Three-dimensional Perspective Research Articles

Controls of accommodation to sediment-supply ratio on sedimentary architecture of continental fluvial successions

The applicability of sequence stratigraphic models to continental fluvial successions has long been topic for debate. To improve our understanding of how fluvial architectures record responses to changes in the ratio between accommodation rate and sediment-supply rate (A/S), two case studies are analyzed, including a densely drilled subsurface fluvial reservoir imaged with a seismic cube, and an outcropping fluvial succession. The subsurface dataset provides a larger, three-dimensional perspective, whereas the outcrop dataset enables observation at higher resolution. On the basis of both datasets, channel-body density, channel-body stacking patterns and their formative river types are interpreted at different scales, and how these may reflect responses to A/S change (the rate of accommodation creation relative to the rate of sediment supply) are discussed. The results indicate that (i) channel-body stacking patterns undergo four evolutionary stages along with the A/S increase, i.e., multi-story, mixed multi- and two-story, two-story, and isolated patterns; (ii) channel-body density decreases along with the channel-body stacking patterns varying from multi-story to isolated; (iii) formative rivers types are interpreted as evolving from braided planforms to braided-meandering planforms and then to meandering ones, with the increase of A/S.

Making child-friendly cities: A socio-spatial literature review

With more than one-third of children worldwide living in urban areas, the call for child-friendly cities (CFC) has increased in urgency; however, many cities are still largely unfriendly to children. This paper uses a systematic literature review and bibliometric tool to identify papers from Scopus between 2001 and 2020. It reviews the existing knowledge and gaps about child-friendliness within the sphere of socio-spatial urban planning. The findings reveal a three-dimensional perspective of the concept of child-friendly cities: rights, physical environment, and governance. Moreover, it shows that existing knowledge appears rather limited in its explanation of the governance processes that lead to translating children's rights into suitable physical environments. In the conclusions, a research avenue is proposed to close the existing gaps that can contribute to achieving CFC.

Necessity and Strategies for Developing Food Education in China

Food education is an integrated education. From the three-dimensional perspective of implementing the Healthy China Initiative, residents’ nutritional status, and adolescents’ health data, the necessity of developing food education in China is analyzed, the main problems existing in food education are summarized, and strategies for developing food education are proposed in this paper.

A systematic review of determinants of cultured meat adoption: impacts and guiding insights

PurposeThe purpose of this article is (1) to carry out an ambivalent analysis of the determinants (benefits/risks) of the adoption of cultured meat, (2) to identify their impacts on consumers’ attitudes (cognitive, affective and conative) and (3) to propose a research agenda.Design/methodology/approachA systematic review of the relevant literature was conducted. The authors selected 86 articles that were coded using NVivo 12 software according to the theoretical framework chosen for this study: (1) consumer attitude ambivalence (benefit–risk) – conflicting presence of positive and negative attitudes in decision-making, (2) the consumer preference theory – choice of consumers based on utility maximisation or best characteristics/determinants and (3) the three-dimensional perspective of attitude – cognitive, affective and behavioural components. The authors followed the methodological steps (formulation of the research question, identification of relevant scientific studies, evaluation of the quality of studies, summary of evidence and interpretation of results) recommended by Lipsey and Wilson (2001) and Tranfield et al. (2003). Several keywords were drawn from a study by Bryant and Barnett (2019) on cultured meat (CM) nomenclature and its impact on consumer acceptance.FindingsThe identified articles were relatively recent (84/86 articles were published after 2010) and in the fields of agriculture and ethical agriculture (22/86), policy and regulations (12/86) and psychology (11/86). Content analysis helped identify four types of ambivalent determinants for the adoption of cultured meat: ethics, intrinsic, informational and belief. The results suggest the existence of a group of “dominant” determinants for each attitude component. Thus, the dominant determinants of cognitive, affective and conative components are informational, ethical and intrinsic determinants, respectively.Research limitations/implicationsThis research is based on a systematic review of literature and is a review of the narrative literature that provides an overview of what is known about cultured meat adoption. The main weakness of this type of method is the feasibility generally associated with the existence (and a sufficient number) of studies that can be included. Other types of the meta-analytic method could have been used and could have explored different measures and biases (e.g. effect sizes, statistical power, sampling error, measurement error and publication bias). Also, as a food technology whose social acceptability would be influenced by all stakeholders, it would be relevant to expand the analysis to other types of stakeholders.Practical implicationsLittle is still known to the public about the adoption mechanisms of this technology. In terms of behaviour, Siegrist et al. (2018) suggest that new studies should focus on factors that influence the individual differences in the willingness of consumers to eat or purchase cultured meat. By identifying the dominant target influence of informational determinants on cognitive components, that of ethical determinants on affective components and finally that of intrinsic determinants on conative attitudes, this article offers a first avenue of solution to businesses operating in this new industry, as well as to public authorities, to improve the acceptance of cultured meat. Private businesses will benefit from the results of this research by understanding the underlying motivations of consumers to adopt this type of innovation in order to adjust future marketing.Social implicationsThis article, through better understanding of the psychological mechanisms that contribute to its social acceptability amongst the population, has the potential to improve educational campaigns for this technology. The results could thus guide both public policies as well as the regulation of activities related to cultured meat in the coming years, professional orders, private businesses and the general public. It thus provides initial insight needed to understand this public debate.Originality/valueResearch addressing cultured meat has come primarily from agribusiness and environmental and biological sciences. The authors highlighted the need for interdisciplinary collaboration between biological and social sciences to address ethical issues. This article, via multidisciplinary systematic reviews, links environmental/biological sciences and social sciences, and management.

Geometric Wheat Modeling and Quantitative Plant Architecture Analysis Using Three-Dimensional Phytomers.

The characterization, analysis, and evaluation of morphology and structure are crucial in wheat research. Quantitative and fine characterization of wheat morphology and structure from a three-dimensional (3D) perspective has great theoretical significance and application value in plant architecture identification, high light efficiency breeding, and cultivation. This study proposes a geometric modeling method of wheat plants based on the 3D phytomer concept. Specifically, 3D plant architecture parameters at the organ, phytomer, single stem, and individual plant scales were extracted based on the geometric models. Furthermore, plant architecture vector (PA) was proposed to comprehensively evaluate wheat plant architecture, including convergence index (C), leaf structure index (L), phytomer structure index (PHY), and stem structure index (S). The proposed method could quickly and efficiently achieve 3D wheat plant modeling by assembling 3D phytomers. In addition, the extracted PA quantifies the plant architecture differences in multi-scales among different cultivars, thus, realizing a shift from the traditional qualitative to quantitative analysis of plant architecture. Overall, this study promotes the application of the 3D phytomer concept to multi-tiller crops, thereby providing a theoretical and technical basis for 3D plant modeling and plant architecture quantification in wheat.

The art of combining neuroanatomy and microsurgical skills in modern neurosurgery.

Neurosurgical training outside the operating room has become a priority for all neurosurgeons around the world. The exponential increase in the number of publications on training in neurosurgery reflects changes in the environment that future neurosurgeons are expected to work in. In modern practice, patients and medicolegal experts demand objective measures of competence and proficiency in the growing list of techniques available to treat complex neurosurgical conditions. It is important to ensure the myriad of training models available lead to tangible improvements in the operating room. While neuroanatomy textbooks and atlases are continually revised to teach the aspiring surgeon anatomy with a three-dimensional perspective, developing technical skills are integral to the pursuit of excellence in neurosurgery. Parapharsing William Osler, one of the fathers of neurosurgical training, without anatomical knowledge we are lost, but without the experience and skills from practice our journey is yet to begin. It is important to constantly aspire beyond competence to mastery, as we aim to deliver good outcomes for patients in an era of declining case volumes. In this article, we discuss, based on the literature, the most commonly used training models and how they are integrated into the treatment of some surgical brain conditions.

Spatially heterogeneous influence of street greenery on street-level PM2.5 pollution using mobile monitoring from a three-dimensional perspective

Greenery may be effective in mitigating particulate matter (PM) pollution. However, most previous studies have explored the effects of greenery on air quality from a two-dimensional rather than a three-dimensional (3D) perspective. In this study, a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was constructed to explore the effect of street greenery on street-level PM2.5 concentrations using street view imagery from a 3D perspective. Mobile monitoring of PM2.5 concentrations was conducted in Wuhan. The results demonstrated that GWR is suitable for exploring street-level air quality. From a 3D perspective, street greenery strongly affects the air quality of the surrounding area within 300 m. Moreover, considering spatial nonstationarity, the negative impact of street greenery on air quality depends on the pollution and ventilation conditions. High pollution and canyon effects amplify the negative impact of street greenery on pollution dispersion. Thus, the negative effect of street greenery on air quality is sensitive to the density of second-level roads and of commercial areas, the number of intersections and the distance to rivers. Dense planting trees in these areas must be reconsidered based on the possibility of ventilation loss. These results provide insights into street-level PM2.5 pollution and can contribute to the evidence-based design of urban green infrastructure.

Forging a Sense of Community for the Chinese Nation through Centrally Compiled Educational Materials for Language Arts: Characteristics, Mechanisms, and Pathway

The centralized compilation and use of educational materials for the three subjects of language arts, ethics and the rule of law (ideology and politics), and history are important moves in the fundamental task of creating educational materials to build up the state’s authority and instill virtue and nurturing the young. Here, centrally compiled educational materials for language arts have unique advantages with respect to strengthening education in the standard spoken and written Chinese language, enhancing the cohesion of the Chinese nation, and so on, and they play an irreplaceable role in forging a sense of community for the Chinese nation. Centered on the “Five Identifications,” this study sets out from the three-dimensional perspective of cognitive factors, affective factors and behavioral factors, to build a framework for analysis of educational materials based on the connotations of the sense of community for the Chinese nation. The characteristics of the representation of the connotative factors of the sense of community for the Chinese nation in centrally compiled educational materials for language arts are: The educational materials comprehensively and emphatically embody the educational content of the “Five Identifications”; the educational content for the different types of identification comprehensively addresses educational objectives in the three areas of cognition, affection and behavior; and educational content on cultural identification is the most enriched. Among the inherent mechanisms for forging a sense of community for the Chinese nation through the centralized compilation of educational materials for language arts, the first is organically integrating the connotative factors of the sense of community for the Chinese nation on the basis of the patterns of the subject of language arts as well as curriculum standards; the second is to use cultural identification as a focal point in promoting education for the “Five Identifications,” while highlighting the unique value of the subject of language arts; and the third is to comprehensively strengthen education for identification with the community of the Chinese nation centered on the text selection system, in combination with the design of form factors and educational activities. The main pathways for forging a sense of community for the Chinese nation through the centralized compilation of educational materials for language arts are: (1) Synchronously strengthening identification with the community of the Chinese nation in the process of improving students’ language arts skills and accomplishments, based on the learning situation; (2) Creating three-dimensional educational objectives for education in the community of the Chinese nation on the basis of cognitive patterns, to build firm ideological foundations; (3) Applying diverse teaching methods and educational techniques to promote consolidation of the sense of community for the Chinese nation in language arts studies and in life.

Odontoblasts in health and disease with an additional note on its three-Dimensional histological perspective

Odontoblasts in health and disease with an additional note on its three-Dimensional histological perspective

On culture teaching practice in senior high school English Class from the perspective of intercultural Third Space

While recent research on the cultivation of EFL learners’ cultural awareness in senior high school has highlighted the pedagogical coping strategies based on culture teaching phenomena, theory-driven culture teaching practice has been under-explored. Informed by the theory of intercultural Third Space, this paper reports how to guide senior high school students to construct intercultural Third Space, so as to enhance their cultural awareness and intercultural critical thinking competence from the three-dimensional perspective of attitude, cognition, and behaviour, through a teaching case in the four stages of attitude cultivation, knowledge construction, simulated communication, and critical reflection. The study indicates that the concept of intercultural Third Space can theoretically make up for the deficiency of culture teaching in Chinese senior high school English class and practically provide teaching design support for classroom instruction.

APPLICATION OF SPLINE INTERPOLATING FUNCTIONS IN THE PARADIGM OF THE UNIVERSAL STANDARD EXCHANGE OF DIGITAL HYDROGRAPHIC DATA

The necessity of duplication of satellite navigation by a correlation-extreme navigation system with the actual comparability of indicators of the positioning accuracy of alternative systems is substantiated. When studying the issue of replication of the mapping standard as a basic principle of perspective navigation, the expediency of using the spline approach as an effective additional arsenal of capabilities to the list of reserved interpolating functions of the S-100 universal standard has been revealed. The phenomenon of the application of spline function methods in the framework of the implementation of the concept of modeling the navigation isosurface in order to accurately synthesize the topography of the seabed relief is considered. The theoretical substantiation of using the concept of a spline gradient in the processing of navigation information within the framework of the hypothesis of the gradient fan postulate applicability is carried out. The magnitude and spatial distribution of computational interpolation errors are interpreted into the definition of uncertainty surface, which is a two-dimensional statistical estimation of the accuracy of modeling bathymetric data by analogy with the concept of navigation isosurface. Deterministic interpolation is implemented on the basis of processing an experimental database of measurement data with further transformation into a gridded grid massif. The focus on the use of gridded data in the compilation of digital bathymetric models makes it possible to provide a detailed restoration of the underwater landscape. The interpolation gridding technology has provided a formalized structured representation of a two-dimensional grid of recorded measurements results for visualization of the navigation isosurface in three-dimensional Euclidean space. The hybrid spline algorithm is adapted to reconstruct a detailed profile of an underwater relief with the required morphological properties by mathematically simulating the plasticity of geospatial topography. Based on the technology of spline functions, the three-dimensional perspective of an isolinear bathymetric model investigated by the National Genoese Institute of the water area in the Tyrrhenian Sea is restored. A precedent for the implementation of spline interpolation together with the possibility of visualizing a volumetric perspective on electronic media for the subsequent practical use of three-dimensional electronic maps in order to increase the safety potential of navigation due to the effectiveness of visual orientation of the navigator in difficult sailing circumstances has been created.

Pietro Sferrazza Taibi, Review of Elisabeth Hoffberger-Pippan, Less-Lethal Weapons under International Law. A Three-Dimensional Perspective.

Pietro Sferrazza Taibi, Review of Elisabeth Hoffberger-Pippan, Less-Lethal Weapons under International Law. A Three-Dimensional Perspective.

Seasonal effects of urban morphology on land surface temperature in a three-dimensional perspective: A case study in Hangzhou, China

Architecture influences the design of urban landscapes and hence plays an important role in the regulation of urban thermal environment. Studies on the correlation between multi-dimensional building morphology and land surface temperature (LST) have been conducted in many cities around the world. However, general conclusions on their relationship have not been drawn, owing to the differences in climatic, social, and economic conditions between cities. Moreover, the multivariate and nonlinearity of the three-dimensional (3D) indicators also require more robust and specific statistical models. In this study, the random forest (RF) regression model was used to quantitatively analyse the seasonal differences in the responses of nine multi-dimensional building indicators to LST. The results show that the building coverage ratio (BCR), high building ratio (HBR), and architecture height standard deviation (AHSD) always had the most substantial influence. Across seasons, the average relative contribution ratios of BCR, HBR, and AHSD were 13.23–33.50%, 11.37–20.06%, and 9.02–24.12%, respectively. In general, 2D indicators tended to have a higher impact in warmer seasons while 3D indicators showed more impact on LST in cooler seasons. According to the marginal effect analysis, the BCR, cubic index (CI), and aggregation index (AI) were the main heating indicators, whereas AHSD and HBR were the main cooling indicators. Overall, our findings contribute to the understanding of the urban heat island phenomenon, which remains an important issue in the context of sustainable landscape and urban planning.

A State of Emergency or Business as Usual in Climate Science Communication? A Three-Dimensional Perspective on the Role Perceptions of Climate Scientists, Climate Journalists, and Citizens

Building on post-normal science, Brüggemann et al. (2020) suggest that the uncertain, disputed, high-stakes, and urgent character of the climate challenge facing modern societies may alter the conventional notion of what is expected of scientists, journalists, and citizens in the public discussion of climate science. This article examines this notion via 15 focus groups with climate scientists, climate journalists, and citizens ( N = 76). The analysis shows that neither of the three actors want climate scientists and climate journalists to act as advocates. However, interestingly, it is seen as legitimate for climate scientists to express emotions connected to their findings.

Photo Cameroon: Studio Portraiture, 1970s-1990s

Photo Cameroon: Studio Portraiture, 1970s-1990s

Pseudodynamic Approach for Rock Slopes in Hoek–Brown Media: Three-Dimensional Perspective

Pseudodynamic Approach for Rock Slopes in Hoek–Brown Media: Three-Dimensional Perspective

Transport Sustainability Index: An Application Multicriteria Analysis

The unrestricted consumption of fossil fuels negatively impacts the economic, social and environmental aspects, observed from a sustainable perspective. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and adopt skills that enable the monitoring and mitigation of risks to the environment. In view of this, we propose a method with multiple approaches emphasizing a three-dimensional perspective of energy consumption by diesel engines, which represent one of the main pollutants emitters in transport. As a methodology, fuzzy logic was adopted, together with a recognition system, in order to mitigate the uncertainties inherent to the applied data. The procedure was applied to the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with information collected from seven toll plazas and a radar with volumetric counting. The results indicate a good adherence of the sustainability index to real cases, allowing a better observation of changes in environmental criteria and a more efficient inspection in the application of good practices, in addition to enabling greater participation of society in the inspection and adoption of environmental criteria in transport.

Aerodynamic design considerations for supercritical CO[formula omitted] centrifugal compressor with real-gas effects

The optimal supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) Brayton cycle requires the SCO2 compressor to operate near the critical point, where strong real-gas effects make the aerodynamic design much more challenging. Conventional semi-empirical aerodynamic design guidelines developed for air compressors are no longer applicable because CO2 flows undergo significant changes in thermophysical properties when inlet conditions of the SCO2 compressor change, when different design parameters are chosen, and when the phase change occurs. This paper proposed a set of new design guidelines for SCO2 compressors from zero-dimensional (0D), one-dimensional (1D), and three-dimensional (3D) perspectives. At 0D level, the concept of similitude is introduced to derive new performance correlations independent of inlet conditions. At 1D level, the coupling effect of thermophysical properties and design parameters is considered and new guidelines for preliminary design are proposed. At 3D level, detailed blade modeling procedures are discussed in order to improve compressor performance and suppress phase changes. All these design considerations are validated by redesigning and comparing several well-designed SCO2 compressors from open literature. The results show that for the compressor operating near the pseudo-critical line, an efficiency increment of about 0.7% can be obtained by adopting the proposed design considerations, while phase change can also be well suppressed at the same time.

A combined experimental–numerical study towards the elucidation of spray–wall interaction on step geometries

ABSTRACT In this research, a coupled numerical–experimental approach is employed to investigate the spray–wall interaction on step geometries with slope angles from 0° to 90° as well as impinging on and off the step geometry. Spray contours are used to compare the numerical and experimental results and, in general, good agreement between them is found. The results from the model are used to provide deeper knowledge about the macroscopic and microscopic behavior of the impinging spray influenced by step geometries. The numerical results provide a three-dimensional perspective that reveals the deflection of the flow by the geometry along the slope and to the sides. Additionally, the quantitative results show the mass distribution over time on droplet behavior (such as moving droplet mass, wall film mass and evaporation mass) for the whole domain, but forward and backward directions separately. A strong dependency on the impinging position, but a smaller effect of the slope angle, on spray propagation is found. Consequently, these impinging positions have a strong influence on spray behavior in the forward and backward directions regarding moving droplet mass and the wall film mass. In general, this study reveals the severe consequences of step geometry on impinging spray behavior.

A global synthesis of patterns in soil organic matter and temperature sensitivity along the altitudinal gradient

Although it is important to determine how the global carbon (C) cycle is responding to climate change in our three-dimensional Earth, variation in the soil organic matter (SOM) and temperature sensitivity (Q10) of soil respiration along the altitudinal gradient remains unclear globally. This study explored spatial variability in SOM and Q10 and its regulatory mechanisms from a three-dimensional perspective. We collected SOM and Q10 datasets from published studies for 0–10 cm soil depth along elevational gradients of mountain ranges globally. We found that the SOM content in most mountains changed significantly with increasing altitude; unexpectedly, these changes with altitude significantly differed across different climate zones. Specifically, the SOM content increased with increasing altitude in tropical and subtropical regions, while it decreased with increasing altitude in temperate and plateau regions. Climate factors (mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation) and soil properties (total N content, C/N ratio, and pH) together accounted for 83% of spatial variation in SOM with altitude. Q10 values, under both laboratory incubation and in situ studies, did not significantly correlate with altitude, and no apparent global patterns were detected (mean: 2.07); however, Q10 was regulated by variation in soil substrate quality along altitudinal gradients, to some extent. In the context of global climate change, this new information on SOM and Q10 in relation to the altitude at a global scale might enhance our understanding of soil C−climate feedbacks.