Three-dimensional Orientation Research Articles

Three-Dimensional Orientation of a Crystalline Polymer via Epitaxial Growth from a Magnetically Oriented Nucleating Agent

Three-Dimensional Orientation of a Crystalline Polymer via Epitaxial Growth from a Magnetically Oriented Nucleating Agent

Mechanical and tribological behaviour of three-dimensional printed almond shell particles reinforced polylactic acid bio-composites

Recently, composite filament development for three-dimensional printing has emerged and is used for numerous applications. The present research work develops neat polylactic acid and Almond Shell Particles reinforced polylactic acid bio-composites for three-dimensional printing and investigates the effects of printing orientation, including 0°, 45° and 90° orientation, on the tribological and mechanical behaviours of three-dimensional printed materials. The novel almond shell particles reinforced polylactic acid filaments are extruded by the filament extrusion method with the presence of 10% almond shell particles in the polylactic acid matrix, and the samples are three-dimensional printed by the fused filament fabrication technique. Mechanical characteristics such as tensile, flexural, compressive strength, and shore hardness are evaluated with respect to various three-dimensional printing orientations. The surface quality of the three-dimensional printed polylactic acid composite samples is analysed with respect to length and diameter deviation. Length accuracy of the 90° oriented polylactic acid and almond shell particles reinforced polylactic acid bio-composite samples exploits a better accuracy of 99.12% and 98.81%, respectively. It is shown that adding almond shell particles to the polylactic acid matrix decreases the flexural and tensile strength. Among the printing orientations, 0° flat samples result in the maximum tensile strength of 36 and 28 MPa for the neat polylactic acid and almond shell particles reinforced polylactic acid composites, respectively. The lowest contact angle of 54° is observed on the almond shell particles reinforced polylactic acid bio-composites three-dimensional printed with a 90° orientation. The highest contact angle value of 94° is observed on the neat polylactic acid three-dimensional printed with a 0° printing orientation. A tribological study is carried out under dry conditions on the pin-on-disc tribometer by varying the sliding speed (1, 2, and 3 m/s) and load (10, 20, and 30 N). The result shows that the lowest coefficient of friction of 0.22 is achieved for the almond shell particles reinforced polylactic acid bio-composite samples with a 0° printing orientation under a sliding load of 10 N. These kinds of newly developed compostable materials can be used for developing disposable orthotic foot appliances.

Three-dimensional dipole orientation mapping with high temporal-spatial resolution using polarization modulation

Fluorescence polarization microscopy is widely used in biology for molecular orientation properties. However, due to the limited temporal resolution of single-molecule orientation localization microscopy and the limited orientation dimension of polarization modulation techniques, achieving simultaneous high temporal-spatial resolution mapping of the three-dimensional (3D) orientation of fluorescent dipoles remains an outstanding problem. Here, we present a super-resolution 3D orientation mapping (3DOM) microscope that resolves 3D orientation by extracting phase information of the six polarization modulation components in reciprocal space. 3DOM achieves an azimuthal precision of 2° and a polar precision of 3° with spatial resolution of up to 128 nm in the experiments. We validate that 3DOM not only reveals the heterogeneity of the milk fat globule membrane, but also elucidates the 3D structure of biological filaments, including the 3D spatial conformation of λ-DNA and the structural disorder of actin filaments. Furthermore, 3DOM images the dipole dynamics of microtubules labeled with green fluorescent protein in live U2OS cells, reporting dynamic 3D orientation variations. Given its easy integration into existing wide-field microscopes, we expect the 3DOM microscope to provide a multi-view versatile strategy for investigating molecular structure and dynamics in biological macromolecules across multiple spatial and temporal scales.

Three-Dimensional Hinge Axis Orientation Contributes to Simultaneous Alignment Correction in All Three Anatomical Planes in Opening-Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy

To investigate the simultaneous effect of 3-dimensional (3D) hinge axis (HA) orientation on alignment parameters in all 3 anatomical planes in high tibial osteotomy. A computed tomography-based 3D model of a human tibia/fibula was used to establish a 3D tibial coordinate system based on the tibial mechanical axis. In here, an HA was positioned and an opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy with a rotation angle of 10° over the HA was simulated. HA rotation in the axial plane ranged from 0° to 90° and HA tilt relative to the axial plane ranged from -20° to+20°. The study quantified the simultaneous effect of HA orientation on change of alignment parameters in all anatomical reference planes. HA rotation within the tibial axial plane between orientations perpendicular to the coronal and sagittal planes primarily affected both coronal and sagittal plane alignment, with an inverse relationship between these planes (range: 0°-9.7°); the effect of HA rotation on the change in axial plane alignment was maximally 0.9°. In contrast, HA tilt relative to the tibial axial plane primarily affected axial alignment (maximum change: 6.9°); the effect on change in both coronal and sagittal plane alignment was maximally 0.6°. HA rotation in the tibial axial plane primarily affects sagittal and coronal plane alignment, and HA tilt relative to the tibial axial plane primarily affects axial plane alignment. Integrating 3D HA orientation in malalignment planning and correction offers the potential to minimize unintended corrections in nontargeted planes in uniplanar correction osteotomies and to facilitate intentional multiplanar correction with a single osteotomy.

Three-dimensional Scapular Orientation: A Comparison of Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis and Cuff Tear Arthropathy to the Unaffected Shoulder

Three-dimensional Scapular Orientation: A Comparison of Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis and Cuff Tear Arthropathy to the Unaffected Shoulder

Effectiveness evaluation of China's water resource tax reform pilot and path optimization from the perspective of policy field.

The water resource tax reform played an important role in promoting sustainable development in China. Subsequent to the seven-year reform, the effectiveness evaluation of the policy in each pilot area and the exploration of the optimization path directly affected the promotion of water resource tax policy and the improvement of water use efficiency. Therefore, the theoretical framework of the water resource tax policy field was constructed to examine the mechanism of the three subsystems of policy scenario, policy orientation, and policy effect; fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was then used to evaluate and quantitatively compare the policy implementation effect and policy path in each pilot area, with emphasis put on three policy orientations, i.e., the decision and decomposition effect of policy goals, the selection and im plementation effect of policy tools, and the policy supervision and security effect. As shown by the research results: ① the water resource tax reform had effectively improved the efficiency of water resource utilization in the pilot areas; ② three pilot models of water resource tax policy had been extracted, namely the policy goal and tool-driven model centering on a single dimension of the policy field, the implementation-supervision dual drive model emphasizing the supervision and security effect of the policy, and the three-dimensional policy orientation linkage model that focused on the synergistic effect of the policy field; ③ strong heterogeneity existed in water resource tax policy implementation paths and effects in each pilot area. Accordingly, regional heterogeneity could be considered in the process of reform to construct institutionalized, precise, and differentiated reform implementation methods from the perspective of the policy field.

4D-STEM Mapping of Nanocrystal Reaction Dynamics and Heterogeneity in a Graphene Liquid Cell.

Chemical reaction kinetics at the nanoscale are intertwined with heterogeneity in structure and composition. However, mapping such heterogeneity in a liquid environment is extremely challenging. Here we integrate graphene liquid cell (GLC) transmission electron microscopy and four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy to image the etching dynamics of gold nanorods in the reaction media. Critical to our experiment is the small liquid thickness in a GLC that allows the collection of high-quality electron diffraction patterns at low dose conditions. Machine learning-based data-mining of the diffraction patterns maps the three-dimensional nanocrystal orientation, groups spatial domains of various species in the GLC, and identifies newly generated nanocrystallites during reaction, offering a comprehensive understanding on the reaction mechanism inside a nanoenvironment. This work opens opportunities in probing the interplay of structural properties such as phase and strain with solution-phase reaction dynamics, which is important for applications in catalysis, energy storage, and self-assembly.

Orientation control of multiple single crystal blades using a novel high-throughput mold via seeding-grain selection technique

As the increasing demand for high temperature performance of the Ni-based single crystal blades, the orientation consistency of the blades has become more and more important. In this work, a novel high-throughput mold capable of producing four single crystal blades with exactly the same orientation was proposed. The effects of the two important parameters as connector height and blade placement angle on single crystal growth were investigated by ProCAST simulation. The results showed that the 90° connector with a height of 50 mm could obtain the most appropriate temperature gradient for the production of single crystal blades, and when the blades were placed at 120° and 270°, the flattest liquid isotherm could be obtained. However, due to the difference in the distance of the nucleation points from the mold center and the direction where the thin edge of the blade platform faced, the blade placed at 120° had a larger platform area occupied by the stray grains. Therefore, the structure of this mold was determined by using a 90° connector and placing blades at 270°. At last, using this mold, four single crystal blades with the same three-dimensional orientation and no stray grains were successfully produced. These results fully demonstrated the feasibility of this novel mold and also provided ideas for using simulation methods to guide the design of the new mold structure.

An investigation on the influence of three-dimensional printing orientation on the tensile and flexural strength of polymer and plastic materials

In the present investigation, the influence of three-dimensional printing orientation (0 and 90 degrees) on the mechanical properties has been evaluated for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastic and polylactic acid polymer specimens. Further, results found the significant influence of printing orientation on tensile strength, yield strength, and flexural strength for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polylactic acid was between 17.80 (minimum) to 77.67% (maximum). The percentage difference between three-point bending finite element analysis and experimental results was 3.05% which exhibited the good prediction capability of the developed finite element analysis model.

Fourier transform-based method for quantifying the three-dimensional orientation distribution of fibrous units

Several materials and tissues are characterized by a microstructure composed of fibrous units embedded in a ground matrix. In this paper, a novel three-dimensional (3D) Fourier transform-based method for quantifying the distribution of fiber orientations is presented. The method allows for an accurate identification of individual fiber families, their in-plane and out-of-plane dispersion, and showed fast computation times. We validated the method using artificially generated 3D images, in terms of fiber dispersion by considering the error between the standard deviation of the reconstructed and the prescribed distributions of the artificial fibers. In addition, we considered the measured mean orientation angles of the fibers and validated the robustness using a measure of fiber density. Finally, the method is employed to reconstruct a full 3D view of the distribution of collagen fiber orientations based on in vitro second harmonic generation microscopy of collagen fibers in human and mouse skin. The dispersion parameters of the reconstructed fiber network can be used to inform mechanical models of soft fiber-reinforced materials and biological tissues that account for non-symmetrical fiber dispersion.

Three-Dimensional Orientation and Localization Microscopy of Single Molecules Using Super-Resolution Imaging Technology (Invited)

Three-Dimensional Orientation and Localization Microscopy of Single Molecules Using Super-Resolution Imaging Technology (Invited)

Endotracheal intubation and central venous catheter placement in lateral position in an emergency traumatic injury: an improvised attempt in crisis

Endotracheal intubation and central venous catheter (CVC) insertion are generally performed on the patient in the supine position. In traumatic cases, manual in-line stabilization and Sellick’s maneuver make airway management difficult. CVC insertion in the lateral position is not reported in the literature. A 30-year-old male with a history of falls from height presented with iron rods pierced into the right hand and right leg. The patient was intubated with manual in-line stabilization and Sellick’s maneuver in a lateral position. Due to the technical difficulty on the right side, CVC was inserted on the left side in a lateral position. Needle orientation was modified as per the position of the patient, and the left arm was pulled during the CVC insertion. The most experienced anesthesiologists should attempt for the best outcome. Wherever available, CVC should be inserted under ultrasonic guidance. With the landmark technique, the three-dimensional orientation of the anatomy should be kept in mind while attempting CVC insertion in an abnormal position.

All-optical three-dimensional orientation of asymmetric-top molecules with combined linearly and elliptically polarized two-color laser fields

All-optical three-dimensional orientation of asymmetric-top molecules with combined linearly and elliptically polarized two-color laser fields

Clast shape-fabric analysis: A comprehensive and efficient methodology to measure particle-orientation data in solid and loose volcaniclastic deposits

Fabric analysis is essential for understanding the evolution of volcaniclastic deposits. Here we present a comprehensive and efficient methodology, called “Clast shape-fabric analysis,” which is part of the Quantitative Textural Analysis (QTA). This methodology combines high-resolution image analysis techniques with geospatial data processing tools.The fabric of a deposit refers to the three-dimensional orientation of the particles with respect to space, where the degree of iso-orientation of the major axes of the particles is taken into account. The process begins with the collection of oriented samples in the field. Then, in the laboratory, the samples are processed to obtain high-resolution images. The final stage involves the analysis of these images using the FabricS program, which combines image processing techniques and circular statistics.An application of the method was made at the Joya Honda Maar in Mexico, where shape-fabric analysis was used to identify the emission centers of pyroclastic materials.In summary, the “Clast shape-fabric analysis” is a reliable, low-cost and high-potential methodology that can be applied in several geoscientific disciplines and other areas of scientific research.•New Methodology for shape-fabric analysis is presented.•The methodology involves field work, laboratory work and image analysis.•Identification of particle orientations in volcaniclastic deposits.

3D Absolute pose estimation of a staircase cleaning robot utilizing staircase geometry and minimal low-cost sensors

Thanks to its shape-shifting abilities, the sTetris robot can climb stairs while performing the cleaning task. The sTetris robot’s overall system operation depends on localization and positioning data, which are essential for its goal of autonomously navigating multi-floor environments. The mobile robots designed to work indoors generally rely on external systems for localization information. Regretfully, this frequently requires additional hardware fixing or changes to the indoor working environment in order to achieve accurate three-dimensional (3D) position and orientation (pose) for successful operation of the mobile platform. Nonetheless, the robot can be localized on the staircase by utilizing the information of the staircase’s geometry measurements, which are known ahead of time. This article demonstrates how the known geometry of staircases and measurements from minimal number of sensors can be used to accomplish 3D pose of the robot. Experiments carried out on a real robot in an authentic indoors setting successfully demonstrate the effectiveness of the suggested approach.

A Customized Extended Kalman Filter for Removing the Impact of the Magnetometer's Measurements on Inclination Determination.

Normally, a three-dimensional orientation determination algorithm that is used in a magnetic and inertial measurement unit calculates the inclination (including both the pitch and roll) of rigid bodies by fusing the measurements of the gyroscope, as well as the measurements of both the accelerometer and the magnetometer. The measurements of the magnetometer can be helpful in improving the inclination estimation accuracy; however, once the measurements of the magnetometer are disturbed by ferromagnetic materials, the inclination estimation accuracy could be significantly decreased. Hence, a better approach should be followed in terms of not employing the measurements of the magnetometer for inclination determination. In order to achieve this goal, the component of the measurement of the magnetometer that is used for the improvement of the inclination estimation accuracy, along with the measurement of the accelerometer at each sampling time instant, is abandoned. Consequently, the remaining component of the measurement of the magnetometer, which is perpendicular to the measurement of the accelerometer, is used for the azimuth determination. After applying this process, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) is proposed for the inclination and azimuth estimations. Through experiments, the EKF is compared with three algorithms that were recently proposed with the same objective as this work, and the extracted outcomes show that the EKF approach clearly outperforms these three algorithms.

Ecological correlates of three-dimensional muscle architecture within the dietarily diverse Strepsirrhini.

Analysis of muscle architecture, traditionally conducted via gross dissection, has been used to evaluate adaptive relationships between anatomical form and behavioral function. However, gross dissection cannot preserve three-dimensional relationships between myological structures for analysis. To analyze such data, we employ diffusible, iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (DiceCT) to explore the relationships between feeding ecology and masticatory muscle microanatomy in eight dietarily diverse strepsirrhines: allowing, for the first time, preservation of three-dimensional fascicle orientation and tortuosity across a functional comparative sample. We find that fascicle properties derived from these digital analyses generally agree with those measured from gross-dissected conspecifics. Physiological cross-sectional area was greatest in species with mechanically challenging diets. Frugivorous taxa and the wood-gouging species all exhibit long jaw adductor fascicles, while more folivorous species show the shortest relative jaw adductor fascicle lengths. Fascicle orientation in the parasagittal plane also seems to have a clear dietary association: most folivorous taxa have masseter and temporalis muscle vectors that intersect acutely while these vectors intersect obliquely in more frugivorous species. Finally, we observed notably greater magnitudes of fascicle tortuosity, as well as greater interspecific variation in tortuosity, within the jaw adductor musculature than in the jaw abductors. While the use of a single specimen per species precludes analysis of intraspecific variation, our data highlight the diversity of microanatomical variation that exists within the strepsirrhine feeding system and suggest that muscle architectural configurations are evolutionarily labile in response to dietary ecology-an observation to be explored across larger samples in the future.

Hip joint stress distribution changes depending on three-dimensional pelvic orientation: Finite-element analysis

BackgroundPelvis experiences changes in its orientation due to the alignment of the hip joint and spine, and its orientation might affect both joints. Pelvic tilt on the sagittal plane has been widely discussed; however, the pelvis is oriented also on the coronal and horizontal planes. This study aimed to examine how stress distribution on intact hip joint changes under the three-dimensional pelvic orientation. MethodsComputed tomography data of five patients with unilateral pelvic girdle were analyzed. Thirteen models were evaluated by the MECHANICAL FINDER: neutral position at 0°; 10° and 20° anterior and posterior pelvic tilt; 10° and 20° pelvic hike and drop; 10° and 20° pelvic forward and backward rotation. Stress assessment was performed in four parts of the acetabulum: anterosuperior, posterosuperior, posteroinferior, and central parts. ResultsCompared with the neutral position, the mean value of the equivalent stress and maximum principal stress in the anterosuperior part significantly increased by 1.51 times and 1.57 times at 20° posterior tilt, respectively. The maximum principal stress in the anterosuperior part significantly increased by 1.44 times at 20° hike. A significant increase of 1.45 times was found in the maximum principal stress in the anterosuperior part at 20° forward rotation. ConclusionsLocal stress accumulated in the anterosuperior acetabulum at the posterior pelvic tilt, pelvic hike, and pelvic forward rotation, which might lead to hip overload. The effect of posterior pelvic tilt appears to be greater for the hip joint than at the pelvic hike or forward rotation.

Characterization of the DART Impact Ejecta Plume on Dimorphos from LICIACube Observations

We modeled the geometry and the three-dimensional orientation of the ejecta cone triggered by the impact of the DART spacecraft on the asteroid Dimorphos. We used eight LUKE images of the impact acquired by the CubeSat LICIACube that flew by the Didymos system shortly after the impact. These images, which show the ejecta cone in both face-on and side-on profiles, enabled us to reconstruct the ejecta cone in inertial space. We started our model as a simple cone with a circular base and developed it to a rotated cone with an elliptical base that best fit the data. The cone axis points to R.A., decl. (in J2000): , +. The cone is characterized by two perpendicular half-angles of and a rotation of ω = 12° around its axis. The apex of the cone is located near the center of Dimorphos within 15 m. The intersection of the cone and the surface of Dimorphos (surface enclosed by the cone) would correspond to a crater with a maximum radius of about 65 m. The characterization of the cone axis is directly related to the computation of the momentum enhancement factor (β) of the impact, and it hence proves the crucial need of studying impacts in the context of planetary defence scenarios. The results of this work could potentially be used to constrain whether the impact took place in a strength-dominated or a gravity-dominated regime. This work shows the important scientific return of the LICIACube CubeSat in the context of planetary defence.

Orthodontic Localization of Impacted Canines: Review of the Cutting-edge Evidence in Diagnosis and Treatment Planning Based on 3D CBCT Images.

A thorough clinical and radiographical assessment of an impacted maxillary canine's location forms the basis for proper diagnosis and successful treatment outcomes. Implementing a correct biomechanical approach for directing force application primarily relies on its precise localization. Poor biomechanical planning can resorb the roots of adjacent teeth and result in poor periodontal outcomes of the canine that has been disimpacted. Furthermore, treatment success and time strongly rely on an accurate assessment of the severity of impaction, which depends on its 3D spatial location. The evolution of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) radiographs provides more detailed information regarding the location of the impacted canines. In addition, the literature has shown that CBCT imaging has enhanced the quality of diagnosis and treatment planning by obtaining a more precise localization of impacted canines. This review article highlights current evidence regarding comprehensive evaluation of three-dimensional orientations of impacted canines on CBCT images for precise diagnosis and treatment planning.