Three-dimensional Human Model Research Articles

Vaginal irritation testing-prospects of human organotypic vaginal tissue culture models.

Personal lubricants intended for local or systemic delivery via the vaginal route can induce vaginal irritation, damage the vaginal epithelial barrier which can enhance microbial entry, induce inflammation, and alter the microbiome of the vaginal ecosystem. Therefore, manufacturers of personal lubricants and medical devices are required to show biocompatibility and safety assessment data to support regulatory decision-making within a specified context of use. Furthermore, due to ethical concerns and the introduction of the 7th amendment of the European Council Directive which bans animal testing for cosmetic ingredients and products coupled with the Food and Drug Administration modernization Act 2.0 guidelines, there is a wave of drive to develop alternative test methods to predict human responses to chemical or formulation exposure. In this framework, there is a potential to use three-dimensional organotypic human vaginal-ectocervical tissue models as a screening tool to predict the vaginal irritation potential of personal lubricants and medicaments. To be physiologically relevant, the in vitro tissue models need to be reconstructed using primary epithelial cells of the specific organ or tissue and produce organ-like structure and functionality that recapitulate the in vivo-like responses. Through the years, progress has been made and vaginal tissue models are manufactured under controlled conditions with a specified performance criterion, which leads to a high level of reproducibility and reliability. The utility of vaginal tissue models has been accelerated in the last 20years with an expanded portfolio of applications ranging from toxicity, inflammation, infection to drug safety, and efficacy studies. This article provides an overview of the state of the art of diversified applications of reconstructed vaginal tissue models and highlights their utility as a tool to predict vaginal irritation potential of feminine care products.

SERPINB7 Deficiency Increases Legumain Activity and Impairs the Epidermal Barrier in Nagashima-Type Palmoplantar Keratoderma

Nagashima-type palmoplantar keratoderma (NPPK) is an autosomal recessive genodermatosis caused by loss-of-function variants in SERPINB7 and is the most prevalent form of inherited palmoplantar keratodermas among Asians. However, there is currently no effective therapy for NPPK because its pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study, Serpinb7-/- mice were generated and spontaneously developed a disrupted skin barrier, which was further exacerbated by acetone-ether-water treatment. The skin of these Serpinb7-/- mice showed weakened cytoskeletal proteins. Additionally, SERPINB7 deficiency consistently led to decreased epidermal differentiation in a three-dimensional human epidermal model. We also demonstrated that SERPINB7 was an inhibitory serpin that mainly inhibited the protease legumain. SERPINB7 bound directly with legumain and inhibited legumain activity both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we found that SERPINB7 inhibited legumain in a 'protease-substrate' manner and identified the cleavage sites of SERPINB7 as Asn71 and Asn343. Overall, we found that SERPINB7 showed the nature of a cysteine protease inhibitor, and identified legumain as a key target protease of SERPINB7. Loss of SERPINB7 function led to overactivation of legumain, which might disrupt cytoskeletal proteins, contributing to the impaired skin barrier in NPPK. These findings may lead to the development of therapeutic strategies for NPPK.

Guidelines for Manufacturing and Application of Organoids: Brain.

This study offers a comprehensive overview of brain organoids for researchers. It combines expert opinions with technical summaries on organoid definitions, characteristics, culture methods, and quality control. This approach aims to enhance the utilization of brain organoids in research. Brain organoids, as three-dimensional human cell models mimicking the nervous system, hold immense promise for studying the human brain. They offer advantages over traditional methods, replicating anatomical structures, physiological features, and complex neuronal networks. Additionally, brain organoids can model nervous system development and interactions between cell types and the microenvironment. By providing a foundation for utilizing the most human-relevant tissue models, this work empowers researchers to overcome limitations of two-dimensional cultures and conduct advanced disease modeling research.

P22 A single-cell map of the epigenomic landscape in keratinocytes exposed to the cytokine milieu of atopic dermatitis

Abstract Introduction and aims In atopic dermatitis (AD), induction of inflammatory responses regulated by cytokines such as of thymic stromal lymphopoietin exacerbate the disrupted integrity of the skin barrier. Cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13 and IL-22, present in the skin milieu, bind to their corresponding receptors on the cell surface of keratinocytes, activating multiple signal transduction pathways that lead to changes in the gene expression profile of keratinocytes, in part, by modulating chromatin structure. Understanding the intricate interplay between cytokine-mediated signalling pathways in keratinocytes and the resulting epigenetic changes is essential for elucidating the pathogenesis of AD. In this study, we utilized high-throughput technology to examine the effects of cytokines on modulation of the epigenetic landscape at the keratinocyte single-cell level, and subsequent effects on the gene expression. Methods We utilized the reconstructed human epidermis model, an in vitro three-dimensional human epidermis model consisting of a polycarbonate membrane and keratinocytes mimicking the structure of native human epidermis. Following exposure to AD cytokine(s), the model gene expression and chromatin accessibility of target cells were analysed using single-cell multiomics approaches. Results Our preliminary data show that IL-4, IL-13 and IL-22 reduce the expression levels of the barrier-related gene filaggrin in keratinocytes. Conclusions Unlike genetic changes, epigenetic alterations are dynamic and can be restored to their normal state, which has major implications for the development of therapeutics for various diseases. This study will provide valuable insights into the epigenetic mechanisms underlying AD and present potential targets for epigenetic-related therapeutic interventions. These interventions can be used in combination with available compounds to reduce the recurrence of AD and improve the treatment efficiency.

A Cell-Based Nasal Model for Screening the Deposition, Biocompatibility, and Transport of Aerosolized PLGA Nanoparticles.

The olfactory region of the nasal cavity directly links the brain to the external environment, presenting a potential direct route to the central nervous system (CNS). However, targeting drugs to the olfactory region is challenging and relies on a combination of drug formulation, delivery device, and administration technique to navigate human nasal anatomy. In addition, in vitro and in vivo models utilized to evaluate the performance of nasal formulations do not accurately reflect deposition and uptake in the human nasal cavity. The current study describes the development of a respirable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle (PLGA NP) formulation, delivered via a pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI), and a cell-containing three-dimensional (3D) human nasal cast model for deposition assessment of nasal formulations in the olfactory region. Fluorescent PLGA NPs (193 ± 3 nm by dynamic light scattering) were successfully formulated in an HFA134a-based pMDI and were collected intact following aerosolization. RPMI 2650 cells, widely employed as a nasal epithelial model, were grown at the air-liquid interface (ALI) for 14 days to develop a suitable barrier function prior to exposure to the aerosolized PLGA NPs in a glass deposition apparatus. Direct aerosol exposure was shown to have little effect on cell viability. Compared to an aqueous NP suspension, the transport rate of the aerosolized NPs across the RPMI 2650 barrier was higher at all time points indicating the potential advantages of delivery via aerosolization and the importance of employing ALI cellular models for testing respirable formulations. The PLGA NPs were then aerosolized into a 3D-printed human nasal cavity model with an insert of ALI RPMI 2650 cells positioned in the olfactory region. Cells remained highly viable, and there was significant deposition of the fluorescent NPs on the ALI cultures. This study is a proof of concept that pMDI delivery of NPs is a viable means of targeting the olfactory region for nose-to-brain drug delivery (NTBDD). The cell-based model allows not only maintenance under ALI culture conditions but also sampling from the basal chamber compartment; hence, this model could be adapted to assess drug deposition, uptake, and transport kinetics in parallel under real-life settings.

Varicella zoster virus glycoprotein E facilitates PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy to evade STING and MAVS-mediated antiviral innate immunity

Viruses have evolved to control mitochondrial quality and content to facilitate viral replication. Mitophagy is a selective autophagy, in which the damaged or unnecessary mitochondria are removed, and thus considered an essential mechanism for mitochondrial quality control. Although mitophagy manipulation by several RNA viruses has recently been reported, the effect of mitophagy regulation by varicella zoster virus (VZV) remains to be fully determined. In this study, we showed that dynamin-related protein-1 (DRP1)-mediated mitochondrial fission and subsequent PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy were triggered during VZV infection, facilitating VZV replication. In addition, VZV glycoprotein E (gE) promoted PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy by interacting with LC3 and upregulating mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Importantly, VZV gE inhibited MAVS oligomerization and STING translocation to disrupt MAVS- and STING-mediated interferon (IFN) responses, and PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy was required for VZV gE-mediated inhibition of IFN production. Similarly, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP)-mediated mitophagy induction led to increased VZV replication but attenuated IFN production in a three-dimensional human skin organ culture model. Our results provide new insights into the immune evasion mechanism of VZV gE via PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy.

Biallelic loss-of-function variants in CACHD1 cause a novel neurodevelopmental syndrome with facial dysmorphism and multisystem congenital abnormalities

PurposeWe established the genetic etiology of a syndromic neurodevelopmental condition characterized by variable cognitive impairment, recognizable facial dysmorphism, and a constellation of extra-neurological manifestations. MethodsWe performed phenotypic characterization of 6 participants from 4 unrelated families presenting with a neurodevelopmental syndrome and used exome sequencing to investigate the underlying genetic cause. To probe relevance to the neurodevelopmental phenotype and craniofacial dysmorphism, we established two- and three-dimensional human stem cell-derived neural models and generated a stable cachd1 zebrafish mutant on a transgenic cartilage reporter line. ResultsAffected individuals showed mild cognitive impairment, dysmorphism featuring oculo-auriculo abnormalities, and developmental defects involving genitourinary and digestive tracts. Exome sequencing revealed biallelic putative loss-of-function variants in CACHD1 segregating with disease in all pedigrees. RNA sequencing in CACHD1-depleted neural progenitors revealed abnormal expression of genes with key roles in Wnt signaling, neurodevelopment, and organ morphogenesis. CACHD1 depletion in neural progenitors resulted in reduced percentages of post-mitotic neurons and enlargement of 3D neurospheres. Homozygous cachd1 mutant larvae showed mandibular patterning defects mimicking human facial dysmorphism. ConclusionOur findings support the role of loss-of-function variants in CACHD1 as the cause of a rare neurodevelopmental syndrome with facial dysmorphism and multisystem abnormalities.

Self-Isolated Dual-Mode High-Pass Birdcage RF Coil for Proton and Sodium MR Imaging at 7 T MRI

This study presents the feasibility of a dual-mode high-pass birdcage RF coil to acquire MR images at both 1H and 23Na frequencies at ultra-high-field MR scanner, 7 T. A dual-mode circuit (DMC) in the dual-mode birdcage (DMBC) RF coil operates at two frequencies, addressing the limitations of sensitivity reduction and isolation between two frequencies as in traditional dual-tuned RF coil. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) based electromagnetic (EM) simulations were performed to verify the RF coil at each frequency on the three-dimensional human head model. The DMBC RF coil resonated at proton (1H) and sodium (23Na) frequencies, and also single-tuned high-pass birdcage RF coils were constructed for both 1H and 23Na frequencies. The bench test performance of the RF coils was evaluated using network analysis parameters, including the measurement of scattering parameters (S-parameters) and quality factors (Q-factors). Q-factor of the DMBC coil at 1H port was 10.2% lower than that of 1H single-tuned birdcage (STBC) coil, with a modest SNR reduction of 6.5%. Similarly, the Q-factor for the DMBC coil at 23Na port was 12.3% less than that of 23Na STBC coil, and the SNR showed a minimal reduction of 5.4%. Utilizing the DMBC coil, promising 1H and 23Na MR images were acquired compared to those by using STBC coils. In conclusion, deploying a DMBC 1H/23Na coil has been demonstrated to overcome traditional constraints associated with dual-tuned RF coils, achieving this with only nominal signal attenuation across both nuclei operational frequencies.

Quantitative analysis of the relationship between the male body shape and block pattern based on the three-dimensional human model

As consumers increasingly demand more diversified and personalized clothing options, personalized customization has become a hot topic in the garment industry. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the male body shape and block pattern by flattening the prototype surface and conducting quantitative analysis. The study established a three-dimensional box prototype wire frame model on a human body model to obtain the prototype’s characteristic size automatically. This enabled the creation of two-dimensional personalized prototypes using surface flattening and the geometric expansion principle. The study also summarized a prototype pattern correction rule by establishing a regression relationship among the human characteristic parameters and the size of the prototype site and the coordinates of the shoulder and back control points. Finally, the correction rule was validated through virtual fitting of a special body model. The result shows that the prototype generated using the flattening method presented in this paper has a high fitness degree and short time consumption and the correction rules can effectively improve the problems of prototype misfit, which can provide an idea and data reference for clothing personalized customization.

Three-dimensional human neural culture on a chip recapitulating neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.

Neuroinflammation has either beneficial or detrimental effects, depending on risk factors and neuron-glia interactions in neurological disorders. However, studying neuroinflammation has been challenging due to the complexity of cell-cell interactions and lack of physio-pathologically relevant neuroinflammatory models. Here, we describe our three-dimensional microfluidic multicellular human neural culture model, referred to as a 'brain-on-a-chip' (BoC). This elucidates neuron-glia interactions in a controlled manner and recapitulates pathological signatures of the major neurological disorders: dementia, brain tumor and brain edema. This platform includes a chemotaxis module offering a week-long, stable chemo-gradient compared with the few hours in other chemotaxis models. Additionally, compared with conventional brain models cultured with mixed phenotypes of microglia, our BoC can separate the disease-associated microglia out of heterogeneous population and allow selective neuro-glial engagement in three dimensions. This provides benefits of interpreting the neuro-glia interactions while revealing that the prominent activation of innate immune cells is the risk factor leading to synaptic impairment and neuronal loss, validated in our BoC models of disorders. This protocol describes how to fabricate and implement our human BoC, manipulate in real time and perform end-point analyses. It takes 2 d to set up the device and cell preparations, 1-9 weeks to develop brain models under disease conditions and 2-3 d to carry out analyses. This protocol requires at least 1 month training for researchers with basic molecular biology techniques. Taken together, our human BoCs serve as reliable and valuable platforms to investigate pathological mechanisms involving neuroinflammation and to assess therapeutic strategies modulating neuroinflammation in neurological disorders.

Effects of Crowd Density on Radio Propagation at 24 GHz in a Pedestrian Tunnel for 5G Communications

In this paper, we report the results of radio propagation characterisation in a pedestrian tunnel with different crowd densities at 24 GHz using commercial ray-tracing software called Wireless InSite. The 3D empty tunnel and human body models we created using computer-aided design software and imported into Wireless InSite. The tunnel model is based on a pedestrian tunnel connecting Suria and KLCC, which is located in the heart of Kuala Lumpur. Five three-dimensional (3D) human body models with different levels of detail were developed and tested. The crowd densities investigated were 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 people/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> which correspond to 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 people, respectively, in the study area. The results show that the path loss exponent, log-normal shadowing’s standard deviation, and fluctuation in received power increase as the number of people increases. When the crowd density is above 0.1 people/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , the path loss exponent of the large-scale path loss model is higher than that of the empty tunnel. The results of this study are also useful for understanding the effects of human crowds on millimetre wave propagation in indoor tunnel-like environments such as hallways, enclosed corridors, mines, and transportation tunnels. The findings contribute to increasing the effectiveness of network planning and deployment for 5G communication, especially in pedestrian tunnels.

A monoclonal antibody targeting nonjunctional claudin-1 inhibits fibrosis in patient-derived models by modulating cell plasticity.

Tissue fibrosis is a key driver of end-stage organ failure and cancer, overall accounting for up to 45% of deaths in developed countries. There is a large unmet medical need for antifibrotic therapies. Claudin-1 (CLDN1) is a member of the tight junction protein family. Although the role of CLDN1 incorporated in tight junctions is well established, the function of nonjunctional CLDN1 (njCLDN1) is largely unknown. Using highly specific monoclonal antibodies targeting a conformation-dependent epitope of exposed njCLDN1, we show in patient-derived liver three-dimensional fibrosis and human liver chimeric mouse models that CLDN1 is a mediator and target for liver fibrosis. Targeting CLDN1 reverted inflammation-induced hepatocyte profibrogenic signaling and cell fate and suppressed the myofibroblast differentiation of hepatic stellate cells. Safety studies of a fully humanized antibody in nonhuman primates did not reveal any serious adverse events even at high steady-state concentrations. Our results provide preclinical proof of concept for CLDN1-specific monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of advanced liver fibrosis and cancer prevention. Antifibrotic effects in lung and kidney fibrosis models further indicate a role of CLDN1 as a therapeutic target for tissue fibrosis across organs. In conclusion, our data pave the way for further therapeutic exploration of CLDN1-targeting therapies for fibrotic diseases in patients.

Development of an oral mucosal irritation test using a three-dimensional human buccal oral mucosal model

The oral mucosa can become irritated by oral care products and lip cosmetics. Therefore, it is important to determine the irritation potential of their ingredients and products during safety evaluations. We developed a method for oral mucosal irritation test using EpiOral, which is a three-dimensional cultured model. Exposure of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) to EpiOral showed a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability. Under 120 min exposure conditions, SLS irritation was detected when 60% cell viability was set as a criterion. Evaluation of the irritancy of SLS and four other raw materials used in oral products at three laboratories under the above conditions confirmed good transferability of the test. Focused on the similarity of the oral and eye mucous, 32 chemicals categorised by the UN-GHS eye-irritation classification were evaluated to ensure the reliability of our criteria at these laboratories. The concordance rate between the UN-GHS classification and our test results was 100% for irritants and 60% for non-irritants. The good intra-laboratory reproducibility of our test was confirmed from the evaluation results of negative and positive controls, and the good inter-laboratory reproducibility was confirmed from the results of 32 chemicals. These findings showed that oral mucosal irritation can be evaluated using EpiOral.

Anti-EGFR Targeted Multifunctional I-131 Radio-Nanotherapeutic for Treating Osteosarcoma: In Vitro 3D Tumor Spheroid Model.

The systemic delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) to treat osteosarcoma requires an adequate drug concentration to be effective, but in doing so, it raises the risk of increasing organ off-target toxicity and developing drug resistance. Herein, this study reveals a multiple therapeutic nanocarrier delivery platform that overcomes off-target toxicity by providing good specificity and imparting enhanced tumor penetration in a three-dimensional (3D) human MG-63 spheroid model. By synthesizing PEG-PLGA nanoparticles by the double emulsion method, encapsulating DOX and Na131I in the inner core, and conjugating with an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody, it is intended to specifically target human MG-63 cells. The nanocarrier is biocompatible with blood and has good stability characteristics. Na131I encapsulation efficiency was >96%, and radiochemical purity was >96% over 96 h. A DOX encapsulation efficacy of ~80% was achieved, with a drug loading efficiency of ~3%, and a sustained DOX release over 5 days. The nanocarrier EGFR antibody achieved a ~80-fold greater targeting efficacy to MG-63 cells (EGFR+) than fibroblast cells (EGFR−). The targeted multiple therapeutic DIE-NPs have a higher penetration and uptake of Na131I to the 3D model and a ~3-fold higher cytotoxicity than the DOX monotherapy (D-NPs). The co-administration of DOX and Na131I (DIE-NPs) disrupts DNA repair and generates free radicals resulting in DNA damage, triggering the activation of apoptosis pathways. This leads to inhibition of MG-63 cell proliferation and promotes cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, the PEGylated anti-EGFR functionalized DIE-NPs were found to be biocompatible with red blood cells and to have no adverse effects. This anti-EGFR targeted multifunctional I-131 radio-nanotherapeutic signifies a customizable specific targeted treatment for osteosarcoma.

Long term maintenance of cytochrome P450 activity in a cell sheet-based three-dimensional human hepatic model

Primary human hepatocytes (PHH) are the gold standard of in vitro human liver model for drug screening. However, a problem of culturing PHH in vitro is the rapid decline of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity, which plays an important role in drug metabolism. In this study, thermo-responsive culture dishes were used to explore the conditions for murine embryonic 3T3-J2 fibroblasts to form cell sheet. Based on the cell sheet engineering technology, a three-dimensional (3D) "sandwich" co-culture system of 3T3-J2 cell sheet/PHH/collagen gel was constructed. The tissue structure and protein expression of the model section were observed by hematoxylin eosin staining and immunofluorescence staining respectively. Phenacetin and bupropion were used as substrates to determine the activity of CYP450. The contents of albumin and urea in the system were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that the complete 3T3-J2 cell sheet could be obtained when the cell seeding density was 1.5×106 /dish (35 mm dish) and the incubation time at low temperature was 60 min. Through cell sheet stacking, a 3D in vitro liver model was developed. Compared with the two-dimensional (2D) model, in the 3D model, the cell-cell and cell-matrix connections were tighter, the activities of cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 and cytochrome P450 CYP2B6 were significantly increased, and the secretion levels of albumin and urea were increased. These indexes could be maintained stably for 21 d. Therefore, cell sheet stacking is helpful to improve the level of liver function of 3D liver model. This model is expected to be used to predict the metabolism of low-clearance drugs in preclinical, which is of great significance for drug evaluation and other studies.

A three-dimensional human adipocyte model of fatty acid-induced obesity

Obesity prevalence has reached pandemic proportions, leaving individuals at high risk for the development of diseases such as cancer and type 2 diabetes. In obesity, to accommodate excess lipid storage, adipocytes become hypertrophic, which is associated with an increased pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and dysfunction of metabolic processes such as insulin signaling and lipolysis. Targeting adipocyte dysfunction is an important strategy to prevent the development of obesity-associated disease. However, it is unclear how accurately animal models reflect human biology, and the long-term culture of human hypertrophic adipocytes in an in vitro 2D monolayer is challenging due to the buoyant nature of adipocytes. Here we describe the development of a human 3D in vitro disease model that recapitulates hallmarks of obese adipocyte dysfunction. First, primary human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells are embedded in hydrogel, and infiltrated into a thin cellulose scaffold. The thin microtissue profile allows for efficient assembly and image-based analysis. After adipocyte differentiation, the scaffold is stimulated with oleic or palmitic acid to mimic caloric overload. Using functional assays, we demonstrated that this treatment induced important obese adipocyte characteristics such as a larger lipid droplet size, increased basal lipolysis, insulin resistance and a change in macrophage gene expression through adipocyte-conditioned media. This 3D disease model mimics physiologically relevant hallmarks of obese adipocytes, to enable investigations into the mechanisms by which dysfunctional adipocytes contribute to disease.

Surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer eluate protects gingival epithelium from penetration by lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycans via transcription factor EB pathway.

Surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler, produced by PRG technology for use with various dental materials, is bioactive and known to release ions from a glass-ionomer phase. We previously reported that coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CXADR), a tight junction associated protein, was located in the epithelial barrier of gingival epithelium. In the present study, the tissue protective effects of an S-PRG eluate prepared with S-PRG filler were investigated using a three-dimensional human gingival epithelial tissue model. The results showed that the S-PRG eluate specifically induced CXADR expression at the transcriptional level of messenger RNA as well as the protein level, and also nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB) in gingival epithelial cells. Furthermore, shigyakusan, a TFEB inhibitor, canceled induction of the CXADR protein by the S-PRG eluate. Additionally, gingival epithelial permeation by 40-kDa dextran, lipopolysaccharide, and peptidoglycan in the 3D-tissue models was prevented by the eluate, with those effects abrogated by knockdown of CXADR. These findings suggest that S-PRG eluate increases CXADR expression via the TFEB pathway, thus inhibiting penetration of bacterial virulence factors into subepithelial tissues.

Dynamic visualization of ultraviolet dose on skin with sunscreen applied using minimum erythema dose.

Visualizing the ultraviolet (UV) dose on skin serve as an intuitive approach to ensure appropriate sunscreen usage and reduce the risk of erythema. UV dose is determined by a number of external factors, such as properties of sunscreens, weather, and type of outdoor activity. We propose a framework for visualizing UV doses that considers various external factors. First, the skin of a three-dimensional human model was represented using triangular meshes, and various static postures and dynamic motions were simulated to express outdoor activities. Then, we evaluated the persistency and insufficiency properties of sunscreen, which are time dependent and directly affect the effectiveness of the sunscreen skin protection factor (SPF) during UV exposure. Finally, to calculate the UV dose in real time, we tracked the trajectory of the sun and motion of the skin while considering the time-dependent properties of sunscreen. An S/W system was implemented based on the proposed framework to visualize the distribution of UV doses through dynamic color changes in exposed skin areas. The color types include true colors, which represent the minimum erythema dose (MED), and pseudo colors representing states before 1 MED is reached. We devised various examples to discuss the usability of the proposed framework. The system conveniently displays the MED according to an individual's skin phototype. When the properties of a wide range of commercial sunscreens are added to the system database, it is expected that the rate of appropriate sunscreen usage by customers will increase.

Macromolecular crowding in the development of a three-dimensional organotypic human breast cancer model

Although cell-derived matrices are at the forefront of scientific research and technological innovation for the development of in vitro tumour models, their two-dimensional structure and low extracellular matrix composition restrict their capacity to accurately predict toxicity of candidate molecules. Herein, we assessed the potential of macromolecular crowding (a biophysical phenomenon that significantly enhances and accelerates extracellular matrix deposition, resulting in three-dimensional tissue surrogates) in improving cell-derived matrices in vitro tumour models. Among the various decellularisation protocols assessed (NH4OH, DOC, SDS/EDTA, NP40), the NP40 appeared to be the most effective in removing cellular matter and the least destructive to the deposited matrix. Among the various cell types (mammary, skin, lung fibroblasts) used to produce the cell-derived matrices, the mammary fibroblast derived matrices produced under macromolecular crowding conditions and decellularised with NP40 resulted in significant increase in focal adhesion molecules, matrix metalloproteinases and proinflammatory cytokines, when seeded with MDA-MB-231 cells. Further, macromolecular crowding derived matrices significantly increased doxorubicin resistance and reduced the impact of intracellular reactive oxygen species mediated cell death. Collectively our data clearly illustrate the potential of macromolecular crowding in the development of cell-derived matrices-based in vitro tumour models that more accurately resemble the tumour microenvironment.

Application of Network Information Technology in Physical Education and Training System under the Background of Big Data.

During the last two decades, rapid development in the network technology has been observed, particularly hardware, and the development of software technology has accelerated, resulting in the launch of a variety of novel products with a wide range of applications. Traditional sports training systems, on the other hand, have a single function and a complex operation that cannot be fully implemented in colleges and universities, causing China's sports training to stagnate for a long time. The goal of physical education and training is to teach a specific action to attain its maximum potential in a variety of ways. As a result, we should use the system to collect scientifically sound and trustworthy data to aid relevant staff in completing their training tasks. Therefore, in the context of big data, network information technology has become the main way to improve the physical education system. By applying cloud computing technology, machine vision technology, and 64-bit machine technology to the physical education training system, extract the video data of the physical education system, design the system video teaching process, and complete the construction of three-dimensional human model, so as to analyze the training situation of the trainers. In this paper, 30 basketball majors in a university are selected as the professional group and 30 computer majors as the control group. The average reaction time, scores, and expert scores of the two groups are analyzed. The results show that the test of the professional group is significantly higher than that of the amateur group. At the same time, the feedback results of students using physical education and training system and normal physical education teaching and training are compared and analyzed. One week later, the students trained by the physical education system have improved their thinking ability, movement accuracy, and judgment ability, indicating that the application of the physical education training system to the actual effect is ideal.