Three-dimensional Optical Waveguides Research Articles

Full-vectorial finite element beam propagation method with perfectly matched layers for anisotropic optical waveguides

Perfectly matched layer (PML) boundary conditions are incorporated into the full-vectorial beam propagation method (BPM) based on a finite element scheme for the three-dimensional (3-D) anisotropic optical waveguide analysis. In the present approach, edge elements based on linear-tangential and quadratic-normal vector basis functions are used for the transverse field components. To show the validity and usefulness of this approach, numerical examples are shown for Gaussian beam propagation in proton-exchanged LiNbO/sub 3/ optical waveguides. Numerical accuracy of the present PML boundary condition is investigated in detail by comparing the results with those of the conventional absorbing boundary condition (ABC).

Efficient Optical Mode Conversion Induced by Magnetostatic Surface Waves in Three-Dimensional Optical Waveguide

A multilayered garnet device is proposed and analysed to obtain efficient optical mode conversion induced by magnetostatic surface waves (MSSW) in a three-dimensional optical waveguide, suitable for integrated optics. The device parameters, including the layer thicknesses, waveguide width, and the saturation magnetization of the garnet layers, are optimized to shorten the coupling length. A numerical example demonstrates the feasibility of 100% optical mode conversion with practical device dimensions.

Finite element beam propagation method with perfectly matched layer boundary conditions for three-dimensional optical waveguides

The perfectly matched layer boundary condition is incorporated into the beam propagation method based on a finite element scheme for 3-D optical waveguides. Not only an approximate scalar formulation but a full-wave formulation is presented. Its effectiveness is verified by way of numerical examples. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Optical Waveguide SHG Devices Using LiNbO3 Epitaxial Grown and Ultraprecision Machining Technique.

Quasi-phase-matched second-harmonic generation (QPM-SHG) devices using LiNbO3 optical waveguides show great potential as low noise and high beam quality blue-violet light sources applicable for high-density optical disks. Optical waveguides with a step index profile are desired for achieving strong confinement and sufficient overlap between the propagation modes in order to realize a high conversion efficiency. Liquid phase epitaxy of LiNbO3 is a novel technique which yields a step index thin-film waveguide structure by doping ZnO in the film. Ultraprecision machining is a powerful technique for processing three-dimensional optical waveguides. The maximum SHG power of 50 mW at 425 nm wavelength was obtained using a ridgetype waveguide device which was fabricated from a periodically domain-inverted MgO: LiNbO3 crystal by ultraprecision machining.

Finite-difference time-domain beam propagationmethod foranalysis of three-dimensional optical waveguides

A three-dimensional time-domain beam propagation method has been developed using an alternating-direction implicit method that can be solved by the standard Thomas algorithm. The presented method achieves second-order accuracy not only in space but also in time and has the advantage of allowing a larger time step than that in the conventional finite-difference time-domain method. The effectiveness of the present method is demonstrated through the analysis of pulse propagation in an optical fibre with a facet.

Nonlinear finite-element semivectorial propagation method for three-dimensional optical waveguides

A nonlinear semivectorial beam propagation method based on the finite element method is presented. It applies to three-dimensional optical waveguides and accounts for polarization effects. To show the usefulness of this approach numerical results regarding both E/sup x/ (quasi-TE) and E/sup y/ (quasi-TM) waves are presented for directional couplers with nonlinear cores. The limits of scalar formulations are highlighted especially when working near and above the coupler threshold power.

Finite-element full-vectorial propagation analysis for three-dimensional z-varying optical waveguides

A finite-element-based full-vectorial beam propagation method (BPM) for the analysis of the electromagnetic field evolution in three-dimensional (3-D) dielectric waveguides is presented. The approach has been derived in order to be suitable for the numerical discretization through finite elements and to fully account for the vectorial nature of the electromagnetic field. To this aim the problem related to the permittivity derivative at dielectric interface has been addressed and overcome. The advantages and the potentialities of the finite elements usage are discussed. The precision and the correctness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through numerical examples. Typical integrated optics structures, as a tapered waveguide and a Y-junction, are analyzed to assess the applicability of the method.

A Brief History of Light Breakdown

Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & MaterialsVol. 06, No. 04, pp. 377-385 (1997) No AccessA Brief History of Light BreakdownN. BloembergenN. BloembergenPierce Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAhttps://doi.org/10.1142/S0218863597000289Cited by:31 PreviousNext AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsRecommend to Library ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail This material was presented as a Plenary Lecture at the NLO '96 Conference on Nonlinear Optics; Materials; Phenomena and Devices, Maui, Hawaii, July 8, 1996. FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By 31Effect of femtosecond laser interaction with human fibroblasts: a preliminary studyM. A. Zaki Ewiss, M. A. Mahmoud and R. 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Finite-element formulation for full-vectorial propagation analysis in three-dimensional optical waveguides

A three-dimensional (3-D) full-vectorial beam propagation method based on finite elements is presented. A new formulation suitable for the numerical discretization through the finite elements and able to take into account both polarization dependence and field component coupling has been derived. Advantages and potentialities of the finite elements usage are discussed. The precision of the proposed approach is demonstrated through numerical examples.

Finite element beam propagation method for three-dimensional optical waveguide structures

A beam propagation method (BPM) based on the finite element method (FEM) is described for longitudinally varying three-dimensional (3-D) optical waveguides. In order to avoid nonphysical reflections from the computational window edges, the transparent boundary condition is introduced. The present algorithm using the Pade approximation is, to our knowledge, the first wide-angle finite element beam propagation method for 3-D waveguide structures. To show the validity and usefulness of this approach, numerical results are shown for Gaussian-beam excitation of a straight rib waveguide and guided-mode propagation in a Y-branching rib waveguide.

Simulation of three-dimensional optical waveguides by a full-vector beam propagation method

Simulations of optical guided waves in three-dimensional waveguide structures by a full vector beam propagation method are described. Two sets of coupled equations governing the propagation of the transverse electric and magnetic fields are derived systematically. Polarization dependence and coupling due to the vectorial nature of the electromagnetic fields are considered in the formulations. The governing equations are solved subsequently by finite-difference schemes. The vector BPM is first assessed for a step-index circular fiber by comparing the numerical results with the exact analytical solutions. The guided modes of a rib waveguide are then investigated in detail. Comparisons among the scalar, semi-vector and full-vector simulations of the rib waveguide are made. Finally polarization rotation of a periodically loaded rib waveguide operated fully based on the vector nature of the electromagnetic waves is modeled and simulated. >

Beam-propagation analysis of optical fibres by alternating direction implicit method

The alternating direction implicit (ADI) method is applied to the analysis of three-dimensional optical fibre waveguides. It is numerically demonstrated that the ADI method offers higher computational efficiency and a larger propagation step length, as compared with the conventional beam propagation method which uses fast Fourier transformation. The guided-mode transmission of coupled offset fibres is calculated using a transparent boundary condition.

Waveguide channel components for optical integrated circuits based on three-dimensional optical waveguides

A review is given of the literature on the development, selection, and design of waveguide channel components for optical integrated circuits based on three-dimensional (channel and strip) optical waveguides. An analysis is made of the main types of three-dimensional optical waveguides and their properties are compared. Methods for the design of such waveguides are considered. Detailed attention is given to the effective refractive index method, which is of the greatest relevance in practice. Selection and calculation of the parameters of channel and strip optical waveguides for integrated circuits is discussed. Other topics dealt with are various connections of three-dimensional optical waveguides on a shared substrate: waveguide junctions, horns, bends, and elbows of optical waveguides, waveguide components based on coupled waveguides, branching and crossing configurations of three-dimensional waveguides. The relationships needed in the choice and optimization of the parameters of the waveguide channel in optical integrated circuits are also given.

Index profiling of three-dimensional optical waveguides by the propagation-mode near-field method

The refractive-index profiles of a single-mode fiber and a three-dimensional waveguide are measured by the propagation-mode near-field method. This paper describes the method applied to anisotropic waveguides. The near-field pattern is observed by vidicons, and the index profile is calculated from the measured data. The light transfer characteristic of an infrared vidicon is measured and the intensity data from the infrared vidicon is corrected for the power-law response.

Wide Y-junctions with low losses in three-dimensional dielectric optical waveguides

This paper proposes a simple structure (antenna coupled Y - junction) which reduces radiation losses of Y -junctions in 3-D optical waveguides by decreasing refractive indexes near the branching regions. A principle to reduce radiation losses and a design theory are presented for the new Y -junction by using geometrical optics. It is theoretically shown that losses of the properly designed 3-D Y -junctions can be reduced by around an order of magnitude compared to those of conventional ones when the branching angles are large.

InGaAsP double-heterostructure optical waveguides with p+-n junction and their electroabsorption

InGaAsP three-dimensional optical waveguides with p+-n junctions are described. A p+-InGaAsP/n-InGaAsP/n+-InGaAsP double-heterostructure rib-type waveguide, which is suitable for monolithic integrations, was fabricated on an n+-InP substrate by liquid-phase epitaxial growth and chemical etching. Transmission loss as low as α=1.2 cm−1 was observed for deep-etched rib-structure passive waveguides at λ=1.318 μm TE fundamental mode. Additionally, electroabsorption of the waveguide layer material, In0.78Ga0.22As0.48P0.52, was determined at Eg −ℏω=0.09 eV. This measured electroabsorption will be a good guide for designing InGaAsP electro-optic and/or electroabsorption-type modulators.

Parametric difference frequency generation in a three-dimensional LiNbO3 optical waveguide

Difference frequency generation in a three-dimensional LiNbO3 optical waveguide is experimentally shown using a cw Rhodamine 6G dye laser and a Nd:YAG laser at 1.318 μm. The generated difference frequency wavelength was tuned from 1.035 to 1.19 μm. The output power of the difference frequency wave was 2.4 μW at 1.035 μm, with a pumping dye laser power and an idler Nd:YAG laser power of 70 and 1.7 mW, respectively.

Electric field tuning of second-harmonic generation in a three-dimensional LiNbO3 optical waveguide

Electric-field-tuning characteristics of second-harmonic generation in a three-dimensional Ti in-diffused LiNbO3 optical waveguide are reported. It is experimentally revealed that the phase-matching condition for second-harmonic generation can be achieved with low voltage applied across electrodes. For the present optical waveguide, a 1 °C temperature change is equivalent to about 13 V in phase matching, which agrees well with the calculated value. Rapid tuning or switching of parametric interactions in the LiNbO3 waveguide is expected with a low applied voltage.

Tuning characteristics of parametric interactions in a three-dimensional LiNbO3 optical waveguide

Tuning characteristics of parametric interactions in a three-dimensional LiNbO3 optical waveguide fabricated by a Ti in-diffusion process are revealed by experimenting on both second harmonic and sum frequency generation. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical results, where Sellmeier’s equation and Marcatili’s approximation are used to evaluate the tuning characteristics of parametric interactions. The waveguide parameters are decided by the experimental phase-matching temperature difference between the generated second harmonic fundamental and higher-order modes.

Modal analysis of strip-loaded diffused optical waveguides by a variational method

The propagating modes supported by strip-loaded three-dimensional diffused optical waveguides are analyzed in detail theoretically by using a variational method. Some typical numerical examples of the propagation constants and the field distributions are illustrated. The dependence of propagation characteristics on the geometrical parameters of the loading dielectric strip is discussed.