future study of urban areas using remote sensing should focus more on the urban form and composition, key urban elements, ecological environment response, ecological environment assessment, and urban expansion and urban environmental prediction. This study provides the background information, trend, and challenges of the future study of urban remote sensing research. Challenges include greater demands, richer datum, more advanced methods, more comprehensive information, more elaborate expressions, and a wider range of goals.

Temporal three-dimensional spatial analysis of centre of mass during a postural balance test and effect of static taping

Temporal three-dimensional spatial analysis of centre of mass during a postural balance test and effect of static taping

Capillary Balancing: Designing Frost-Resistant Lubricant-Infused Surfaces.

Slippery lubricant-infused surfaces (SLIPS) have shown great promise for anti-frosting and anti-icing. However, small length scales associated with frost dendrites exert immense capillary suction pressure on the lubricant. This pressure depletes the lubricant film and is detrimental to the functionality of SLIPS. To prevent lubricant depletion, we demonstrate that interstitial spacing in SLIPS needs to be kept below those found in frost dendrites. Densely packed nanoparticles create the optimally sized nanointerstitial features in SLIPS (Nano-SLIPS). The capillary pressure stabilizing the lubricant in Nano-SLIPS balances or exceeds the capillary suction pressure by frost dendrites. We term this concept capillary balancing. Three-dimensional spatial analysis via confocal microscopy reveals that lubricants in optimally structured Nano-SLIPS are not affected throughout condensation (0 °C), extreme frosting (−20 °C to −100 °C), and traverse ice-shearing (−10 °C) tests. These surfaces preserve low ice adhesion (10–30 kPa) over 50 icing cycles, demonstrating a design principle for next-generation anti-icing surfaces.

An innovative three-dimensional approach for visibility assessment of highway signs based on the simulation of traffic flow

ABSTRACT The location of highway signs has a significant impact on timely route-finding and also on avoiding potential driver confusion. This paper proposes an approach based on three-dimensional spatial analysis to determine the best attributes for signs and traffic flow concerning the visibility of signs. The position, height and perceived area of signs; maximum speed limit; and size of cars were utilized as indicators. Traffic flow was simulated using the Nagel-Schreckenberg model, while other vehicles were considered as dynamic obstacles. The performance of the proposed approach was evaluated in a case study by designing different scenarios. The results reveal that the proposed method can be used as an appropriate tool for evaluating the visibility of existing signs along highways and for determining the optimal place and height for new signs in three-dimensional, based on several parameters such as the maximum allowable speed, traffic flow, average density, and type of vehicles.

A Low-Rank Tensor Factorization Using Implicit Similarity in Trust Relationships

Low-rank tensor factorization can not only mine the implicit relationships between data but also fill in the missing data when working with complex data. Compared with the traditional collaborative filtering (CF) algorithm, the changes are essentially proposed, from traditional matrix analysis to three-dimensional spatial analysis. Based on low-rank tensor factorization, this paper proposes a recommendation model that comprehensively considers local information and global information, in other words, combining the similarity between trust users and low-rank tensor factorization. First, the similarity between trusted users is measured to capture local information between users by trusting similar preferences of users when selecting items. Then, the users’ similarity is integrated into the tensor, and the low-rank tensor factorization is used to better maintain and describe the internal structure of the data to obtain global information. Furthermore, based on the idea of the alternating least squares method, the conjugate gradient (CG) optimization algorithm for the model of this paper is designed. The local and global information is used to generate the optimal expected result in an iterative process. Finally, we conducted a large number of comparative experiments on the Ciao dataset and the FilmTrust dataset. Experimental results show that the algorithm has less precision loss under the data set with lower density. Thus, not only can a perfect compromise between accuracy and coverage be achieved, but also the computational complexity can be reduced to meet the need for real-time results.