Three-dimensional Parameters Research Articles

Geo-spatial assessment of geomorphic characteristics of Swat Valley, Pakistan

Morphometric analysis is essential for understanding drainage networks and landform evolution, particularly in complex mountainous regions like the Swat Valley. Accurate characterization of these features aids in water resource management and mitigating climate-induced challenges. The study employed GIS and remote sensing technologies, utilizing SRTM-30m DEM data to perform a comprehensive morphometric and hypsometric analysis. Key morphometric parameters such as basin size, stream order, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, circularity ratio, and elongation ratio were calculated by using Whitebox tool. Additionally, three-dimensional parameters including basin relief, roughness number, ruggedness index, and slope were analyzed. Hypsometric analysis was conducted to examine area-elevation relationships, using empirical formulas and contour data. The basin was found to be irregularly shaped, with an elongation ratio of 6.97 and a circulatory ratio of 0.3091, indicating an elongated form. Flow accumulation data highlighted areas of rapid and moderate water flow. Hypsometric analysis showed that 14 sub-basins were in an erosional stage, 8 were mature, and the remainder were older and more resistant to erosion. The overall hypsometric integral (HI) of 0.406 reflects moderate elevation variation across the basin. The study provides critical insights into the geomorphometric controls of the Swat Valley's drainage system, contributing to improved water resource management strategies. Understanding morphometric and hypsometric characteristics is vital for adapting to climate-induced risks and safeguarding water resources in mountainous landscapes.

Rock failure deformation characteristics and mechanical parameter prediction of Xujiahe formation gas reservoir in Tianfu area, Sichuan Basin

The integrated geological-engineering reservoir reconstruction of Xujiahe Formation in Tianfu area needs accurate evaluation of rock mechanics characteristics and prediction of three-dimensional rock mechanics parameter field. The stress-strain curve characteristics, failure deformation mode, mechanical strength, and confining pressure effect are analyzed by mechanical tests. The longitudinal, lateral, and spatial distribution characteristics of rock mechanics parameters are evaluated through the combination of logging and seismic. The results show that damage morphology of mudstone is more complex than that of sandstone. With the increase of confining pressure, rock fracture pattern gradually changes from splitting failure to high angle shear failure. The mechanical strength of sandstone and mudstone increases with the increase of confining pressure, and high porosity of sandstone results in a higher confining pressure effect. The longitudinal distribution of rock mechanics parameters is significantly affected by lithology. Sandstone has high strength and little intra-layer difference, while mudstone is the opposite. The lateral distribution shows obvious sedimentary facies control characteristics, and the mechanical strength of rock in the northwest region is significantly lower than that in the southeast region. The spatial distribution is greatly affected by structural morphology and faults. The research will provide support for engineering dessert selection and fracturing reconstruction.

Systematic Investigation on the Swelling Response and Oil Resistance of NBR Using the Prediction Models Determined by the Modified Flory-Huggins Interaction Parameter.

The equilibrium swelling test was employed to determine the swelling response of Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) with various acrylonitrile (ACN) contents, and the three-dimensional solubility parameter (HSP) and modified Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χHSP) were used to establish the prediction model of the oil-resistant property. The results indicate that the energy difference (Ra) between NBR and solvents calculated by HSP values can be correlated with the swelling response qualitatively with an inversed "S-shape", and high swelling response occurs at Ra < 8 MPa1/2 for NBR. For the purpose of establishing the prediction model, the new modified χHSP value has been calculated and fitted with the swelling response using exponential and logarithmic fittings, respectively. Two prediction models considering all the possible influencing factors have been obtained to determine the swelling response and oil resistance of NBR-based rubber products in bio-fuels, represented by the bio-diesel and IRM 903 test oil in this work. The swelling response of NBR can be evaluated precisely, and high swelling regions can be predicted and avoided in the new emerging fuels through the prediction models. Thus, the oil resistance of NBR-based rubber products, such as seals, holes and gaskets can be well predicted now.

Is It Reliable to Extract Gully Morphology Parameters Based on High-Resolution Stereo Images? A Case of Gully in a “Soil-Rock Dual Structure Area”

The gully morphology parameter is an important quantitative index for monitoring gully erosion development. Its extraction method and accuracy evaluation in the “soil-rock dual structure area” are of great significance to the evaluation of gully erosion in this type of area. In this study, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) tilt photography data were used to evaluate the accuracy of extracting gully morphology parameters from high-resolution remote sensing stereoscopic images. The images data (0.03 m) were taken as the reference in Zhangmazhuang and Jinzhongyu small river valleys in Yishui County, Shandong Province, China. The accuracy of gully morphology parameters were extracted from simultaneous high-resolution remote sensing stereo images data (0.5 m) was evaluated, and the parameter correction model was constructed. The results showed that (1) the average relative errors of circumference (P), area (A), linear length of bottom (L1), and curve length of bottom (L2) are mainly concentrated within 10%, and the average relative errors of top width (TW) are mainly within 20%. (2) The average relative error of three-dimensional (3D) parameters such as gully volume (V) and gully depth (D) is mainly less than 50%. (3) The larger the size of the gully, the smaller the 3D parameters extracted by visual interpreters, especially the absolute value of the mean relative error (Rmean) of V and D. (4) A relationship model was built between the V and D values obtained by the two methods. When V and D were extracted from high-resolution remote sensing stereo images, the relationship model was used to correct the measured parameter values. These findings showed that high-resolution remote sensing stereo images represents an efficient and convenient data source for monitoring gully erosion in a small watershed in a “soil-rock dual structure area”.

Solid volume ratio in predicting pathological features of cT1 lung adenocarcinoma.

More effective methods are urgently needed for predicting the pathological grade and lymph node metastasis of cT1-stage lung adenocarcinoma. We analyzed the relationships between CT quantitative parameters (including three-dimensional parameters) and pathological grade and lymph node metastasis in cT1-stage lung adenocarcinoma patients of our center between January 2015 and December 2023. A total of 343 patients were included, of which there were 233 males and 110 females, aged 61.8 ± 9.4 (30-82) years. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for predicting the pathological grade of lung adenocarcinoma using the consolidation tumor ratio (CTR) and the solid volume ratio (SVR) were 0.761 and 0.777, respectively. The areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) for predicting lymph node metastasis were 0.804 and 0.873, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that the SVR is an independent predictor of highly malignant lung adenocarcinoma pathology, while the SVR and pathological grade are independent predictors of lymph node metastasis. The sensitivity of predicting the pathological grading of lung adenocarcinoma based on SVR>5% is 97.2%, with a negative predictive value of 96%. The sensitivity of predicting lymph node metastasis based on SVR>47.1% is 97.3%, and the negative predictive value is 99.5%. The SVR has greater diagnostic value than the CTR in the preoperative prediction of pathologic grade and lymph node metastasis in stage cT1-stage lung adenocarcinoma patients, and the SVR may replace the diameter and CTR as better criteria for guiding surgical implementation.

Automatic 3D pelvimetry framework in CT images and its validation

In the field of spinal pathology, sagittal balance of the spine is usually judged by the spatial structure and morphology of pelvis, which can be represented by pelvic parameters. Pelvic parameters, including pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt and sacral slope, are therefore essential for the diagnosis and treatment of spinal disorders, however, it is a time-consuming and laborious procedure to measure these parameters by traditional methods. In this paper, an automatic measurement framework for pelvic CT images was proposed to calculate three-dimensional (3D) pelvic parameters with the support of deep learning technology. Pelvic images were first preprocessed, and 3D reconstruction was then performed to obtain 3D pelvic model by the Visualization Toolkit. DRINet was trained to segment the femoral head region in the pelvic images, and 3D sphere fitting was performed to locate the femoral heads. In addition, VGG16 was adopted to recognize images containing superior sacral endplate, and the plane growth algorithm was used to fit the plane so that the midpoint and normal vector of the superior sacral endplate could be obtained. Finally, 3D pelvic parameters were automatically calculated, and compared with manual measurements for 15 patients. The proposed framework automatically generated 3D pelvic models, and calculated two-dimensional (2D) and 3D pelvic parameters from continuous CT images. Experiments demonstrated that the framework can greatly speed up the calculation of pelvic parameters, and these parameters are accurate when compared with the manual measurements. In conclusion, the proposed framework demonstrates good performance on automatic pelvimetry measurement by incorporating deep learning technology, and can well replace the traditional methods for pelvic parameter measurement.

Effect of raceway surface topography based on solid lubrication on temperature rise characteristics of HIPSN full ceramic ball bearings

PurposeThis study aims to understand the influence of raceway surface topography on the temperature rise characteristics of silicon nitride (Si3N4) full ceramic ball bearing and improve its service life.Design/methodology/approachThe arithmetic average height Sa, skewness Ssk and kurtosis Sku in the three-dimensional surface roughness parameters are used to quantitatively characterize the surface topography of the raceway after superfinishing. The bearing life testing machine is used to test the Si3N4 full ceramic ball bearing using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) cage under dry friction conditions, and the self-lubricating full ceramic ball bearing heat generation model is established.FindingsWith the decrease of Sa and Ssk on the raceway surface and the increase of Sku, the average height of the raceway surface decreases, and the peaks and valleys tend to be symmetrically distributed on the average surface, and the surface texture becomes tighter. This kind of raceway surface topography is beneficial to form a thin and uniform filamentous PTFE transfer film with a wide coverage area on the raceway surface based on consuming less cage materials and improving the temperature rise characteristics of hot isostatic pressing silicon nitride full ceramic ball bearings.Originality/valueThe research results provide a theoretical basis for the reasonable selection of Si3N4 ring raceway processing technology and have important significance for improving the working characteristics and service life of Si3N4 full ceramic ball bearings under dry friction conditions.

Effectiveness of the A3 robot on lower extremity motor function in stroke patients: A prospective, randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND The results of existing lower extremity robotics studies are conflicting, and few relevant clinical trials have examined short-term efficacy. In addition, most of the outcome indicators in existing studies are scales, which are not objective enough. We used the combination of objective instrument measurement and scale to explore the short-term efficacy of the lower limb A3 robot, to provide a clinical reference. AIM To investigate the improvement of lower limb walking ability and balance in stroke treated by A3 lower limb robot. METHODS Sixty stroke patients were recruited prospectively in a hospital and randomized into the A3 group and the control group. They received 30 min of A3 robotics training and 30 min of floor walking training in addition to 30 min of regular rehabilitation training. The training was performed five times a week, once a day, for 2 wk. The t -test or non-parametric test was used to compare the three-dimensional gait parameters and balance between the two groups before and after treatment. RESULTS The scores of basic activities of daily living, Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale, FM balance meter, Fugl-Meyer Assessment scores, Rivermead Mobility Index, Stride speed, Stride length, and Time Up and Go test in the two groups were significantly better than before treatment (19.29 ± 12.15 vs 3.52 ± 4.34; 22.57 ± 17.99 vs 4.07 ± 2.51; 1.21 ± 0.83 vs 0.18 ± 0.40; 3.50 ± 3.80 vs 0.96 ± 2.08; 2.07 ± 1.21 vs 0.41 ± 0.57; 0.89 ± 0.63 vs 0.11 ± 0.32; 12.38 ± 9.00 vs 2.80 ± 3.43; 18.84 ± 11.24 vs 3.80 ± 10.83; 45.12 ± 69.41 vs 8.41 ± 10.20; 29.45 ± 16.62 vs 8.68 ± 10.74; P &lt; 0.05). All outcome indicators were significantly better in the A3 group than in the control group, except the area of the balance parameter. CONCLUSION For the short-term treatment of patients with subacute stroke, the addition of A3 robotic walking training to conventional physiotherapy appears to be more effective than the addition of ground-based walking training.

Investigation of the milled surface quality of SiCp/Al composite materials with a moderate SiCp volume fraction

Silicon carbide particle–reinforced aluminum matrix (SiCp/Al) composite materials are challenging to machine, leading to significant surface quality issues arising during milling. In this study, a single-factor experiment was conducted using carbide-coated tools to mill SiCp/Al composite materials with a 45% volume fraction of silicon carbide particles (SiCps). Scanning electron microscopy, roughness measuring instruments, and a three-dimensional optical profiler were employed to investigate the formation mechanisms of the machined surface morphologies, as well as the effects of milling parameters (milling speed, feed per revolution, and milling depth) on the surface micro-morphology of the SiCp/Al composite materials. This study assessed the suitability of various roughness characterization parameters for evaluating the milled surface of SiCp/Al composite materials, including the two-dimensional profile arithmetic mean deviation (Ra), profile root mean square deviation (Rq), and microscopic surface roughness 10-point height (Rz), as well as the three-dimensional arithmetic mean deviation of the surface profile (Sa), and root mean square deviation of the surface profile (Sq) roughness characterization parameters to evaluate the milled surface of the SiCp/Al composite materials. The findings suggest that the three-dimensional roughness characterization parameters more accurately reflected the changes in the surface roughness than the two-dimensional ones. When the milling speed increased from 0.05 to 1.2 mm/rev, Sa first decreased from 0.514 to 0.498 µm and then increased to 0.537 µm, while Sq first decreased from 0.637 to 0.616 µm and then increased to 0.658 µm. Ra, Rz, and Rq all increased with higher values of feed per revolution and milling depth.

A new numerical simulation method of 3D rough surface topography with coupling 3D roughness parameters Sdr, Sdq, Spd, Spc, and characteristic functions

The existing surface topography modeling methods based on random process theory make it difficult to realize the coupling of three-dimensional roughness parameters Sdr, Sdq, Spd, and Spc in ISO25178, which are related to the friction and lubrication performance of parts. The paper proposes constraints set for the structure of spatial features in height matrix discrete points during the random switching process, and the accurate coupling of parameters Sdr, Sdq, Spd, and Spc with characteristic functions is achieved by the improved random switching system. The new method is applied to simulate four kinds of finishing surface topography numerically, and the results show that the relative errors of these four parameters are effectively reduced from 5–110 % to 1 %.

Value of transperineal three-dimensional ultrasonography in diagnosis of pelvic floor dysfunction.

To investigate the correlation between three-dimensional ultrasonography parameters and pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) and its application value in diagnosis and treatment. 92 patients with PFD and 22 without who underwent three-dimensional ultrasonography were selected. Transperineal three-dimensional ultrasonography was performed by Voluson E8 color Doppler ultrasonography to analyze the anteroposterior diameter (LHAD), transverse diameter (LHLD), pelvic diaphragmatic hiatus area (LHA), and bladder neck mobility (BND) of the patients. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound parameters in PFD were analyzed using ROC curves. Paired sample t test was used to analyze the improvement of PFMT in patients with PFD. Patients with PFD had significantly higher levels of △LHAD, △LHLD, △LHA and BND than controls (all P < 0.01). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that △LHA or BND levels were independent risk factors for the development of PFD. The ROC results showed that the area under the ROC curve with BND level was the highest (0.917). The diagnostic sensitivity of BND in PFD was 100.0% and the specificity was 70.7%. In Urinary incontinence (UI) patients, there was a significant positive correlation between the occurrence of UI and BND levels (all r > 0, P < 0.05). After PFMT treatment, the levels of △LHAD, △LHLD, △LHA and BND in patients with PFD were significantly decreased (all P < 0.001). The abnormal changes in the level of three-dimensional ultrasound parameters can be used as a sensitive indicator to evaluate PFD and a guiding parameter for PFMT treatment. The feasibility of operation and repetition by three-dimensional pelvic floor ultrasonography could provide a reliable imaging basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment of patients with PFD.

Ultrasonic measurement method for three-dimensional assembly stress of aero-engine rotors

The precise measurement of three-dimensional stress in the rotor is a key means to ensure the assembly accuracy and operational safety of aero-engines. The unclear coupling influence mechanism of different directions of stress on ultrasonic propagation makes it challenging to establish a three-dimensional stress measurement model. This paper proposes a three-dimensional assembly stress measurement method for aero-engine rotors based on ultrasonic propagation time difference decoupling. The three-dimensional assembly stress is converted into the stress component parallel and perpendicular to the ultrasonic wave propagation direction in this method. The acoustoelastic equation including three-dimensional stress parameters is established based on the function model of different direction stress and ultrasonic wave propagation velocity. An innovative three-transducer stress measurement scheme is designed, which integrates ultrasonic wave transmitting and receiving transducers and time difference feedback transducers. The acoustoelastic equations in three propagation directions are constructed by rotating the transducer group to change the propagation direction of ultrasonic waves. Finally, the acoustoelastic equations are solved simultaneously to decouple the ultrasonic propagation time difference, thus achieving a three-dimensional assembly stress measurement of the aero-engine rotor. The experimental results show that the maximum deviation between the measured values and the simulation results in the x ,y, and z directions is 15.885 MPa, 14.113 MPa, and 17.093 MPa, respectively. This study provides effective theoretical and technical support for precisely measuring three-dimensional assembly stress in high-end equipment represented by aero-engines.

Hybrid data-driven model and shapley additive explanations for peak dilation angle of rock discontinuities

To accurately predict the peak dilation angle of rock discontinuities, a hybrid data-driven model based on the improved sparrow search algorithm is proposed. The main influencing features such as normal stress, basic friction angle, uniaxial compressive strength and three-dimensional roughness parameters are used as the inputs of the model, and the peak dilation angle is used as the output of the model. The coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) are introduced to evaluate the prediction performance of the proposed model and compare its performance with existing classical models. Then, the effect of different normalization methods on data-driven model is discussed. Finally, the shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method is adopted to explain the contribution and relative importance of each input feature. The results indicate that the proposed model can well describe the complex nonlinear relationship between influencing features and peak dilatation angle. Compared with classical models, the proposed model has the highest accuracy and the smallest error. R2, MAE, RMSE and MAPE are 0.966, 1.029, 1.184 and 3.99 % respectively. SHAP results show that normal stress and uniaxial compressive strength are the most important input features for predicting peak dilation angle. Compared with mean normalization method and arc-tangent normalization method, the min-max normalization method is more suitable as a pre-processing method for the proposed model.

Numerical analysis of the impact of helical-blade design on flow characteristics and energy utilization in vertical-axis water turbine

In this study, a vertical-axis helical-blade water turbine is innovatively proposed by drawing on the design scheme of the traditional straight-blade turbine, compared to which this blade form can effectively improve the self-starting capability and energy capture efficiency of the turbine. The study analyzes the hydrodynamic performance of the device under different parameters using CFD (computational fluid dynamics) software STAR-CCM+ and overlapping mesh technique, and the CFD simulation results are verified with published experimental work. First, the design concept of the hydraulic turbine is presented, focusing on the design of the blades and transmission mechanism to ensure the stability of the structure. Second, the effect of two-dimensional parameters on the flow field characteristics and efficiency is investigated, and then three-dimensional design parameters, such as blade helix angle and hub-to-tip ratio, are considered. The results show that a 20% increase in blade density results in a 10.74% increase in efficiency. Regarding flow velocity, a maximum output of 2.4 kW was achieved for four operating conditions (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 m/s). In addition, the average dynamic torque of the helical-blade turbine was 16.44% higher than that of the straight-blade turbine, indicating superior self-starting capability. It was also found that at an aspect ratio of 1.5–1.75 and a helix angle of 80°, the energy capture efficiency of the helical-blade turbine was 33.7%, which was 45.3% higher than that of the straight-blade turbine. Comparative analysis shows that the vertical-axis helical-blade turbine has favorable hydrodynamic performance, especially under low flow conditions, and the design scheme shows obvious advantages, which makes up for the defects of the traditional vertical-axis straight-blade turbine with poor self-starting ability and low efficiency, and fills up the research gaps of vertical-axis turbine design optimization, which is of certain research value.

Multidimensional Encryption by Chip-Integrated Metasurfaces.

Facing the challenge of information security in the current era of information technology, optical encryption based on metasurfaces presents a promising solution to this issue. However, most metasurface-based encryption techniques rely on limited decoding keys and struggle to achieve multidimensional complex encryption. It hinders the progress of optical storage capacity and puts encryption security at a disclosing risk. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a multidimensional encryption system based on chip-integrated metasurfaces that successfully incorporates the simultaneous manipulation of three-dimensional optical parameters, including wavelength, direction, and polarization. Hence, up to eight-channel augmented reality (AR) holograms are concealed by near- and far-field fused encryption, which can only be extracted by correctly providing the three-dimensional decoding keys and then vividly exhibit to the authorizer with low crosstalk, high definition, and no zero-order speckle noise. We envision that the miniature chip-integrated metasurface strategy for multidimensional encryption functionalities promises a feasible route toward the encryption capacity and information security enhancement of the anticounterfeiting performance and optically cryptographic storage.

Discovering 3D hidden elasticity in isotropic and transversely isotropic materials with physics-informed UNets

Three-dimensional variation in structural components or fiber alignments results in complex mechanical property distribution in tissues and biomaterials. In this paper, we use a physics-informed UNet-based neural network model (El-UNet) to discover the three-dimensional (3D) internal composition and space-dependent material properties of heterogeneous isotropic and transversely isotropic materials without a priori knowledge of the composition. We then show the capabilities of El-UNet by validating against data obtained from finite-element simulations of two soft tissues, namely, brain tissue and articular cartilage, under various loading conditions. We first simulated compressive loading of 3D brain tissue comprising of distinct white matter and gray matter mechanical properties undergoing small strains with isotropic linear elastic behavior, where El-UNet reached mean absolute relative errors under 1.5 % for elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio estimations across the 3D volume. We showed that the 3D solution achieved by El-UNet was superior to relative stiffness mapping by inverse of axial strain and two-dimensional plane stress/plane strain approximations. Additionally, we simulated a transversely isotropic articular cartilage with known fiber orientations undergoing compressive loading, and accurately estimated the spatial distribution of all five material parameters, with mean absolute relative errors under 5 %. Our work demonstrates the application of the computationally efficient physics-informed El-UNet in 3D elasticity imaging and provides methods for translation to experimental 3D characterization of soft tissues and other materials. The proposed El-UNet offers a powerful tool for both in vitro and ex vivo tissue analysis, with potential extensions to in vivo diagnostics. Statement of significanceElasticity imaging is a technique that reconstructs mechanical properties of tissue using deformation and force measurements. Given the complexity of this reconstruction, most existing methods have mostly focused on 2D problems. Our work is the first implementation of physics-informed UNets to reconstruct three-dimensional material parameter distributions for isotropic and transversely isotropic linear elastic materials by having deformation and force measurements. We comprehensively validate our model using synthetic data generated using finite element models of biological tissues with high bio-fidelity–the brain and articular cartilage. Our method can be implemented in elasticity imaging scenarios for in vitro and ex vivo mechanical characterization of biomaterials and biological tissues, with potential extensions to in vivo diagnostics.

Correlation between the three-dimensional hyoid bone parameters and pharyngeal airway dimensions in different sagittal and vertical malocclusions

ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the relationship between three-dimensional (3D) measurements of the hyoid bone (HB) and pharyngeal airway space (PAS) in relation to sagittal and vertical malocclusion. MethodsA total of 368 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were classified into three skeletal groups (Class I, II, and III) and subdivided by vertical growth patterns (hypodivergent, normodivergent, and hyperdivergent). PAS dimensions, including nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and total airway spaces, were measured in surface area, volume, minimum constricted area (MCA), length, and width, HB position and dimension were analyzed in 3D using InVivo 6.0.3 and Dolphin 11.8 software. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni post-hoc tests, with P ≤ 0.05 considered significant. ResultsThe study found that patients with skeletal Class III and hypodivergent growth pattern had the highest sagittal position of the hyoid bone, while those with skeletal Class II and hyperdivergent pattern had the lowest hyoid length. Nasopharyngeal airway space width was significantly lower in skeletal Class III patients, while volume and area were lower in hyperdivergent patients. Oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal dimensions were also affected by skeletal class and growth pattern, with hyperdivergent patients having the lowest values. Total pharyngeal volume, area, and minimum constricted area were also affected, with hyperdivergent patients having the lowest values and skeletal Class II patients having the lowest minimum constricted area. ConclusionPharyngeal airway dimensions and hyoid bone parameters vary with malocclusions. The hyoid bone's position influences the airway, identifying patients at risk for airway obstruction and sleep-disordered breathing.

Research on Calculation of Porosity of Rammed Soil in Pingyao City wall (China) Based on Scanning Electron Microscope Images

ABSTRACT Porosity is an important parameter that affects the deformation, mechanical properties, and constitutive relationships of soil structures. It can be used as an important basis for deterioration research and safety assessment in the field of earth site protection. By collecting scanning electron microscope images (SEM) of the rammed earth of the ancient city wall of Pingyao, a world cultural heritage, and using software such as ImageJ and MATLAB to analyze the characteristics of the images from two-dimensional and three-dimensional perspectives, the relationship between threshold and porosity was studied and summarized. It was found that using the Boltzmann function eigenvalue as the control threshold can well characterize the two-dimensional porosity of soil. Using the idea of integration, the binary slice images with different thresholds are simplified and accumulated to construct a three-dimensional image porosity calculation model. Write a three-dimensional pore characteristic parameter program to extract the statistical image grayscale information and perform normal fitting. Based on the probability interval of the image grayscale distribution, calculate the threshold interval that can effectively reflect the three-dimensional pore characteristics of the soil. This research has important theoretical and practical significance for the protection research of earthen sites.

A Novel Method for Analyzing Sandbar Distribution in Shelf-Type Tidal Deltas Using Sediment Dynamic Simulation

Shallow marine shelf sedimentation is a hot and difficult topic in today’s reservoir sedimentology research, and it is widely present in the world. The shallow marine shelf sedimentation is not only affected by complex hydrodynamic effects such as tides and waves, but also controlled by bottom tectonic features, forming a complex and varied sedimentation pattern. During the Middle Jurassic period, the northern part of West Siberian Basin was characterized by a shallow marine shelf sedimentary environment. In the central reion of this basin, a typical tectonic uplift zone developed, forming a tectonic background of “one uplift zone between two depressions”. Simultaneously, the dominant influence of tides in the shallow marine shelf environment facilitated the formation of a typical shelf-type tidal delta sedimentation system in the Jurassic strata of the northern part of West Siberian Basin. This sedimentation constitutes a significant natural gas reservoir, and it is important to investigate the sedimentary evolution of shelf-type tidal deltas and to clarify the internal structure and distribution of sedimentary sand bodies and interlayers in shelf-type tidal deltas, which is the basis for the fine development of this type of reservoir. This paper takes the Jurassic strata in the Y region of northern part of West Siberian Basin as the research object, and conducts numerical simulation based on sedimentary dynamics for the shelf-type tidal delta sedimentation formed under the tectonic background of “one uplift zone between two depressions”. In addition, tidal amplitude and initial water level were selected for different hydrodynamic factors to study the main controlling factors of shelf-type tidal delta sedimentation. The simulation results show that tidal amplitude is positively correlated with three-dimensional configuration characteristic parameters of the sedimentary sand bodies, and the development of tidal bars becomes more and more limited as the initial water level increases. This paper systematically investigates the sedimentary evolution of shelf-type tidal delta under the tectonic background of “one uplift zone between two depressions” by the sedimentary dynamics method, which deepens the understanding of the shelf-type tidal delta sedimentation process and provides a new thinking for the development of this sedimentary reservoir type (School of Geosciences China University of Petroleum (East China)).

Volumetric imaging of the tumor microvasculature reflects outcomes and genomic states of clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Tumor structure is heterogeneous and complex, and it is difficult to obtain complete characteristics by two-dimensional analysis. The aim of this study was to visualize and characterize volumetric vascular information of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tumors using whole tissue phenotyping and three-dimensional light-sheet microscopy. Here, we used the diagnosing immunolabeled paraffin-embedded cleared organs pipeline for tissue clearing, immunolabeling, and three-dimensional imaging. The spatial distributions of CD34, which targets blood vessels, and LYVE-1, which targets lymphatic vessels, were examined by calculating three-dimensional density, vessel length, vessel radius, and density curves, such as skewness, kurtosis, and variance of the expression. We then examined those associations with ccRCC outcomes and genetic alteration state. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples from 46 ccRCC patients were included in the study. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses revealed the associations between blood vessel and lymphatic vessel distributions and pathological factors such as a high nuclear grade, large tumor size, and the presence of venous invasion. Furthermore, three-dimensional imaging parameters stratified ccRCC patients regarding survival outcomes. An analysis of genomic alterations based on volumetric vascular information parameters revealed that PI3K-mTOR pathway mutations related to the blood vessel radius were significantly different. Collectively, we have shown that the spatial elucidation of volumetric vasculature information could be prognostic and may serve as a new biomarker for genomic alterations. High-end tissue clearing techniques and volumetric immunohistochemistry enable three-dimensional analysis of tumors, leading to a better understanding of the microvascular structure in the tumor space.