Three-dimensional Magnetic Field Research Articles

Finite element analysis of in-situ alignment of nanoparticles in polymeric nanofibers using magnetic field assisted electrospinning

In this study, a three-dimensional magnetic field assisted electrospinning (MFAES) system has been modeled to understand the correlation between the applied magnetic field and electric field distributions during nanoparticle alignment. The results reveal that the electric field distribution has been altered by positioning the magnets at the needle end. The analysis explored the possibility to create a stable liquid jet under a magnetic field, which allows the formation of organized nanostructures in nanofibers. The polarity of the magnet has been used to manipulate the electric field distribution in the electrospinning system. Based on the configuration of magnetic flux lines, the distribution of the electric field has been found to be altered. An axial magnetic field has been provided by the repulsive mode configuration, which could be the reason for alignment of nanoparticles during electrospinning. Simulation proved that the bending instability of the charged liquid jet can be efficiently controlled by placing the magnets on both sides of the fiber formation path in the electrospinning system. The impact of an axial magnetic field on nanofiber formation and nanoparticle alignment during the MFAES process was further experimentally validated.

Overview of transport and MHD stability study: focusing on the impact of magnetic field topology in the Large Helical Device

The progress in the understanding of the physics and the concurrent parameter extension in the large helical device since the last IAEA-FEC, in 2012 (Kaneko O et al 2013 Nucl. Fusion 53 095024), is reviewed. Plasma with high ion and electron temperatures (Ti(0) ∼ Te(0) ∼ 6 keV) with simultaneous ion and electron internal transport barriers is obtained by controlling recycling and heating deposition. A sign flip of the nondiffusive term of impurity/momentum transport (residual stress and convection flow) is observed, which is associated with the formation of a transport barrier. The impact of the topology of three-dimensional magnetic fields (stochastic magnetic fields and magnetic islands) on heat momentum, particle/impurity transport and magnetohydrodynamic stability is also discussed. In the steady state operation, a 48 min discharge with a line-averaged electron density of 1 × 1019 m−3 and with high electron and ion temperatures (Ti(0) ∼ Te(0) ∼ 2 keV), resulting in 3.36 GJ of input energy, is achieved.

Radial magnetic field in magnetic confinement device**Project supported by the Special Domestic Program of ITER, China (Grant No. 2009GB105003).

The intrinsic radial magnetic field (Br) in a tokamak is explored by the solution of the Grad–Shafranov equation in axisymmetric configurations through an expansion of the four terms of the magnetic surfaces. It can be inferred from the simulation results that at the core of the device, the tokamak should possess a three-dimensional magnetic field configuration, which could be reduced to a two-dimensional one when the radial position is greater than 0.6a. The radial magnetic field and the amzimuthal magnetic field have the same order of magnitude at the core of the device. These results can offer a reference for the analysis of the plasma instability, the property of the core plasma, and the magnetic field measurement.

Commissioning of a 60 GHz Gyrotron Superconducting Magnet System on J-TEXT Tokamak

As an attractive auxiliary heating method for J-TEXT, ECRH systems composed of six 200 kW/60 GHz subsystems are under development. The main components of these systems are donated by the Culham Science Center. To rebuild these systems on the site of J-TEXT, a superconducting magnet (SCM) system for the 60 GHz gyrotron has been firstly tested. The SCM consists of two cavity coils, a gun coil and two pairs of trim coils, where the magnetic field is mainly generated by the cavity coils. To confirm the condition of this SCM, firstly vacuum leak detection was done and the resistance variation of the whole coils during cooling was monitored. Then the transverse and axis fields of the SCM were measured with a designed three-dimensional magnetic field measurement device; the measured axis field was compared with the results calculated by the finite element method. Finally, considering the safety of persons and electrical equipments when the SCM is charged, the stray field was detected. The test results indicate that the condition of this SCM is good and can be used for the 60 GHz gyrotron.

Performance improvement of two-dimensional EUV spectroscopy based on high-frame-rate CCD and signal normalization method in Large Helical Device

In the Large Helical Device (LHD), two-dimensional (2D) distribution of edge impurity line emissions from the ergodic layer with a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic field structure has been observed in the wavelength range of 30–650 Å by horizontally scanning a space-resolved extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometer during a steady phase in electron cyclotron heating (ECH) and ion cyclotron range of heating (ICRF) discharges with long pulse duration (τd ≥ 10 s). The 2D distribution of impurity line emissions can be measured at the upper or lower half in the full vertical range of LHD plasmas by a single horizontal scan. The performance of 2D EUV spectroscopy, however, was not sufficient for discussing the impurity transport in the ergodic layer from the viewpoints of the quality of 2D images and the requirement of long pulse discharges. The 2D EUV spectrometer is therefore modified by installing a high-frame-rate charge-coupled detector (CCD) and increasing its horizontal scanning speed. As a result, the quality of 2D images is significantly improved with increased horizontal spatial resolution, and then the 2D measurement is also possible for neutral beam injection (NBI) discharges with short pulse duration (τd ∼ 3 s). In addition, temporal and shot-by-shot intensity variations in the edge EUV emission are significantly reduced by applying a signal normalization method using another EUV spectrometer with high time resolution. A 0.5 µm poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) filter is also installed in front of an entrance slit of the space-resolved EUV spectrometer. The spike noise originating from high-energy neutral particles, which are enhanced in low-density NBI discharges, has been successfully reduced. Typical examples of the 2D distribution of impurity line emissions with improved quality are presented for several impurity species.

Vibrations and instability of pretensioned current-carrying nanowires acted upon by a suddenly applied three-dimensional magnetic field

Longitudinal and transverse vibrations of a pretensioned current-carrying nanowire subjected to a suddenly exerted three-dimensional magnetic field are of concern. Using an elastic string model by considering the surface effect, the equations of motion of the nanostructure are established. By employing admissible mode shapes and Laplace transform approach, an analytical solution is proposed to determine the nanowire's elastic field. The explicit expressions of the longitudinal and transverse displacements of the nanowire are derived. The conditions that lead to the dynamic instability of the nanostructure are also discussed. The influences of the initial tensile force, electric current, and the components of the magnetic field on the dynamic displacements are comprehensively addressed.

High-precision three-dimensional field mapping of a high resolution magnetic spectrometer for hypernuclear spectroscopy at JLab

The High Resolution Kaon Spectrometer (HKS), which consists of two quadrupole magnets and one dipole magnet, was designed and constructed for high-resolution spectroscopy of hypernuclei using the (e,e′K+) reaction in Hall C, Jefferson Lab (JLab). It was used to analyze momenta of around 1.2GeV/cK+ s with a resolution of 2 ×10−4 (FWHM). To achieve the target resolution, a full three-dimensional magnetic field measurement of each magnet was successfully performed, and a full three-dimensional magnetic field map of the HKS magnets was reconstructed. Using the measured field map, the initial reconstruction function was generated. The target resolution would be achieved via careful tuning of the reconstruction function of HKS with the p(e,e′K+)Λ,Σ0 and 12C (e,e′K+)12Λ Bg.s. reactions. After tuning of the initial reconstruction function generated from the measured map, the estimated HKS momentum resolution was 2.2×10−4 (FWHM).

NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE LONGITUDINALLY ASYMMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLES IN THE HELIOSPHERE

Solar energetic particles (SEPs) affect the solar-terrestrial space environment and become a very important aspect in space weather research. In this work, we numerically investigate the transport processes of SEPs in three-dimensional interplanetary magnetic field, with an emphasis on the longitudinal distribution of SEPs in the heliosphere. We confirm our previous finding that there exists an east-west longitudinal asymmetry in the SEP intensities, i.e., with the same longitude separations between the solar source centers and the magnetic footpoint of the observer, the fluxes of SEP events originating from solar sources located on the eastern side of the nominal magnetic footpoint of the observer are systematically larger than those of the SEP events originating from sources located on the western side. We discuss the formation mechanism of this phenomenon, and conclude that the longitudinally asymmetric distribution of SEPs results from the east-west azimuthal asymmetry in the topology of the heliospheric magnetic field as well as the effects of perpendicular diffusion on the transport of SEPs in the heliosphere. Our results will be valuable to understanding Sun-Earth relations and useful for space weather forecasting.

Quantum integrable systems in three-dimensional magnetic fields: the Cartesian case

In this paper we construct integrable three-dimensional quantum-mechanical systems with magnetic fields, admitting pairs of commuting second-order integrals of motion. The case of Cartesian coordinates is considered. Most of the systems obtained are new and not related to the separation of variables in the corresponding Schrödinger equation.

Three-dimensional drift kinetic response of high-β plasmas in the DIII-D tokamak.

A quantitative interpretation of the experimentally measured high-pressure plasma response to externally applied three-dimensional (3D) magnetic field perturbations, across the no-wall Troyon β limit, is achieved. The self-consistent inclusion of the drift kinetic effects in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modeling [Y. Q. Liu etal., Phys. Plasmas 15, 112503 (2008)] successfully resolves an outstanding issue of the ideal MHD model, which significantly overpredicts the plasma-induced field amplification near the no-wall limit, as compared to experiments. The model leads to quantitative agreement not only for the measured field amplitude and toroidal phase but also for the measured internal 3D displacement of the plasma. The results can be important to the prediction of the reliable plasma behavior in advanced fusion devices, such as ITER [K. Ikeda, Nucl. Fusion 47, S1 (2007)].

Sharp threshold of global existence for the generalized Zakharov system with three-dimensional magnetic field in the subsonic limit

The paper is concerned with the Zakharov system with three dimensional magnetic field in the subsonic limit, which describes the spontaneous generation of a magnetic field in cold plasma. In fact, we will investigate the effect of the magnetic field term on the equations. By using variational calculus, we obtain the threshold of global existence and blowup of the solution to the equations, which will be more complicated and requires more skill.

Structure and evolution of magnetic fields associated with solar eruptions

This paper reviews the studies of solar photospheric magnetic field evolution in active regions and its relationship to solar flares. It is divided into two topics, the magnetic structure and evolution leading to solar eruptions and rapid changes in the photospheric magnetic field associated with eruptions. For the first topic, we describe the magnetic complexity, new flux emergence, flux cancelation, shear motions, sunspot rotation and magnetic helicity injection, which may all contribute to the storage and buildup of energy that trigger solar eruptions. For the second topic, we concentrate on the observations of rapid and irreversible changes of the photospheric magnetic field associated with flares, and the implication on the restructuring of the three-dimensional magnetic field. In particular, we emphasize the recent advances in observations of the photospheric magnetic field, as state-of-the-art observing facilities (such as Hinode and Solar Dynamics Observatory) have become available. The linkages between observations, theories and future prospectives in this research area are also discussed.

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Magnetic bearings can support rotating shafts without any contact and have been used in harsh conditions such as in cryogenic and clean environments. In this paper, consequent-pole type self-bearing motor is proposed. It is possible to control the rotor radial positions without the rotational magnetic field of the rotor. Moreover, use of the thick permanent magnets in the consequent pole rotor slots can be avoidable for its demagnetization. The three-dimensional magnetic field analysis using the finite element method carried out. In the results of proposed model2, it is confirmed that the motor torques, radial control forces, and axial control forces accomplish the target value of an artificial heart pump.

CURRENT SINGULARITIES AT QUASI-SEPARATRIX LAYERS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL MAGNETIC NULLS

The open problem of how singular current structures form in line-tied, three-dimensional magnetic fields is addressed. A Lagrangian magneto-frictional relaxation method is employed to model the field evolution towards the final near-singular state. Our starting point is an exact force-free solution of the governing magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations which is sufficiently general to allow for topological features like magnetic nulls to be inside or outside the computational domain, depending on a simple set of parameters. Quasi-separatrix layers (QSLs) are present in these structures and together with the magnetic nulls, they significantly influence the accumulation of current. It is shown that perturbations affecting the lateral boundaries of the configuration lead not only to collapse around the magnetic null, but also to significant QSL currents. Our results show that once a magnetic null is present, the developing currents are always attracted to that specific location and show a much stronger scaling with resolution than the currents which form along the QSL. In particular, the null point scalings can be consistent with models of "fast" reconnection. The QSL currents also appear to be unbounded but give rise to weaker singularities, independent of the perturbation amplitude.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL MAGNETIC RESTRUCTURING IN TWO HOMOLOGOUS SOLAR FLARES IN THE SEISMICALLY ACTIVE NOAA AR 11283

We carry out a comprehensive investigation comparing the three-dimensional magnetic field restructuring, flare energy release, and the helioseismic response, of two homologous flares, the 2011 September 6 X2.1 (FL1) and September 7 X1.8 (FL2) flares in NOAA AR 11283. In our analysis, (1) a twisted flux rope (FR) collapses onto the surface at a speed of 1.5 km/s after a partial eruption in FL1. The FR then gradually grows to reach a higher altitude and collapses again at 3 km/s after a fuller eruption in FL2. Also, FL2 shows a larger decrease of the flux-weighted centroid separation of opposite magnetic polarities and a greater change of the horizontal field on the surface. These imply a more violent coronal implosion with corresponding more intense surface signatures in FL2. (2) The FR is inclined northward, and together with the ambient fields, it undergoes a southward turning after both events. This agrees with the asymmetric decay of the penumbra observed in the peripheral regions. (3) The amounts of free magnetic energy and nonthermal electron energy released during FL1 are comparable to those of FL2 within the uncertainties of the measurements. (4) No sunquake was detected in FL1; in contrast, FL2 produced two seismic emission sources S1 and S2 both lying in the penumbral regions. Interestingly, S1 and S2 are connected by magnetic loops, and the stronger source S2 has weaker vertical magnetic field. We discuss these results in relation to the implosion process in the low corona and the sunquake generation.

Characterizing and predicting the magnetic environment leading to solar eruptions.

The physical mechanism responsible for coronal mass ejections has been uncertain for many years, in large part because of the difficulty of knowing the three-dimensional magnetic field in the low corona. Two possible models have emerged. In the first, a twisted flux rope moves out of equilibrium or becomes unstable, and the subsequent reconnection then powers the ejection. In the second, a new flux rope forms as a result of the reconnection of the magnetic lines of an arcade (a group of arches of field lines) during the eruption itself. Observational support for both mechanisms has been claimed. Here we report modelling which demonstrates that twisted flux ropes lead to the ejection, in support of the first model. After seeing a coronal mass ejection, we use the observed photospheric magnetic field in that region from four days earlier as a boundary condition to determine the magnetic field configuration. The field evolves slowly before the eruption, such that it can be treated effectively as a static solution. We find that on the fourth day a flux rope forms and grows (increasing its free energy). This solution then becomes the initial condition as we let the model evolve dynamically under conditions driven by photospheric changes (such as flux cancellation). When the magnetic energy stored in the configuration is too high, no equilibrium is possible and the flux rope is 'squeezed' upwards. The subsequent reconnection drives a mass ejection.

Moving Mode of Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Driven by External Magnetic Field

The existing dynamical systems of wireless capsule endoscopy are studied and analyzed. Based on the shortcomings presented in paper, a novel driving method is proposed. That is driving the wireless capsule endoscopy with three-dimensional orthotropic magnetic field outside the human body, and the resultant magnetic field can be obtained and adjusted through the electric current flowing in three coils orthogonal to each other. This paper focuses on the analysis of complex moving mode of wireless capsule endoscopy, and the result is very important to the design of drive and control circuit.

High-Frequency Interbar Current Losses in Cage Induction Motors Under No-Load Condition

This paper describes a study of the interbar current losses in induction motors under no-load condition by comparing the measured and calculated results. The interbar resistances and losses are measured on the machine of the rotor with end rings removed. The increase in interbar resistances caused by the slot insulation treatment is ascertained to decrease the losses effectively. The losses are calculated with three-dimensional (3-D) magnetic field analysis on finite-element model reflecting the measured interbar resistance. The calculated losses agree well with the dependence of the measured losses on the interbar resistances. Moreover, it is confirmed that the core heating treatment caused the loss reduction and the increase of the high-frequency impedances form measurement results.

Cylindrical Taylor states conserving total absolute magnetic helicity

The Taylor state of a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic field in an upright cylindrical domain V is derived from first principles as an extremum of the total magnetic energy subject to a conserved, total absolute helicity Habs. This new helicity [Low, Phys. Plasmas 18, 052901 (2011)] is distinct from the well known classical total helicity and relative total helicity in common use to describe wholly-contained and anchored fields, respectively. A given field B, tangential along the cylindrical side of V, may be represented as a unique linear superposition of two flux systems, an axially extended system along V and a strictly transverse system carrying information on field-circulation. This specialized Chandrasekhar-Kendall representation defines Habs and permits a neat formulation of the boundary-value problem (BVP) for the Taylor state as a constant-α force-free field, treating 3D wholly-contained and anchored fields on the same conceptual basis. In this formulation, the governing equation is a scalar integro-partial differential equation (PDE). A family of series solutions for an anchored field is presented as an illustration of this class of BVPs. Past treatments of the constant-α field in 3D cylindrical geometry are based on a scalar Helmholtz PDE as the governing equation, with issues of inconsistency in the published field solutions discussed over time in the journal literature. The constant-α force-free equation reduces to a scalar Helmholtz PDE only as special cases of the 3D integro-PDE derived here. In contrast, the constant-α force-free equation and the scalar Helmholtz PDE are absolutely equivalent in the spherical domain as discussed in Appendix. This theoretical study is motivated by the investigation of the Sun's corona but the results are also relevant to laboratory plasmas.

Validation and Benchmarking of a Practical Free Magnetic Energy and Relative Magnetic Helicity Budget Calculation in Solar Magnetic Structures

In earlier works we introduced and tested a nonlinear force-free (NLFF) method designed to self-consistently calculate the coronal free magnetic energy and the relative magnetic helicity budgets of observed solar magnetic structures. In principle, the method requires only a single, photospheric or low-chromospheric, vector magnetogram of a quiet-Sun patch or an active region and performs calculations without three-dimensional magnetic and velocity-field information. In this work we strictly validate this method using three-dimensional coronal magnetic fields. Benchmarking employs both synthetic, three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations and nonlinear force-free field extrapolations of the active-region solar corona. Our time-efficient NLFF method provides budgets that differ from those of more demanding semi-analytical methods by a factor of approximately three, at most. This difference is expected to come from the physical concept and the construction of the method. Temporal correlations show more discrepancies that are, however, soundly improved for more complex, massive active regions, reaching correlation coefficients on the order of, or exceeding, 0.9. In conclusion, we argue that our NLFF method can be reliably used for a routine and fast calculation of the free magnetic energy and relative magnetic helicity budgets in targeted parts of the solar magnetized corona. As explained in this article and in previous works, this is an asset that can lead to valuable insight into the physics and triggering of solar eruptions.