Three-dimensional Analytical Model Research Articles

Three-Dimensional Model Analysis Revealed Differential Cytotoxic Effects of the NK-92 Cell Line and Primary NK Cells on Breast and Ovarian Carcinoma Cell Lines Mediated by Variations in Receptor-Ligand Interactions and Soluble Factor Profiles.

Background/objectives: The functional activity of a certain tumor determines the effectiveness of primary NK cells and NK-92 cell line-based cancer therapy; their therapeutic effectiveness against different tumors can vary. This work provides a direct simultaneous comparison of the cytotoxic effects of in vitro-activated peripheral NK (pNK) cells and NK-92 cells in spheroid models of BT-474, MCF7 and SKOV-3 carcinomas and uncovers the reasons for the differential effectiveness of NK cells against tumors. Methods: Tumor spheroids of similar size and shape, obtained from agarose molds, were incubated with NK-92 or pNK cells for 24 h. Tumor cell death was detected using flow cytometry or confocal microscopy. Cytokine production, granzyme B levels and NK cell degranulation analyses were performed, along with pNK and target-cell phenotypic characterization. Results: While NK-92 and pNK cells lysed BT-474 spheroids with comparably low efficiency, pNK cells were more capable of eliminating MCF7 and SKOV-3 spheroids than NK-92 cells were. The results of the functional and phenotypic analyses strongly support the participation of the NKG2D-NKG2DL pathway in pNK cell activation induced by the most sensitive cytotoxic attack on SKOV-3 spheroids, whereas the CX3CR1-CX3CL1 axis appears to be involved in the pNK reaction against MCF-7 spheroids. Conclusions: We provide a new approach for the preliminary identification of the most promising NK cell receptors that can alter the effectiveness of cancer therapy depending on the specific tumor type. Using this approach, NK-92 cells or pNK subsets can be selected for further accumulation and/or genetic modification to improve specificity and reactivity.

Application of X-Ray Computed Tomography to Identify Defects in Lost Wax Ceramic Moulds for Precision Casting of Turbine Blades.

This article presents the results of testing the suitability of X-ray computed tomography for the quality control of the casting moulds used for producing turbine blades. The research was focused on the analysis of cross-sectional images, spatial models and the porosity of moulds using a Phoenix L 450 microtomograph. The research material consisted of samples from three mixtures of ceramic materials and binders intended for producing casting moulds using the lost wax method. Various configurations of filling materials (Molochite and quartz flours) and binder (Remasol, Ludox PX 30 and hydrolysed ethyl silicate) mixtures were considered. X-ray computed tomography enabled the detection of a number of defects in the ceramic mass related to the distribution of mass components, porosity concentration and defects resulting from the specificity of the mould production. It was found that casting mould quality control on cross-sectional tomographic images is faster and as accurate as the analysis of three-dimensional models and allows for the detection of a whole range of ceramic defects, but the usefulness of the images is greatest only when the cross-sections are taken at an appropriate angle relative to the object being examined.

Numerical Analysis of Hydrogen Behavior Inside Hydrogen Storage Cylinders under Rapid Refueling Conditions Based on Different Shapes of Hydrogen Inlet Ports

In order to investigate the effects of different shapes of hydrogen inlet ports on the behavioral characteristics of hydrogen in Type IV hydrogen storage cylinders under rapid refueling conditions, a mathematical model of hydrogen temperature rise and a three-dimensional numerical analysis model were developed. The rectangular, hexagonal, triangular, Reuleaux triangular, circular, elliptical and conical inlet ports were researched by using computational fluid dynamics methods. The results showed that, for the same refueling flow rate and cross-sectional area, the hydrogen temperature inside a cylinder with a rectangular inlet port is higher and the jet tilt angle is larger than for a hexagonal port, while the thermal stratification phenomenon is not obvious. The hydrogen temperature inside a cylinder with a triangular inlet port is lower than that with a Reuleaux triangle port and the jet tilt angle is larger, and neither has significant thermal stratification. The hydrogen temperature inside a cylinder with a circular inlet port is higher than that with an ellipse port, the jets are not tilted on either one, and the phenomenon of thermal stratification is prominent. Further analysis indicated that enlarging the cross-sectional area and increasing the refueling flow rate results in a higher hydrogen temperature and intensified thermal stratification and an upward-angled jet can effectively reduce or eliminate thermal stratification.

Three-dimensional modelling and numerical analysis of Pelton turbine runner buckets

Three-dimensional modelling and numerical analysis of Pelton turbine runner buckets

Three-dimensional CFD model and aerodynamic analysis of dragonfly’s corrugated wing during gliding

Abstract The aerodynamic performance of micro air vehicles (MAVs) in low-speed flight would be improved by mimicking the dragonfly’s wing with corrugated airfoil. Research on two-dimensional corrugated airfoils has revealed that the local vortex in the corrugated structure increases the flow speed and the lift-to-drag ratio in low Reynolds numbers. However, studies seldom focus on the effects of three-dimensional corrugated structures on aerodynamics. In this paper, the mechanism of high aerodynamic performance in a dragonfly’s wing is studied considering a three-dimensional corrugated structure. The high-fidelity dragonfly forewing model is established through reverse engineering. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is performed for the gliding corrugated wing with angles of attack (AOA) of 0°-24° under three Reynolds numbers. The flow characteristics of corrugated wings and the aerodynamic gain from it are analyzed through the simulated streamlines and pressure contours, as well as the comparison between the corrugated wing, flat wing, and flat plate. The results show that the aerodynamic characteristics of corrugated wings are generally superior. Although the introduction of the corrugated structure increases some drag, it brings a higher lift and lift-to-drag ratio than the flat wings.

TECHNOLOGICAL PRACTICE MEDIATED BY REFERENCE GROUPS: A THREE-DIMENSIONAL PERSPECTIVE

The article aims to understand how the organizational logic of a family budget unit facilitates dialogue between the members of that unit and establishes the intermediation of information and communication between these individuals. In other words, does the family context influence technological practice and learning? Technological praxis also depends on the ability to use technology, mainly developed during schooling. Is the correlation between formal education and technological learning significant? A three-dimensional analytical model is proposed that simultaneously evaluates three independent variable factors that can directly and indirectly interfere with an individual's technological practice (dependent variable). First is the individual's access to communication technologies in their family. Secondly, the level of education achieved by the individual. Thirdly, access to communication and information technologies (ICTs) in the family of destination. Quantitative methodologies (path analysis) are used to analyze data and information on Brazil based on data from the National Household Sampling Survey (PNAD/2014).

Digital Application of BIM Technology in the Architectural Design Stage

This paper discusses the digital application of building information model (BIM) technology in the architectural design stage. Taking the large-scale comprehensive development project of Guangxi headquarters base as an example, this paper analyzes in detail how BIM technology promotes the intelligence and refinement of the design process. Through the three-dimensional modeling and simulation analysis of BIM technology, the project design has realized the accurate transformation from concept to operation, which not only improves the design efficiency, but also ensures the construction quality and economic benefits. This paper focuses on the application of BIM in the digital design of building structure, the deepening design of steel nodes, as well as the remarkable results in the comprehensive layout optimization of mechanical and electrical pipelines. Through the collision detection and optimization design of the BIM model, the potential design conflicts and construction problems were found and solved at the initial stage of the project, ensuring the efficient promotion and smooth implementation of the project. The research results show that BIM technology, as the core digital tool in the architectural design stage, is of great significance for improving the overall design level of the construction industry and realizing intelligent construction.

Performance Analysis of Pile Group Installation in Saturated Clay

In offshore pile engineering, the installation of jacked piles generates compaction effects within soil, thus further affecting previously installed adjacent piles. This study proposes a three-dimensional numerical model for pile group installation, soil consolidation, and loading analysis. Subsequently, the effect of pile spacing and pile length-to-diameter ratio on the deformation, internal forces, and vertical bearing capacity of adjacent piles are investigated. The results indicate that with an increase in pile center distance, the peak lateral displacement of the adjacent piles decreases, whereas the peak vertical displacement increases. As the pile length-to-diameter ratio increases, the peak vertical and lateral displacements of the adjacent piles are enhanced. In addition, the peak axial force of the adjacent piles initially decreases and then increases with the penetration depth of the subsequent pile, whereas the peak bending moment initially increases and then decreases. The vertical bearing capacity of the subsequent pile is significantly superior to that of the adjacent piles. Therefore, the effects of pile installation on adjacent piles should be included in pile engineering. The impact of the subsequent pile installation on the bearing capacity of adjacent piles can be significantly reduced by increasing the pile center distance and pile length-to-diameter ratio. The findings provide useful guidance for pile group engineering.

Shaking-table tests and numerical simulations study of subway stations in loess region

The loess region in China, known for its high seismic activity and the extreme vulnerability of loess to earthquakes, presents a considerable threat to the seismic safety of underground structures, including subway stations. With the Xi'an Aerospace City subway station as the background, a subway station model was designed, and shaking table tests were conducted under various conditions to analyze the seismic damage and dynamic responses in this study. The study reveals the seismic vulnerable areas and dynamic response patterns of the subway station under different spectral earthquake actions. Simultaneously, a three-dimensional numerical modeling analysis accounting for soil-structure interaction, was conducted to explore the displacement response of the structure and soil. Results indicate a noticeable amplification effect on the acceleration of both the structure and the soil under seismic motion. The structure exhibits a suppressive effect on the acceleration amplification of the surrounding soil, diminishing with increasing seismic motion intensity. Different depths show varying differences in acceleration responses between the structure and adjacent soil. Structural strain responses and damage phenomena suggest that the central column is the seismic vulnerable area of the subway station. Additionally, the strain distribution of the structure exhibits a distinct spatial effect. The relative horizontal displacement between the structure and the soil follows certain patterns in the depth direction, with the structure experiencing smaller relative horizontal displacement than the soil under seismic action due to the constraining effect of surrounding soil on its displacement response. The experimental conclusions provide valuable reference points for the seismic design and analysis of subway station structures in loess regions.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of Joe Biden’s First Speech as President in 2020

This research article endeavors to apply the CDA (Critical Discourse Analysis) model by Norman Fairclough to reveal the political identities and distinct ideologies of the United States' political personalities. The U.S. has always been drowned in different leadership and especially race/color discrimination crises. This paper presents the CDA of the presidential-elect inaugural speech of Joe Biden after the historical U.S. election of 2020. This speech was delivered on 7th November 2020. Like all modified academic disciplines, CDA is developed as an advanced academic discipline. The present research article stands on the base of Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional analytical model. Applying Fairclough’s 3D framework helps examine the ground political ideology of the speech. Analysis of linguistic choices has been examined at the first level and discourse practice of the text at the second level. The third level examined sociocultural practices. The underlying aim of this research paper was to examine the linguistic resources the speaker used. It also aims to examine Joe Biden’s political ideology behind his speech. This study lays out an impetus for further research in this field by providing initial grounds for it.

Finite Element Modeling of Beam-to-Column Steel Timber Composite Joints with Different Parameters

This study presents a comprehensive three-dimensional finite element modeling and parametric analysis of composite beam-to-column joints in steel–timber composite structures. The investigation encompassed a variety of shear connector configurations, end plate designs, and bolt dimensions, aiming to elucidate their respective influences on the structural performance and behavior of these joints. Through meticulous numerical simulation, this research sought to enhance the understanding of the interactions and load transfer mechanisms within composite connections, thereby contributing to the optimization of design practices in the field of structural engineering. The load–displacement relationship for timber–steel composite joints subjected to monotonic loading was investigated using ABAQUS 6.14 software. This study systematically analyzed the effects of various parameters, including different configurations of shear connectors, end plate thicknesses, and bolt dimensions, on the overall performance of the joints. Through this comprehensive numerical analysis, the research aimed to provide deeper insights into the mechanical behavior and structural integrity of these composite connections under the applied loading conditions. A non-linear finite element model of timber was developed and verified with the results of the experiment in this study. The findings are discussed in detail, highlighting the intricate relationships between the selected parameters and their respective effects on the performance and overall stability of the composite connections. This thorough evaluation aimed to enhance the understanding of how these variables interact within the context of composite joint design and behavior. Finally, design recommendations for composite structures, such as the dimensions of the bolt, end plate thickness, and different sizes of shear connectors are provided.

Suppression of Azimuthal Combustion Instability Using Perforated Liner Under Symmetry Breaking

Symmetry breaking occurring in annular combustors shows different stability patterns due to the formation of nondegenerate modes with different frequencies. This also brings about more profound complexity for control methodology. This paper presents a three-dimensional analytical model to investigate how to control nondegenerate azimuthal modes by modifying the wall boundary conditions of a multiburner annular combustor. The stability of the system can be evaluated by solving the eigenvalue of the dispersion relation equation derived in this study. Results show that changes in the parameters of the perforated liner cause different performance in nondegenerate modes due to frequency splitting. Meanwhile, the asymmetric perforated liner alters the original asymmetry of the annular combustor, inducing a shift in the nature of nondegenerate modes when significant symmetry breaking exists. Furthermore, variations of pressure amplitude in the backing cavity lead to diverse acoustic energy dissipation and even distinct stability patterns under two types of azimuthally nonuniformly perforated liner. Overall, this paper presents a new methodology for suppressing nondegenerate azimuthal modes under symmetry breaking by utilizing a perforated liner in an annular combustor. Additionally, a clear understanding of the evolution behavior of nondegenerate modes is also provided by studying their stability behavior and energy dissipation.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of Mother-Child Relationships in Little Fires Everywhere: The Influence of Race and Social Class

Since the Great Migration in 1910, millions of African-Americans moved to Northern, Western, and Midwestern cities, prompting White flight to the suburbs in search of a racially homogeneous utopia. These suburban areas, rooted in discrimination, have a history of systemic racism. Little Fires Everywhere (2020), a Hulu mini-series based on Celeste Ng’s novel, explores these dynamics in a Midwestern suburb. Previous studies have linked race and class to motherhood in the series, revealing that racism often intertwines with structural disparities between ethnic groups. This paper examines the mother-daughter conflicts in Little Fires Everywhere, arguing that these conflicts arise not only from racial structures but also from the specific societal norms of suburban life. Using Fairclough’s (1989) three-dimensional Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) model, this study uncovers the ideologies embedded in dialogue, the power relations produced through language, and how these elements shape relationships. The analysis reveals that racial identities and social class significantly impact mother-daughter dynamics. The Richardsons’ conservative, upper-class status fosters a superficial and strained relationship, while the Warrens’ financial struggles lead to dissatisfaction and dishonesty. The study highlights how language in the series reflects and reinforces power dynamics, influencing the characters’ relationships.

A Corpus-Based Comparative Study of Chinese and Western Media Image Construction of TCM-Related Personnel

This study aims to explore the differences in image of personnel related to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) between Chinese and Western mainstream media. Employing Fairclough’s three-dimensional critical discourse analysis (CDA) model and TCM Social Image Evaluation Index System, it analyzes the linguistic characteristics of high-frequency words and collocation with corpus methods. The findings reveal Chinese media’s emphasis on the management role and Western media’s focus on the alternative or marginalized status of TCM-related personnel. Chinese media portray TCM medical personnel as experienced and professionally excellent, while Western media tend to question their reliability, positioning them as supplementary to mainstream medicine. A certified, professional and reliable image of TCM health care personnel is painted by Chinese media, as opposed to the illegal practices among acupuncturists highlighted by Western media. Chinese media present TCM experts as integrated and top-notch professionals, whereas Western media may critique their viewpoints. TCM administrators are characterized by precision and authority in Chinese reports, contrasting with the negative depiction in Western media. Last but not least, Chinese patients are generally trustful to TCM more than their Western counterparts. The above differences are deeply rooted in the ideological stances of the media outlets.

Construction of TCM Institution Image: A Corpus-Based Comparative Critical Discourse Study of Chinese and Western Mainstream Media Reports

This study conducts a corpus-assisted comparative analysis of the media images of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) institutions in Chinese and Western media contexts. Applying Fairclough’s three-dimensional critical discourse analysis (CDA) model alongside the TCM Social Image Evaluation Index System, this study explores media image construction and ideological factors shaping the perception of TCM institutions globally through an analysis of linguistic features in keywords, evaluative collocates and modal verbs. It’s found that Chinese media present TCM institutions in a positive light, depicting them as multifaceted organizations with a rich cultural legacy and robust capabilities in medical and scientific research. They showcase TCM institutions as cooperative, promising in integration with modern healthcare, efficient, rapid, flexible, innovative, and imbued with humanitarian values especially during the COVID-19 epidemic. Western media, however, adopt a more cautious stance. They tend to frame TCM institutions as providers of alternative medicine and temporary solutions, with a focus on health preservation, leisure and overall well-being. Concerns have also been raised about the potential illicit activities associated with some massage schools. These disparities in presenting TCM institutions reflect cultural, political and audience demand differences between China and the West. The results of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the media portrayal of TCM institutions, provide insights into the challenges facing the global recognition and acceptance of TCM institutions, and suggest strategies for Chinese media, TCM practitioners, and policymakers to enhance their international image.

Interior three-dimensional acoustic modeling and modal analysis using wavelet-based finite-element approach.

This paper introduces two-dimensional (2D) and 3D acoustic modeling and modal analysis using the wavelet finite-element method (WFEM). Governed by the Helmholtz equation, the acoustic domain is parameterized and analyzed using the scaling functions of B-spline wavelets, which facilitates the construction of elements with varying numbers of nodes via multi-resolution analysis. The wavelet-based shape functions provide a semi-orthogonal basis that enables rapid searching for approximate solutions in Lebesgue spaces, thereby offering significantly reduced interpolation errors and computational burden. Numerical examples are considered using WFEM, comprising a 2D acoustic problem involving a tube for predicting acoustic pressure and eigenfrequency investigations, and 3D acoustic problems involving a cubic room and an L-shaped room for capturing acoustic characteristics. The results are compared with those of (i) standard FEM with the same mesh and (ii) analytical solutions. Importantly, WFEM demonstrates stability by being insensitive to internal mesh size variations, indicating that B-spline wavelet elements have minimal effects on the numerical results. Furthermore, B-spline wavelet elements effectively control the pollution (dispersion) error of numerical methods when imposing Neumann boundary conditions in the high-frequency range, and they reduce interpolation errors caused by polynomial interpolation in the low-frequency domain.

Just transition as practitioners’ acceptance of technical solutions to decarbonize: Insights from the glass manufacturing industry

The concept of a just transition in energy-intensive industries is gaining growing attention in both academic and practical realms. Stakeholders’ perspectives, particularly those of frontline workers in relevant fields, are crucial for understanding the nuances of a just transition. However, research in this domain, especially concerning the glass manufacturing industry, remains yet sparse. The current study fills this gap by developing an integrated framework that assesses the attitude of practitioners towards a low-carbon transition, as evidenced by their stance on implementing sustainable energy technologies (SET) in glass production. It also explores disparities among different groups to detect potential injustice issues, and examines the factors that drive their support for SET. Utilizing survey data from 270 frontline practitioners within glass manufacturing corporations in China, we have obtained a preliminary understanding of their opinions toward SET, and uncovered variances indicative of justice-related concerns. We delved deeper into the determinants of SET support using a three-dimensional model and hierarchical regression analysis. Our findings indicate that social-psychological attributes, perceived intrinsic qualities of SET, and perceived extrinsic contextual elements are all significant motivators for the acceptance of SET. In light of these insights, we propose recommendations for policymaking and environmental communication that incorporate considerations of justice.

A Parameter-Driven Methodology of Wheel Flat Modeling for Wheel–Rail Impact Dynamics

A wheel flat is a typical wheel defect that significantly impacts the wheel–rail system, posing substantial challenges to vehicle operation safety. In the existing literature, the wheel flat plane model does not account for the contribution of the width direction to the impact response and thus cannot accurately reveal the wheel–rail contact state with a flat. This paper systematically proposes a three-dimensional analytical model that considers multiple worn stages and constructs a spatial complex surface reconstruction model for flats based on NURBS technology. A vehicle–track coupled dynamics model, considering the geometry of the flat, is established to investigate the effects of flat geometry on the wheel–rail impact response and contact relationship in detail. The results show that in the subcritical regime, the wear degree of the flat predominantly affects the impact force, while in the transcritical regime, both the wear degree and velocity together determine the magnitude of the wheel–rail impact force. As the wear degree increases, the moment of wheel lateral jump occurs earlier. The spatial modeling method for flats proposed in this paper offers a novel technical approach for accurately simulating the dynamic behavior of wheel–rail contact when a flat is present.

Influence of wind-blown sand content on the mechanical quality state of ballast bed in sandy railways

During the operation of sandy railways, the challenge posed by wind-blown sand is a persistent issue. An in-depth study on the influence of wind-blown sand content on the macroscopic and microscopic mechanical properties of the ballast bed is of great significance for understanding the potential problems of sandy railways and proposing reasonable and adequate maintenance and repair strategies. Building upon existing research, this study proposes a new assessment indicator for sand content. Utilizing the discrete element method (DEM) and fully considering the complex interactions between ballast and sand particles, three-dimensional (3D) multi-scale analysis models of sandy ballast beds with different wind-blown sand contents are established and validated through field experiments. The effects of varying wind-blown sand content on the microscopic contact distribution and macroscopic mechanical behavior (such as resistance and support stiffness) of ballast beds are carefully analyzed. The results show that with the increase in sand content, the average contact force and coordination number between ballast particles gradually decrease, and the disparity in contact forces between different layers of the ballast bed diminishes. The longitudinal and lateral resistance of the ballast bed initially decreases and then increases, with a critical point at 10% sand content. At 15% sand content, the lateral resistance is mainly shared by the ballast shoulder. The longitudinal resistance sharing ratio is always the largest on the sleeper side, followed by that at the sleeper bottom, and the smallest on the ballast shoulder. When the sand content exceeds 10%, the contribution of sand particles to stiffness significantly increases, leading to an accelerated growth rate of the overall support stiffness of the ballast bed, which is highly detrimental to the long-term service performance of the ballast bed. In conclusion, it is recommended that maintenance and repair operations should be promptly conducted when the sand content of the ballast bed reaches or exceeds 10%.

Comparative analysis of three-dimensional and two-dimensional models for predicting the malignancy probability of subsolid nodules

To construct three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) models to predict the malignancy probability of subsolid nodules (SSNs) and compare their effectiveness. A total of 371 SSNs from 332 patients, collected between January 2020 and January 2024, were included in the study. The SSNs were divided into a training set for constructing the models and a test set for validating the models. Models were developed using binary logistic backward regression, based on factors that showed significant differences in univariate analyses. The performance of the models was assessed using the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC). The AUCs of different models were compared using the DeLong test. The AUCs for the two 3D models, one 2D model, and the Brock model were 0.785 (0.733-0.836), 0.776 (0.723-0.829), 0.764 (0.710-0.818), and 0.738 (0.679-0.798) in the training set. In the test set, these AUCs were 0.817 (0.706-0.928), 0.796 (0.679-0.913), 0.771 (0.647-0.895), and 0.790 (0.678-0.903). The two 3D models demonstrated statistically significant differences from the Brock model in the training set (P=0.024 and P=0.046). None of the four models showed significant differences in the test set (all P>0.05). The 3D models outperform both the 2D model and the Brock model in predicting the malignancy probability of SSNs, and the 3D model incorporating volume, mean CT attenuation value, and lobulation as factors performed the best.