Three-dimensional Projection Research Articles

Localizing Epileptic Foci Before Surgery in Patients With MRI-Negative Refractory Epilepsy Using Statistical Parameter Mapping and Three-Dimensional Stereotactic Surface Projection Based on 18F-FDG PET.

Patients with refractory epilepsy are not only free of seizures after resecting epileptic foci, but also experience significantly improved quality of life. Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) is a promising avenue for detecting epileptic foci in patients with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-negative refractory epilepsy. However, the detection of epileptic foci by visual assessment based on 18F-FDG PET is often complicated by a variety of factors in clinical practice. Easy imaging methods based on 18F-FDG PET images, such as statistical parameter mapping (SPM) and three-dimensional stereotactic surface projection (3D-SSP), can objectively detect epileptic foci. In this study, the regions of surgical resection of patients with over 1 year follow-up and no seizures were defined as standard epileptic foci. We retrospectively analyzed the sensitivity of visual assessment, SPM and 3D-SSP based on 18F-FDG PET to detect epileptic foci in MRI-negative refractory epilepsy patients and obtained the sensitivities of visual assessment, SPM and 3D-SSP are 57, 70 and 60% respectively. Visual assessment combined with SPM or 3D-SSP can improve the sensitivity of detecting epileptic foci. The sensitivity was highest when the three methods were combined, but decreased consistency, in localizing epileptic foci. We conclude that SPM and 3D-SSP can be used as objective methods to detect epileptic foci before surgery in patients with MRI-negative refractory epilepsy. Visual assessment is the preferred method for PET image analysis in MRI-negative refractory epilepsy. When the visual assessment is inconsistent with the patient’s electroclinical information, SPM or 3D-SSP was further selected to assess the epileptic foci. If the combination of the two methods still fails to accurately locate the epileptic foci, comprehensive evaluation can be performed by combining the three methods.

Semi-automatic calculation of joint trace length from digital images based on deep learning and data structuring techniques

A new semi-automated method is proposed in this study that detects joint traces from digital images and calculates the length distribution through three-dimensional data structuring. The method comprises detecting the pixels corresponding to the joint trace in digital images and calculating the length distribution through three-dimensional data structuring of the pixels detected as the joint trace. Semantic segmentation based on deep learning techniques is applied to the detection of joint trace pixels to overcome the limitations of rule-based image processing techniques. For training a deep learning network, various rock joint images were sampled and labeled, following which the data sets for training, validation, and testing were prepared through classification and augmentation. Using the prepared datasets, the performance of the classifiers based on widely used semantic segmentation networks, namely U-Net (University of Freiburg, Germany) network and DeepLabV3+ (Google, USA) network, was compared. The classifier based on the DeepLabV3+ network was ultimately selected and applied. The trained classifier successfully detected pixels corresponding to the joint trace in images of both flat and uneven rock surfaces, indicating that the deep learning technique could be applied effectively to joint trace detection from digital images. Further, a data structuring technique is proposed to calculate the joint trace length using pixelwise data detected through the trained classifier. This technique uses point cloud data obtained by photogrammetry, and comprises two-dimensional thinning and segmentation, three-dimensional projection, segmentation, and segment linking. The entire proposed method, from detecting the joint trace pixels to three-dimensional data structuring, was verified by applying it to both simple flat and uneven rock surface models.

The Catastrophe Analysis of Shanghai Crude Oil Futures Price from the Perspective of Volatility Factors

The volatility of Shanghai crude oil futures prices is researched in this paper. The cusp catastrophe analysis of Shanghai crude oil futures price is based on the perspective of volatility influencing factors. Some important factors are selected based on commodity attributes and financial attributes, including certain China’s macrofactors, such as producer price index and macroeconomic prosperity index. The principal component analysis is used to process the factors. The control variables of the cusp catastrophe model are extracted. The discriminant of the cusp catastrophe model and the principal component analysis are combined to determine the month of mutation. The three‐dimensional renderings and plane projections of Shanghai crude oil futures price mutations in 2018 and 2019 are presented. The model is tested by comparing the time points of price sudden change nodes and emergencies. The results show that only nine factors can be used to roughly determine whether the Shanghai crude oil futures price has a sudden change. During the analysis period, the mutation months are May 2018, December 2018, February 2019, June 2019, and September 2019. It can be proved that the established model has certain feasibility and accuracy.

Diagnostic Value of Magnetic Resonance Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Combined with Routine Scanning in Body Tumors.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of whole body magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging (WB-DWI) combined with routine scanning in the diagnosis of body tumors. Sixty-three patients with surgically and pathologically confirmed body tumors admitted to our hospital from October 2019 to October 2021 were scanned by WB-DWI using a 1.5TMR body coil. The images were reconstructed by a three-dimensional maximum intensity projection (3D-MIP) and black-white inversion technique. The lesions detected by WB-DWI were all plain MRI, and 35 cases were enhanced MRI. The number of lesions detected by WB-DWI and WB-DWI combined with routine scanning and the number of cases matching diagnosis were compared. The WB-DWI images of tumor lesions were analyzed, and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the lesions was measured, and the ADC value of benign and malignant lesions was compared. There were 236 lesions in 63 patients with clinically confirmed tumors. 46 cases were diagnosed by WB-DWI, the diagnostic coincidence rate was 73.0%, and 207 lesions were detected. Fifty-eight cases were diagnosed by WB-DWI combined with routine scanning, the diagnostic coincidence rate was 92.1%, 236 lesions were detected. There were statistically significant differences in the number of lesions detected and the coincidence rate of tumor diagnosis between the two groups (P < 0.05). The average ADC value of malignant tumor ((1.04 ± 0.46) × 10−3 mm2/s) was lower than that of benign tumor ((2.53 ± 0.43) × 10−3 mm2/s), and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). In conclusion, MR whole-body diffusion weighted imaging is safe, efficient, radiation-free, and highly sensitive, which is of great significance in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions. WB-DWI combined with MR routine scanning can further improve the detection rate of lesions and the coincidence rate of tumor diagnosis.

GGCHEMPY: A Pure Python-based Gas-grain Chemical Code for Efficient Simulation of Interstellar Chemistry* *Supported by CASSACA.

In this paper, we present a new gas-grain chemical code for interstellar clouds written in pure Python (GGCHEMPY (GGCHEMPY is available on https://github.com/JixingGE/GGCHEMPY)). By combining with the high-performance Python compiler Numba, GGCHEMPY is as efficient as the Fortran-based version. With the Python features, flexible computational workflows and extensions become possible. As a showcase, GGCHEMPY is applied to study the general effects of three-dimensional projection on molecular distributions using a two-core system which can be easily extended for more complex cases. By comparing the molecular distribution differences between two overlapping cores and two merging cores, we summarized the typical chemical differences such as N2H+, HC3N, C2S, H2CO, and C2H, which can be used to interpret 3D structures in molecular clouds.

АЛГОРИТМ КЛИНИКО-ТОМОГРАФИЧЕСКОГО СТАДИРОВАНИЯ ЭКЗОФТАЛЬМА У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ДИСФУНКЦИЕЙ ЩИТОВИДНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ

Background. Computed tomography (CT) allows visualizing the bone and soft tissue structures of the orbit in a three-dimensional projection, fixing the position of the eyeball and determining the causes of the development of exophthalmos. The aim of the study was to develop an algorithm for CT diagnostics of exophthalmos in patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy. Material and methods. CT with determination of bone and soft tissue structures of the orbits in three-dimensional projection was performed in 90 patients with image intensifier, whose exophthalmometry data exceeded 18mm. Considering the presence of clinical signs of the disease, they were subdivided into two groups: Group I (n=42) - patients with exophthalmos without classical EOP symptoms with exophthalmometry in the range of ≥ 18 to ≤23mm; Group II (n = 48) - patients with exophthalmos accompanied by classical EOP symptoms, whose exophthalmometry was more than 23mm. Results. The indicators were revealed that characterize the anatomical features of the bone part of the orbital complex, with a deviation from which the risk of developing exophthalmos is much higher and its clinical manifestation, associated with changes in intraorbital structures (thickness and density of muscles and retrobulbar tissue), is much higher and more severe. Conclusions. The data obtained made it possible to develop an algorithm for diagnosing exophthalmos with image intensifier and to propose a set of rational organizational measures and diagnostic techniques for its timely detection and establishment of a clinical and functional diagnosis at the stage of outpatient and / or inpatient care, as well as substantiation of the treatment method.

DEFINITION OF METHODOLOGY FOR FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL SKILLS IN THE APPLICATION OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN FUTURE RESTAURANT BUSINESS TECHNOLOGISTS

In article theoretical and empirical methods of research have been used: essence of the concepts «innovation», «innovative activity», «innovative process», etc. are considered by the author. Classifications of innovations by various signs are investigated. Introductions of an innovative component to technology of food and the offer of special services, application of the interactive (electronic) menu of the screen tablet on tables, the touch display, application of a QR code in marketing of the enterprise, the LED technology of the notification, food 3-D printers, touch producers of food, use of three-dimensional projections for demonstration of preparation of dishes, automation and informatization of processes at the enterprises, use of web and telecommunication technologies is analyzed in the article. The main directions of development of modern technologies in institutions of restaurant economy are: creation of restaurants as Free Floor; opening of food-courts; creation of the conceptual enterprises of restaurant economy; expansion of a network of the virtual restaurants providing the order on the Internet and delivery to the consumer; preparations of dishes in the presence of visitors; organization of service for system catering and others. New ideas, advanced restaurant products and services, technological processes, forms of the organization and management will be result of innovative development of institutions of restaurant economy. Introduction of innovations isn`t cheap, however having offered exclusive menus and services for clients, restaurant institutions are capable to ensure a survival and profit. Processes of high-quality transformation of the sphere in general and ensuring competitiveness of her separate objects are result of introduction of innovative technologies of rendering of services and formation of service according to modern requirements. Innovative development of restaurant technologies increases competitiveness of an institution in modern severe conditions. It is necessary to pay attention to the main current trends of development of science and equipment, a novelty and the invention in food sphere and in the market of services.

Imaging Techniques for Cardiac Function

Cardiac imaging techniques include a variety of distinct applications with which we can visualize cardiac function non-invasively. Through different applications of physical entities such as sound waves, X-rays, magnetic fields, and nuclear energy, along with highly sophisticated computer hardware and software, it is now possible to reconstruct the dynamic aspect of cardiac function in many forms, from static images to high-definition videos and real-time three-dimensional projections. In this review, we will describe the fundamental principles of the most widely used techniques and, more specifically, which imaging modality and on what occasion we should use them in order to analyze different aspects of cardiac function.

Exploring Geostatistical Modeling and VisualizationTechniques of Uncertainties for Categorical Spatial Data

This article presents and analyzes the indicator geostatistical modeling and some visualization techniques of uncertainty models for categorical spatial attributes. A set of sample points of some categorical attribute is used as input information. The indicator approach requires a transformation of sample points on fields of indicator samples according to the classes of interest. Experimental and theoretical semivariograms of the indicator fields are defined representing the spatial variation of the indicator information. The indicator fields, along with their semivariograms, are used to determine the uncertainty model, the conditioned probability distribution function, of the attribute at any location inside the geographic region delimited by the samples. The probability functions are considered for producing prediction and probability maps based on the maximum class probability criterion. These maps can be visualized using different techniques. In this work, it is considered individual visualization of the predicted and probability maps and a combination of them. The predicted maps can also be visualized with or without constraints related to the uncertainty probabilities. The combined visualizations are based on three-dimensional (3D) planar projection and on the Red-Green-Blue to Intensity-Hue-Saturation (RGB-IHS) fusion transformation techniques. The methodology of this article is illustrated by a case study with real data, a sample set of soil textures observed in an experimental farm located in the region of São Carlos city in São Paulo State, Brazil. The resulting maps of this case study are presented and the advantages and the drawbacks of the visualization options are analyzed and discussed.

CellexalVR: A virtual reality platform to visualize and analyze single-cell omics data

SummarySingle-cell RNAseq is a routinely used method to explore heterogeneity within cell populations. Data from these experiments are often visualized using dimension reduction methods such as UMAP and tSNE, where each cell is projected in two or three dimensional space. Three-dimensional projections can be more informative for larger and complex datasets because they are less prone to merging and flattening similar cell-types/clusters together. However, visualizing and cross-comparing 3D projections using current software on conventional flat-screen displays is far from optimal as they are still essentially 2D, and lack meaningful interaction between the user and the data. Here we present CellexalVR (www.cellexalvr.med.lu.se), a feature-rich, fully interactive virtual reality environment for the visualization and analysis of single-cell experiments that allows researchers to intuitively and collaboratively gain an understanding of their data.

335 Mesenchymal stem cells and acellular dermal matrices in wound healing: in vitro study of a combination treatment

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) represent innovative and effective strategies in the setting of wound healing. The aim of our study was to assess the efficacy of a combination therapy based on the use of both MSCs and ADMs in vitro. Adipose-derived MSCs (ADSC) were plated on 8-mm punch-biopsies of a commercially available ADM (Integra®) and maintained in culture for 3 weeks. Then, conventional histology with hematoxylin-eosin staining, environmental scanning electron microscopy and confocal-laser scanning microscopy were used to obtain imaging of ADSC-seeded ADMs. Collagen autofluorescence was used to quantify collagen production by mean fluorescence intensity (MFI), expressed in terms of positive pixels/field, obtained through ImageJ software processing of threedimensional projections from confocal scanning images. ADSCs were efficiently seeded on Integra® and were perfectly incorporated in the pores of the scaffold. ADSCs were also demonstrated to actively proliferate in ADMs. Even more importantly, collagen autofluorescence was efficiently used as a surrogate marker of ECM production. In fact, based on MFI measurements, collagen production turned out to be significantly higher when ADSCs were seeded on ADM rather than in control conditions. In conclusion, our work supports the use of combined therapies based on MSCs and collagenic ADMs. In fact, not only ADSCs can be efficiently seeded on ADMs, but ADMs also seem to enhance their regenerative properties therefore making it a promising therapeutic option for chronic wounds.

Use of confocal microscopy imaging for in vitro assessment of adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells seeding on acellular dermal matrices: 3D reconstruction based on collagen autofluorescence.

BackgroundBoth mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) represent fascinating therapeutic tools in the wound healing scenario. Strategies aimed at combining these two treatment modalities are currently under investigation. Moreover, scarcity of quantitative, nondestructive techniques for quality assessment of engineered tissues poses great limitations in regenerative medicine and collagen autofluorescence‐based imaging techniques are acquiring great importance in this setting.ObjectiveOur goals were to assess the in vitro interactions between ADSCs and ADMs and to analyze extracellular‐matrix production.MethodsAdipose‐derived MSCs (ADSC) were plated on 8‐mm punch biopsies of a commercially available ADM (Integra®). Conventional histology with hematoxylin‐eosin staining, environmental scanning electron microscopy, and confocal‐laser scanning microscopy were used to obtain imaging of ADSC‐seeded ADMs. Collagen production by ADSCs was quantified by mean fluorescence intensity (MFI), expressed in terms of positive pixels/field, obtained through ImageJ software processing of three‐dimensional projections from confocal scanning images. Control conditions included: fibroblast‐seeded ADM, ADSC‐ and fibroblast‐induced scaffolds, and Integra® alone.ResultsADSCs were efficiently seeded on Integra® and were perfectly incorporated in the pores of the scaffold. Collagen production was revealed to be significantly higher when ADSCs were seeded on ADM rather than in all other control conditions. Collagen autofluorescence was efficiently used as a surrogate marker of ECM production.ConclusionsCombined therapies based on MSCs and collagenic ADMs are promising therapeutic options for chronic wounds. Not only ADSCs can be efficiently seeded on ADMs, but ADMs also seem to potentiate their regenerative properties, as highlightable from fluorescence confocal imaging.

Art history dynamics of theater scenography

The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of the dynamics of the development of theatrical scenography by the solution of plot compositions, art forms, metaphorical images, specific features of mizantsen, national color. The methodology is based on the study of art history literature, conference materials, monographs, thematic literature, which corresponds to the disclosure of this work. The method of cultural and historical analysis helps to explore the tendencies of the development of Ukrainian scenography of the XX-XXI centuries. The comparative method, based on the consideration of the Ukrainian scenography in the context of world scenography. The scientific novelty of work is determined by a holistic analysis of the investigated processes and artistic features. The patterns of development of theatrical and decorative art are analyzed. Generalized preliminary studies in the art of scenography. Conclusions. Analyzing materials of research, a special phenomenon in scenographic art is the use of fundamental laws of science, fine arts, architecture and architectural styles, painting, sculptures, art design, bulky three-dimensional projections, colorful properties, national color. The evolution of the modern theatrical performance reflects the rains and the fall of this type of art, which specifically expresses the contradictions of man and society that are constantly updated. The world and national scenography are built on the global basis of the artistic design of stage space. The development of scenography is undoubtedly a continuous dynamic process, where the main component of the theater and its purpose is to build an artistic space of organization of action and its design, in other words, scenography. Undoubtedly important are personal indicators of the historical development of scenography art, using the experience of predecessors, adapting various architectural styles, artistic, applying harmonization and aesthetics in the stage space of theatrical action.

Mapping and measuring spatial connectivity of the pathways to home-based businesses within informal urban contexts

PurposeThis paper presents a mixed methodology to map and analyse the spatial connectivity of the everyday pathways that link the doorway of an individual's home–work locations to the local main commercial street. These pathways include public streets, semi-private lanes, alleys and stairs.Design/methodology/approachPathways within different morphological areas in Hanoi, Vietnam, are used as examples to illustrate the development and application of the methodology. The methodology, adapted from Conzenian, typological, and space syntax methods, combined with observations and interviews, seeks to overcome several identified limitations of each of these approaches for understanding pedestrians' horizontal and vertical movement patterns within urban settings.FindingsAnalytical diagrams of pathways are developed on figure-ground maps of the neighbourhoods and three-dimensional projections of circulation spaces within buildings. Scatter plots are used to analyse the distribution of collected samples according to their business types and distances to local main streets. Field observations and interviews with homeowners revealed the critical influence of the pathways' spatial characteristics on home-based businesses' operations.Originality/valueThe methods developed here are potentially useful for urban morphologists and urban designers in decoding the intricacies of informal urban settings and understanding their socio-economic significance for users.

Effect of Sr - Transition Metal Substitution on Electronic and Mechanical Properties of Mg2Si: A DFT Study

Abstract: Recently, magnesium alloys have attracted scientific interest due to their technological importance in thermoelectric, piezoelectric, photo-voltaic and infrared photonics applications. The electronic and elastic properties of MgXSi (X = Mg, Sr) compounds were investigated in this work, using the density functional theory (DFT) with pseudo-potential plane-waves (PPW) approach as implemented in Quantum Espresso code. The results of the elastic constants of Mg2Si are in agreement with the previous theoretical results and favourably compared with experimental data. The electronic band structures of these semiconductors were calculated to give narrow indirect and direct band gaps of Mg2Si and MgSrSi, respectively. Our results show that the two compounds are mechanically stable. The Pugh’s ratio, B/G, indicated that Mg2Si and MgSrSi are brittle and ductile in nature. The estimated anisotropy parameter, A, shows that Mg2Si has a higher degree of elastic isotropy in comparison to MgSrSi. Three-dimensional (3D) projection of Young’s modulus and area modulus of the compounds was presented. Keywords: Electronic structure, Elastic constants, Mechanical properties, Mg2Si, MgSrSi. PACS: 31.15.A-, 62.20.F-, 71.55.-i, 71.20.Be.

Simple encoding method of phase-only hologram for low crosstalk full-color multi-plane holographic projection

Full-color holographic three-dimensional (3D) projection technology is an important research direction in the field of holographic 3D display, which is committed to providing the viewer with 3D impression and color experience. A simple encoding method of generating a phase-only hologram (POH) for low crosstalk full-color multi-plane holographic projection is proposed. Multiple two-dimensional (2D) slice images of a full-color 3D object can be reconstructed by a single composite hologram generated by the proposed encoding algorithm based on the analytical formula with no iteration. Numerical simulations and optical experiments show that colorful reconstructed images with low crosstalk are achieved successfully. The number of the projection planes can be dozens, as long as the size of hologram is increased and the intervals between different planes are designed reasonably. Meanwhile, the encoding method is realized with no iterative optimization required, which will speed up the calculation of the POH and the size of the system will be small and compact. It is expected to be used for realizing full-color 3D holographic display in future.

New Simplified Method for Parameter Estimation of Three-Dimensional Channel Model in Third Generation Partnership Project

The emerging fifth generation technology has attracted the attention of many researchers and developers. It is designed to connect everyone and everything together including machines, vehicles, objects, and devices. One of the fifth generation research topics that are being investigated is the modelling of the wireless communication channel. In this paper, Third Generation Partnership Project channel models are studied and its variant Three-Dimensional Third Generation Partnership Project model is examined. This model is complex and not easy to use due to the employment of a large number of parameters. For these reasons, a new simplified method for parameter estimation of the three-dimensional model of third generation partnership project based on estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariant techniques algorithm is proposed. The simplified model is less complex than the three-dimensional model of third generation partnership project and is found to perform better in terms of computational time while maintaining similar results.

Temperature-dependent elastic properties of high entropy ceramic (ZrTaNbTi)C from self-consistent quasi-harmonic approximation

High-entropy ceramics have recently attracted considerable attentions because of excellent combination of exceptional properties. In this work, the temperature dependent elastic properties of (ZrTaNbTi)C have been systematically studied from the density functional perturbation theory combined with self-consistent quasi-harmonic approximation. High entropy ceramic (ZrTaNbTi)C is thermodynamically stable due to the negative formation enthalpy, and is also mechanically stable from the obtained elastic properties. The phonon dispersion relation computed at equilibrium volume contains no imaginary-frequency, implying the dynamical stability. At 0 K, (ZrTaNbTi)C possesses evidently high elastic moduli and hardness. The calculated electronic density of state and Bader charge at 0 K and 2000 K show that (ZrTaNbTi)C have covalent characteristics accompanied by ionic feature while the covalency decreases and the ionicity increases as temperature increases. The temperature-dependent elastic properties show that (ZrTaNbTi)C is mechanically stable in temperature range studied, and remains high strength and hardness at high temperature due to the slight softening of strong covalent bonding. Poisson's ratio, Pugh's ratio and Cauchy pressure suggest the higher brittle-ductile transformation trend as the temperature increases. Moreover, (ZrTaNbTi)C shows less anisotropy at higher temperature from the Zener index AZ and three-dimensional projections, being beneficial to reduce cracking and improve durability. The present study provides more insight into the high temperature behavior of mechanical properties, would be valuable for understanding and design of high-temperature properties of high entropy carbide ceramics.

Structural, spectroscopic studies, thermal proprieties and Hirshfeld surface analysis of a novel tetra-piperidinium disodium decavanadate nonahydrate

In this study, we focus on the synthesis of a new decavanadate, tetra-piperidinium disodium decavanadate nonahydrate, (C5H12N)2(C5H11N)2Na2V10O28·9H2O, obtained by slow evaporation method. The single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that the decavanadate compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1. The structural study shows that the centrosymmetric decavanadate group [V10O28]6−, a disodium bridging unit based on the dimer Na2N2O4(H2O)4, four organic cations and five uncoordinated water molecules are linked through NH…O and OH…O hydrogen bonds, building up a 3D network. The phase purity of the title compound was analyzed by the Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) pattern. The different functional groups were studied by Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy. Additionally, the optical properties of the compound confirmed its semiconductor behavior. Thermal analyses such as Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG), were also carried out to determine the thermal stability of the compound. Moreover, the three-dimensional Hirshfeld surface projections (3D-HS) and their relative two-dimensional fingerprint plots (2D-FP) revealed that the structure is dominated by the intermolecular contacts O…H/H…O (43.6%) and H…H (34.1%).

Biomimetic Water-Repelling Surfaces with Robustly Flexible Structures.

Biomimetic liquid-repelling surfaces have been the subject of considerable scientific research and technological application. To design such surfaces, a flexibility-based oscillation strategy has been shown to resolve the problem of liquid-surface positioning encountered by the previous, rigidity-based asymmetry strategy; however, its usage is limited by weak mechanical robustness and confined repellency enhancement. Here, we design a flexible surface comprising mesoscale heads and microscale spring sets, in analogy to the mushroomlike geometry discovered on springtail cuticles, and then realize this through three-dimensional projection microstereolithography. Such a surface exhibits strong mechanical robustness against ubiquitous normal and shear compression and even endures tribological friction. Simultaneously, the surface elevates water repellency for impacting droplets by enhancing impalement resistance and reducing contact time, partially reaching an improvement of ∼80% via structural tilting movements. This is the first demonstration of flexible interfacial structures to robustly endure tribological friction as well as to promote water repellency, approaching real-world applications of water repelling. Also, a flexibility gradient is created on the surface to directionally manipulate droplets, paving the way for droplet transport.