Three-dimensional Scanning Research Articles

Absolute Metabolite Quantification in Individuals with Glioma and Healthy Individuals Using Whole-Brain Three-dimensional MR Spectroscopic and Echo-planar Time-resolved Imaging.

MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) can be used to quantify an extended brain metabolic profile but is confounded by changes in tissue water levels due to disease. To develop a fast absolute quantification method for metabolite concentrations combining whole-brain MRSI with echo-planar time-resolved imaging (EPTI) relaxometry in individuals with glioma and healthy individuals. In this prospective study performed from August 2022 to August 2023, using internal water as concentration reference, the MRSI-EPTI quantification method was compared with the conventional method using population-average literature relaxation values. Healthy participants and participants with mutant IDH1 gliomas underwent imaging at 3 T with a 32-channel coil. Real-time navigated adiabatic spiral three-dimensional MRSI scans were acquired in approximately 8 minutes and reconstructed with a super-resolution pipeline to obtain brain metabolic images at 2.4-mm isotropic resolution. High-spatial-resolution multiparametric EPTI was performed in 3 minutes, with 1-mm isotropic resolution, to correct the relaxation and proton density of the water reference signal. Bland-Altman analysis and the Wilcoxon signed rank test were used to compare absolute quantifications from the proposed and conventional methods. Six healthy participants (four male; mean age, 37 years ± 11 [SD]) and nine participants with glioma (six male; mean age, 41 years ± 15; one with wild-type IDH1 and eight with mutant IDH1) were included. In healthy participants, there was good agreement (+4% bias) between metabolic concentrations derived using the two methods, with a CI of plus or minus 26%. In participants with glioma, there was large disagreement between the two methods (+39% bias) and a CI of plus or minus 55%. The proposed quantification method improved tumor contrast-to-noise ratio (median values) for total N-acetyl-aspartate (EPTI: 0.541 [95% CI: 0.217, 0.910]; conventional: 0.484 [95% CI: 0.199, 0.823]), total choline (EPTI: 1.053 [95% CI: 0.681, 1.713]; conventional: 0.940 [95% CI: 0.617, 1.295]), and total creatine (EPTI: 0.745 [95% CI: 0.628, 0.909]; conventional: 0.553 [95% CI: 0.444, 0.828]) (P = .03 for all). The whole-brain MRSI-EPTI method provided fast absolute quantification of metabolic concentrations with individual-specific corrections at 2.4-mm isotropic resolution, yielding concentrations closer to the true value in disease than the conventional literature-based corrections. © RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article.

Analysis of the Radial Forearm Phalloplasty Donor Site: Do Dermal Matrices Improve Donor Site Morbidity?

The radial forearm free flap is frequently chosen for phalloplasty; however, flap size required for phalloplasty is associated with a large scar burden and functional concerns. We sought to investigate donor site functionality, aesthetics, and volume deficits in a cohort of individuals who underwent radial forearm phalloplasty (RFP) with donor site skin grafting alone or dermal substitute and subsequent skin grafting. Donor site functionality was assessed using the quick Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (qDASH). Patient- and clinician-reported aesthetics were assessed using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS). An Artec Leo three-dimensional scanner was used to measure volumetric differences from the donor site forearm and contralateral forearm. Fifteen patients who underwent RFP agreed to participate. No statistically significant differences were identified between different donor site closure methods regarding qDASH, patient-reported POSAS, or total volumetric deficits. A blinded clinician reported that POSAS approached significance at 4.7 for biodegradable temporizing matrix (BTM), 4.2 for Integra, and 3.0 for split-thickness skin graft (P = 0.05). No statistically significant differences were identified regarding distal, middle, or proximal volume deficits; however, a trend was observed regarding total volumetric deficits with BTM experiencing the lowest deficit (10.3 cm3) and skin graft experiencing the highest deficit (21.5 cm3, P = 0.82). The addition of dermal matrix (BTM or Integra) to the treatment algorithm for RFP did not show statistically significant improvement in donor site volume deficits, patient-reported scar appearance (POSAS), or functionality (qDASH).

A review on modern prosthodontic practice using laser.

Lasers are a very appealing technology in many areas of dentistry because of their minimally invasive nature, quick tissue interaction & response, and ability to heal. Numerous investigations on the possible uses of lasers in dentistry have been carried out since Maiman developed the ruby laser in 1960. Numerous applications such as quick prototyping and computer-aided design, and the study of occlusion in complete denture using three-dimensional laser scanning has been used to develop dentures. Its uses are numerous from fixed prosthodontics to dentinal hypersensitivity treatment to surface treatment of base metal alloys. These days, it even encompasses maxillofacial prosthodontics and dental implantology. Hence, it is of interest to review the use of lasers in clinical prosthodontics.

Bitemark analysis comparing the use of digital scans and 3D resin casts.

Although dental patterns are unique, the use of bitemark analysis in personal identification remains controversial. To accurately reproduce and compare three-dimensional models of bitemarks and dental arches, intraoral three-dimensional scans, commonly utilized in clinical dental practice for precise and stable digital impressions, are recommended. This study aims to compare two different techniques for bitemark analysis: a digital method based on the superimposition of digital scans of dental patterns and lesions, and a visual method based on the physical superimposition of impressions and resin casts produced by 3D printing. A sample of 12 volunteers (6 males and 6 females) with a mean age of 26 years was collected as biters. Each subject was asked to bite on custom supports made from semi-rigid water bottles covered with imprintable dental wax. The dental arches and bitemarks were then recorded using an intraoral scanner and dental impressions. Scan superimposition analysis was conducted using CloudCompare software, while resin casts were printed using a 3D printer and physically superimposed on the bitemark impressions by a blind operator, who was not involved in sample collection, bite test execution, prior cast acquisition, or CloudCompare analysis. Both superimposition techniques relied on the selection of 10 corresponding landmarks (on canines and central and lateral incisors of the upper and lower arches) between the dental arches and impressions. The digital superimposition showed an average concordance of 92.5% for the upper arch landmarks and 85% for the lower arch landmarks, with an overall average concordance of 88.8% for both arches combined. In contrast, the visual analysis of resin casts showed an average concordance of 77.5% for the upper arch and 76.7% for the lower arch, with an overall average of 77.1% for both arches combined. In the analysis performed using CloudCompare, the maxillary arch demonstrated the best superimposition, with 4 landmarks (R0, R1, R2, R5) consistently overlapping. The digital analysis outperformed the visual analysis in all four quadrants, particularly in the upper right arch compared to the lower left arch, thereby supporting the integration of digital techniques in forensic applications. Further studies are necessary to validate the digital technique on a larger sample, including subjects with different dental characteristics, bite dynamics, and varying types of supports and substrates.

Corrosion mechanisms of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens on carbon steel based on biofilm perspective

Corrosion mechanisms of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens and E. coli–P. fluorescens on carbon steel were researched by the corrosion weight loss, electrochemical impedance, microbial inoculation culture, biofilm three-dimensional layer scanning, environmental scanning electron microscope, infrared spectroscopy and other methods. It was found that the corrosion rate in E. coli condition was 1.37–1.48 times higher than that in P. fluorescens condition and 1.23–1.33 times higher than that in E. coli–P. fluorescens condition. Although the types of functional groups contained in the EPS secreted by E. coli and P. fluorescens were the same, the hydrogen bonding was weaker in the former, resulting in a loose biofilm structure. Meanwhile, the metabolic corrosion of E. coli itself dominated in the corrosion. On the contrary, P. fluorescens condition and E. coli–P. fluorescens condition had stronger hydrogen bonding of functional groups, so their biofilm structure was tighter. For P. fluorescens condition, the corrosion behaviour was dominated by inhibitory action of EPS in late. For E. coli–P. fluorescens condition, the corrosion behaviour was dominated by metabolic corrosion of E. coli–P. fluorescens itself in early. However, corrosion behaviour was dominated by inhibitory corrosion of EPS in middle. E. coli–P. fluorescens itself and EPS had comparable roles in late.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE–BASED AUTONOMOUS SOCKET PROPOSAL PROGRAM: A PRELIMINARY STUDY FOR CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM

Purpose: The aim of this study is to develop artificial intelligence-based interfaces that can be used by professionals (clinicians and/or academics) working with disabled individuals who need prosthetics and to create a sample data set for professionals working in this field. Methods: 101 patients who had undergone amputation were enrolled. The residual limbs of all patients were scanned using a three-dimensional (3D) scanner and saved on the computer. The prosthetic sockets, fabricated using traditional methods, were also scanned with the same scanner and saved as a 3D model. Residual limb–prosthetic socket matches were obtained using data points and a deep neural network (DNN)-based decision support system was developed. Results: Simulation studies conducted with the point cloud data sets of 101 patients yielded a training success rate of 86%. The DNN model exhibited a generalization success rate of 78%. Conclusion: The artificial intelligence–based software interface has potential and could assist professionals by suggesting a suitable 3D socket model for patients in need of a prosthesis. Further studies will benefit from additional sample data to enhance the accuracy of the model.

Three-dimensional scanning measurement and characterization of air gap entrapped on air ventilation garments with different fabrics and clothing sizes

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of clothing fabrics, sizes and air ventilation rate on the volume and thickness of the air gap under the air ventilation garments (AVGs).Design/methodology/approachThe geometric models of the human body and clothing were obtained by using a 3D body scanner. Then the distribution of the volume and thickness of the air gap for four clothing fabrics and three air ventilation rates (0L/S, 12L/S and 20L/S) were calculated by Geomagic software. Finally, a more suitable fabric was selected from the analysis to compare the distribution of the air gap entrapped for four clothing sizes (S, M, L and XL) and the three air ventilation rates.FindingsThe results show that the influence of air ventilation rate on the air gap volume and thickness is more obvious than that of the clothing fabrics and sizes. The higher is the air ventilation rate, the thicker is the air gap entrapped, and more evenly distributed is the air gap. It can be seen that the thickness of the air gap in the chest does not change significantly with the changes of the air ventilation rates, clothing fabrics and sizes, while the air gap in the waist is affected significantly.Originality/valueThis research provides a better understanding of the distribution of the air gap entrapped in ventilated garments, which can help in designing the optimal air gap dimensions and thus provide a basis and a reference for the design of the AVGs.

High-Speed Three-Dimensional Scanning Force Microscopy Visualization of Subnanoscale Hydration Structures on Dissolving Calcite Step Edges.

Hydration at solid-liquid interfaces plays an essential role in a wide range of phenomena in biology and in materials and Earth sciences. However, the atomic-scale dynamics of hydration have remained elusive because of difficulties associated with their direct visualization. In this work, a high-speed three-dimensional (3D) scanning force microscopy technique that produces 3D images of solid-liquid interfaces with subnanoscale resolution at a rate of 1.6 s per 3D image was developed. Using this technique, direct 3D images of moving step edges were acquired during calcite dissolution in water, and hydration structures on transition regions were visualized. A Ca(OH)2 monolayer was found to form along the step edge as an intermediate state during dissolution. This imaging process also showed that hydration layers extended from the upper terraces to the transition regions to stabilize adsorbed Ca(OH)2. This technique provides information that cannot be obtained via conventional 1D/2D measurement methods.

Network analysis of three-dimensional hard-soft tissue relationships in the lower 1/3 of the face: skeletal Class I-normodivergent malocclusion versus Class II-hyperdivergent malocclusion

BackgroundThe determining effect of facial hard tissues on soft tissue morphology in orthodontic patients has yet to be explained. The aim of this study was to clarify the hard-soft tissue relationships of the lower 1/3 of the face in skeletal Class II-hyperdivergent patients compared with those in Class I-normodivergent patients using network analysis.MethodsFifty-two adult patients (42 females, 10 males; age, 26.58 ± 5.80 years) were divided into two groups: Group 1, 25 subjects, skeletal Class I normodivergent pattern with straight profile; Group 2, 27 subjects, skeletal Class II hyperdivergent pattern with convex profile. Pretreatment cone-beam computed tomography and three-dimensional facial scans were taken and superimposed, on which landmarks were identified manually, and their coordinate values were used for network analysis.Results(1) In sagittal direction, Group 2 correlations were generally weaker than Group 1. In both the vertical and sagittal directions of Group 1, the most influential hard tissue landmarks to soft tissues were located between the level of cemento-enamel junction of upper teeth and root apex of lower teeth. In Group 2, the hard tissue landmarks with the greatest influence in vertical direction were distributed more forward and downward than in Group 1. (2) In Group 1, all the correlations for vertical-hard tissue to sagittal-soft tissue position and sagittal-hard tissue to vertical-soft tissue position were positive. However, Group 2 correlations between vertical-hard tissue and sagittal-soft tissue positions were mostly negative. Between sagittal-hard tissue and vertical-soft tissue positions, Group 2 correlations were negative for mandible, and were positive for maxilla and teeth.ConclusionCompared with Class I normodivergent patients with straight profile, Class II hyperdivergent patients with convex profile had more variations in soft tissue morphology in sagittal direction. In vertical direction, the most relevant hard tissue landmarks on which soft tissue predictions should be based were distributed more forward and downward in Class II hyperdivergent patients with convex profile. Class II hyperdivergent pattern with convex profile was an imbalanced phenotype concerning sagittal and vertical positions of maxillofacial hard and soft tissues.

Development of a personalized mask design method using three-dimensional scan data

Purpose This study aims to develop a novel design method to make personalized masks for the effective prevention of pandemic respiratory infectious disease.Design/methodology/approachThe changes in facial shape during speaking were analyzed using a three-dimensional (3D) scanning technique. In total, 13 anthropometric items were measured, and mask patterns were generated using a parametric pattern design method. Three sizing methods were proposed to reflect not only static but also dynamic body dimensions on the mask patterns.FindingsA significant increase or decrease was observed in 10 out of 13 measurement items. Based on this, four items were selected to be used in the mask pattern design. The nose and cheek areas of a mask were fixed to protect the respiratory tract against viruses. The lower jaw area was deformed to improve the fit.Social implicationsThis study is expected to provide fundamental data to understand the changes in facial shape during movement. In addition, it is expected that the development of individualized personal protective equipment with movement adaptability will facilitate an effective response to various pandemic respiratory diseases.Originality/valueIn order to develop a personal protective equipment (PPE) that has a good fit and can protect against pandemic respiratory infectious diseases, morphological analysis was attempted using 3D facial data. It would be possible to design various products and equipment to be worn on the face by using the method proposed in this study.

Research on New Method for Safety Testing of Steel Structures—Combining 3D Laser Scanning Technology with FEA

This paper introduces a novel approach to assessing structural safety, specifically aimed at evaluating the safety of existing structures. Firstly, a point cloud model of the existing commercial complex was captured utilizing three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning technology. Subsequently, an intelligent method for identifying holes within the point cloud model was proposed, built upon a YOLO v5-based framework, to ascertain the dimensions and locations of holes within the commercial complex. Secondly, Poisson surface reconstruction, coupled with partially self-developed algorithms, was employed to reconstruct the surface of the structure, facilitating the three-dimensional geometric reconstruction of the commercial complex. Lastly, a finite element model of the framed structure with holes was established using the reconstructed 3D model, and a safety analysis was conducted. The research findings reveal that the YOLO v5-based intelligent hole identification method significantly enhances the level of intelligence in point cloud data processing, reducing manual intervention time and boosting operational efficiency. Furthermore, through Poisson surface reconstruction and the self-developed algorithms, we have successfully achieved automated surface reconstruction, where the resulting geometric model accurately reflects the dimensional information of the commercial complex. Additionally, the maximum uniformly distributed surface load that the floor slabs within the framed structure with holes can withstand should not exceed 17.7 kN/m2, and its vertical deformation resistance stiffness is approximately 71.6% of that of a frame without holes.

Controllably Constructing morphology and structure of potassium chloride crystal by green supersaturation modulation

Controllable and green construction of morphology and structure in potassium chloride (KCl) crystals is necessary in the fields of pharmaceuticals, catalysis, minerals, and jewels design. Here, the work presented a lucid way for preparing KCl crystal with various morphology including hopper-, sphere- and hollow cube-like structure through green supersaturation modulation. Parameters including stirring speed, cooling range, cooling rate, and excess inorganic composing ions influenced the growth kinetics of hopper KCl crystal as well as the surficial morphology and structure: (1) Metastable region and stable conditions were beneficial for uniform growth of crystal; (2) Small size of crystal particles were obtained with high shear force; (3) Corner angle of crystal would be abraded in slow cooling rate; (4) Non-uniform crystal appeared in improper cooling range condition; (5) Additional composing ions might introduce deformed structure according to the basic crystal repeating unit with corresponding elements. Based on the above study of growth kinetics, hopper-, sphere- and hollow cube-like crystal were obtained. The morphology and structure properties of various crystal were researched by three-dimensional visualization, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) for optimized application such as higher exposing surface area of hopper-like crystal than original cubic crystal. The main exposed faces for smooth cubic, hollow cubic, and hopper structure exhibited were (200), (220), and (400) facet, respectively, which could be a consequence of the inner beveling. Surface of spherical structure was a circular arc with relative high roughness, being ascribed to the formation mechanism of spherical structure from cubic structure. Therefore, the work presented a strategy to controllably design KCl crystal with different structure and morphology in a green way.

Physical characteristics identification of the concrete interfacial transition zone via 3D image scanning

The interfacial transition zone (ITZ) is the weakest link in concrete materials. The physical characteristics of the ITZ, such as its microhardness and thickness, significantly influence the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. Typically, microhardness testing is employed to identify the physical features of the ITZ through line measurements with a certain degree of randomness. In order to accurately describe ITZ physical characteristics, this study proposes a novel physical characteristics identification method via three-dimensional (3D) image scanning. The fundamental principle of this method lies in the varying hardness of each concrete phase, resulting in different surface elevations after polishing. As the polishing abrasiveness changes from coarse (240 mesh) to fine (800 mesh), the ITZ can be clearly observed in the 3D point cloud images of the experimental concrete. The ITZ geometrical information (thickness and different surface heights) can be easily identified using 3D scanned images. It was also found that there was a considerable linear regression relationship between the height difference and the relative microhardness variation; thus, the ITZ microhardness could be indirectly recognized through surface measurements. The physical characteristics of ITZ can be statistically analysed, effectively mitigating the bias inherent in traditional test results and significantly improving identification efficiency and accuracy.

Mechanism of the rapid generation of superheated and saturated steam using a water-containing porous material

Superheated steam (SHS) is employed in various fields for everyday activities and industrial production, e.g., drying, cleaning, and reaction engineering. Although a facile method for realizing rapid SHS and saturated steam generation from water-containing porous materials has been proposed, with a second order start-up/cut-off response time and high energy utilization efficiency, the mechanism of this rapid SHS generation has not been clarified despite the proposition of a two-step process, including heating-based evaporation beneath the wire heater and reheating in the flow path. In this study, further experiments were conducted to separately consider both heating processes. The steam temperature directly beneath the wire heater correlated well with the film temperature, which is equal to the average temperature of the wire heater and the saturation temperature of the surface of the porous material. The measurement results of the temperature distribution inside the porous material block as well as the results of the electrical resistance directly beneath the wire heater revealed that no dry-out area was formed directly beneath the wire heater during SHS generation. Further, the three-dimensional laser scanning results revealed significant roughness on the surface of the porous material. The narrow gap, which was formed between the wire heater and the surface of the porous material, was critical to SHS generation, and the detailed mechanism was presented.

Prototype pipeline modelling using interval scanning point clouds

AbstractWith the aid of computer aided design (CAD) and building information modelling (BIM), as-built to as-designed comparison has seen many developments in improving the workflow of manufacturing and construction tasks. Recently, evolution has been centred around automation of scene interpretation from three-dimensional (3D) scan data. The scope of this paper is to assess assemblies as the installation process progresses and inferring if arising deviations are problematic (complex task). The adequacy of utilising unorganised point clouds to compliance check are trialled with a real life down-scaled prototype model in conjunction with a synthetic dataset. This work aims to highlight areas where large rework could be avoided, in part by the detection of potential clashes of components early in the pipeline installation process. With the help of an extracted model in the form of a point cloud generated from a scanned physical model and a 3D CAD model representing the nominal geometry, an operator can be made visually aware of potential deviations and component clashes during a pipeline assembly process.

RE-PU: A Self-Supervised Arbitrary-Scale Point Cloud Upsampling Method Based on Reconstruction

The point clouds obtained directly from three-dimensional scanning devices are often sparse and noisy. Therefore, point cloud upsampling plays an increasingly crucial role in fields such as point cloud reconstruction and rendering. However, point cloud upsampling methods are primarily supervised and fixed-rate, which restricts their applicability in various scenarios. In this paper, we propose a novel point cloud upsampling method, named RE-PU, which is based on the point cloud reconstruction and achieves self-supervised upsampling at arbitrary rates. The proposed method consists of two main stages: the first stage is to train a network to reconstruct the original point cloud from a prior distribution, and the second stage is to upsample the point cloud data by increasing the number of sampled points on the prior distribution with the trained model. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve comparable outcomes to supervised methods in terms of both visual quality and quantitative metrics.

Methods and research for deformation monitoring of earth and rock dams based on close-range photogrammetry

Abstract Traditional means of monitoring deformation in earth and rock dams encounter challenges such as low monitoring efficiency and limited coverage. Despite the potential of emerging technologies such as GPS and three-dimensional laser scanning, their adoption is expensive and hard to promote. This paper presents a deformation monitoring method for earth and rock dams based on the close-range photogrammetry technique. The proposed approach focuses on analytical algorithm the design and deployment of monitoring points, photographic schemes, camera checking and calibration, as well as deformation analysis methods. Initially, based on the analysis of the parsing algorithms’ applicability, they are fused to address the shortcomings of common image parsing methods in meeting the requirements of high precision and multi-image processing for deformation monitoring of earth and rock dams. Subsequently, the fused algorithm is introduced to analyze the acquired image data for 3D reconstruction, and the deformation in earth and rock dams is assessed based on the generated dense point cloud model. The proposed deformation monitoring method is applied to Pine Bridge Reservoir Dam, and the results demonstrated its capacity to comprehensively analyze the deformation. Furthermore, the required equipment is simple and easy to operate, aligning with the requirements for deformation monitoring accuracy of earth and rock dams.

Morphometry of the proximal humerus and the relationship to global offset

BackgroundPrevious research has consistently identified the medial and posterior offset of the native humeral head in relation to the intramedullary canal. These anatomic parameters and others such as humeral head and intramedullary diameter provide valuable insight for prosthesis development. However, it is critical to understand the relationship of morphometry to the native center of rotation. Our objective was to use 3-dimensional analysis to demonstrate the native morphometry of the proximal humerus and those relationships to global offset. MethodsFourteen cadaveric humeri were manually measured then digitally analyzed following 3-dimensional scanning. Pearson’s r was used to determine the relationship between variables. ResultsThe mean digital humeral head diameter (Hdd) was 46.5 (± 4.67) mm and the mean manual humeral head diameter was 46.8 (± 4.42) mm. The mean global offset (GO) was 6.36 (± 2.21) mm, and the mean best fit sphere diameter was 46.5 (± 4.63) mm. Pearson’s r = 0.58 (95% confidence interval 0.07-0.84, P = .021) for GO and Hdd which indicates a moderate correlation. Pearson’s r = 0.96 (95% confidence interval 0.89-0.99, P < .001) for Hdd and manual humeral head diameter which indicates a strong correlation. DiscussionNative GO demonstrated a moderately positive correlation to humeral head diameter. The manual measurement of head diameter was strongly correlated to the 3-dimensional software value which reinforces the importance of intraoperative measurement. These data contribute to further understanding of shoulder morphometry which is integral to prosthesis design which impacts postoperative function and complications.

Three-dimensional analysis of palatal morphology and PAS in patients with cleft lip and palate prior to orthodontic treatment

BackgroundSince many different conclusions of craniofacial anomalies and their relation to the posterior airway space coexist, this comparative clinical study investigated the palatal morphology concerning volumetric size, posterior airway space dimension and the adenoids of patients with and without a cleft before orthodontic treatment.MethodsThree-dimensional intraoral scans and cephalometric radiographs of n = 38 patients were used for data acquisition. The patients were divided into three groups: unilateral cleft lip and palate (n = 15, 4 female, 11 male; mean age 8.57 ± 1.79 years), bilateral cleft lip and palate (n = 8, 0 female, 8 male; mean age 8.46 ± 1.37 years) and non-cleft control (n = 15, 7 female, 8 male; mean age 9.03 ± 1.02 years). The evaluation included established procedures for measurements of the palatal morphology and posterior airway space. Statistics included Shapiro-Wilk-Test and simple ANOVA (Bonferroni) for the three-dimensional intraoral scans and cephalometric radiographs. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05.ResultsThe palatal volume and cephalometric analysis showed differences between the three groups. The palatal volume, the superior posterior face height and the depth of the bony nasopharynx of patients with cleft lip and palate were significantly smaller than for non-cleft control patients. The superior posterior face height of bilateral cleft lip and palate patients was significantly smaller than in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients (BCLP: 35.50 ± 2.08 mm; UCLP: 36.04 ± 2.95 mm; p < 0.001). The percentage of the adenoids in relation to the entire nasopharynx and the angle NL/SN were significantly bigger in patients with cleft lip and palate than in the non-cleft control. In particular, the palatal volume was 32.43% smaller in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and 48.69% smaller in patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate compared to the non-cleft control.ConclusionsSkeletal anomalies relate to the dimension of the posterior airway space. There were differences among the subjects with cleft lip and palate and these without a cleft. This study showed that the morphology of the palate and especially transverse deficiency of the maxilla resulting in smaller palatal volume relates to the posterior airway space. Even the adenoids seem to be affected, especially for cleft lip and palate patients.

Development of assessment criteria for elderly lateral torso deformity for 3D scan anthropometry

PurposeWe aimed to establish criteria for determining the deformed lateral torso type to identify individuals requiring measurement methods different from standard methods before extracting dimensions from three-dimensional (3D) scan data.Design/methodology/approachWe collected the 3D body scan data of 119 women aged 70–85 years collected in the 6th Size Korea. Three axes were defined to determine the deformation of the lateral shape, and the angle of each reference axis was used for the analysis. Additionally, to classify the lateral torso shape, 14 experts made visual judgments on the side-view images of the participants.FindingsTo identify the axis that best represented the lateral torso shape, we used each angle value of the three reference axes as an independent variable and the expert’s visual classification as a dependent variable. Each discriminant function was obtained and accuracy calculated. The whole torso axis exhibited the highest accuracy. Next, an assessment scale was developed to determine the shape of the lateral torso using the angular value of the whole torso axis.Originality/valueThe scale developed in this study has the potential to reduce measurement errors arising from elderly deformed torso shapes, thereby enhancing data reliability.