Three-dimensional Geometric Model Research Articles

Simulation and Experimental Verification of Dispersion and Explosion of Hydrogen–Methane Mixture in a Domestic Kitchen

Hydrogen is a carbon-free energy source that can be obtained from various sources. The blending of hydrogen represents a transitional phase in the shift from natural gas systems to hydrogen-based systems. However, concerns about the safety implications of introducing hydrogen have led to extensive discussions. This paper utilizes Fluent 17.0 numerical simulation software to simulate the leakage of hydrogen-blended natural gas in a closed domestic kitchen and analyze the concentration distribution and its variation pattern after a leakage. An experimental platform is set up, and a mixture of nitrogen and helium gas is used as a substitute for hydrogen-blended natural gas for the simulations and experiments. The simulation results demonstrate that the leaked gas spreads and accumulates towards the top of the space, gradually filling the entire area as the leak persists. As the hydrogen content in the leaked gas increases, the dispersion capacity of the gas in the confined space also increases. Furthermore, as the flow rate of the leaked gas increases, the average concentration of the leaked gas rises, and the gas stratification in the confined kitchen diminishes. The concentration distribution observed in the experiments aligns with the simulation results. After establishing the feasibility conditions of the model, the dispersion of the hydrogen-blended natural gas in the kitchen is further simulated. The results suggest that blending hydrogen into the gas enhances the dispersion of the gas after a leak, leading to a wider distribution within the kitchen and an increased risk in the event of a leak. Additionally, this paper employs the CASD module of FLACS 11.0 software to construct a three-dimensional geometric model of the domestic kitchen for simulation studies on the explosion of hydrogen-blended natural gas in a confined space. By adjusting the hydrogen ratio in the combustible gases present in the space and examining the variations in hydrogen concentration and external conditions, such as opening or closing the door, the influence on parameters including the peak explosion pressure, explosion overpressure, explosion flame temperature, and explosion response time are examined. Furthermore, the extent of the explosion area is determined, and the effect of hydrogen on the blast is clarified.

Three-dimensional simulation of heat and moisture transfer in woven fabric structures

Fabric structure parameters have a significant impact on the comfort of heat and moisture transfer in garments. Previous numerical simulations required extensive mathematical calculations and mostly investigated one- or two-dimensional models of fiber assembly without considering the weave structure, which is a key parameter, that significantly influences the porosity of the woven structure and consequently its heat and moisture management. While the finite element method supports the simulation of the optimal shape and material properties with better visibility, previous finite element models focused on heat transfer and neglected water vapor transfer in fabrics. In this article, the finite element simulation of heat and moisture transfer in woven fabrics is established based on the testing principle of thermal resistance and moisture resistance tester using COMSOL Multiphysics software. In this simulation, three-dimensional parametric geometrical models of the fabric are created using curve interpolation methods by acquiring the control point coordinates of different weaves (plain, 2/2 balanced twill, and 4/1 unbalanced twill weaves). Heat and moisture transfer properties of fabric models in the horizontal and vertical directions were analyzed, including the heat flux, moisture resistance, water vapor permeability, and water vapor concentration. The article also deals with the effects of weave structure and fabric cover in a range of 72.1–85.1% on the fabric heat flux and water vapor concentration. Comparison between model and experimental results revealed that the three-dimensional simulation can accurately predict the impact of weave pattern and fabric cover on the fabric heat and moisture transfer performance. In addition, this model can be utilized to study the distribution of heat and water vapor within fabrics, providing a theoretical foundation for optimizing heat and moisture comfort in woven fabrics.

Evaluation of women's aging influence on sperm passage inside the fallopian tube using 3D dynamic mechanical modeling.

The fallopian tubes play an important role in human fertility by facilitating the spermatozoa passage to the oocyte as well as later actively facilitating the fertilized oocyte transportation to the uterus cavity. The fallopian tubes undergo changes involving biological, physical, and morphological processes due to women aging, which may impair fertility. Here, we have modelled fallopian tubes of women at different ages and evaluated the chances of normal and pathological sperm cells reaching the fertilization site, the ampulla. By utilizing a unique combination of simulative tools, we implemented dynamic three-dimensional (3D) detailed geometrical models of many normal and pathological sperm cells swimming together in 3D geometrical models of three fallopian tubes associated with different women's age groups. By tracking the sperm cell swim, we found that for all age groups, the number of normal sperm cells in the ampulla is the largest, compared with the pathological sperm cells. On the other hand, the number of normal sperm cells in the fertilization site decreases due to the morphological and mechanical changes that occur in the fallopian tube with age. Moreover, in older ages, the normal sperm cells swim with lower velocities and for shorter distances inside the ampulla toward the ovary. Thus, the changes that the human fallopian tube undergoes due to women's aging have a significant influence on the human sperm cell motility. Our model of sperm cell motility through the fallopian tube in relation to the woman's age morphological changes provides a new scope for the investigation and treatment of diseases and infertility cases associated with aging, as well as a potential personalized medicine tool for evaluating the chances of a natural fertilization per specific features of a man's sperm and a woman's reproductive system.

Mesh neural networks for SE(3)-equivariant hemodynamics estimation on the artery wall

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a valuable asset for patient-specific cardiovascular-disease diagnosis and prognosis, but its high computational demands hamper its adoption in practice. Machine-learning methods that estimate blood flow in individual patients could accelerate or replace CFD simulation to overcome these limitations. In this work, we consider the estimation of vector-valued quantities on the wall of three-dimensional geometric artery models. We employ group-equivariant graph convolution in an end-to-end SE(3)-equivariant neural network that operates directly on triangular surface meshes and makes efficient use of training data. We run experiments on a large dataset of synthetic coronary arteries and find that our method estimates directional wall shear stress (WSS) with an approximation error of 7.6% and normalised mean absolute error (NMAE) of 0.4% while up to two orders of magnitude faster than CFD. Furthermore, we show that our method is powerful enough to accurately predict transient, vector-valued WSS over the cardiac cycle while conditioned on a range of different inflow boundary conditions. These results demonstrate the potential of our proposed method as a plugin replacement for CFD in the personalised prediction of hemodynamic vector and scalar fields.

Analysis of the Influence of Adjacent New Pile Foundation Construction on the Structural Deformation of the In-service Subway Tunnels

Taking the construction project of a new bridge pile foundation above an in-service subway in Xi’an as an example, considering the influence of horizontal symmetrical construction of pile foundation hole forming on the deformation of different sections of asymmetric tunnels, a three-dimensional finite element geometric model of pile-tunnel-soil is established based on ABAQUS software. Through the numerical simulation analysis of the structural deformation behavior of the in-service subway tunnel under the two construction stages of pile foundation hole forming and concrete pouring, the horizontal and vertical deformation laws of the key points of the in-service subway tunnel caused by the construction of the adjacent new pile foundation are analyzed from different angles.The calculation results show that: the deformation of the interval tunnel is mainly caused by vertical displacement, resulting in overall settlement of the tunnel. However, the settlement value is within a controllable range and does not affect the normal operation of the in-service subway tunnel. The concrete pouring stage has a greater impact on subway tunnels. The research work has important reference value for the reasonable safety monitoring and control of similar construction projects.

Numerical simulation of air flow and distribution in the blast system of blast furnace

A three-dimensional geometric model of the blast system of the 5500 m3 blast furnace was established in this study. The velocity distribution of the blast system was calculated by OpenFOAM, and the velocity distribution at cross sections of the round pipe and the branch pipe was analysed. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) When the hot air enters the branch pipe, the air flow speed gradually increases and reaches its maximum value (approximately 266.7 m/s) at the tuyere outlet. (2) When the hot air enters the round pipe from the main pipe, there is momentum loss. When the hot air further reaches the opposite side of the junction between the round pipe and the main (Tuyere 1#), the speed of the hot air in the round pipe decreases to the minimum. (3) The maximum air flow average speed of the tuyere outlet is located at Tuyeres 20# and 21# at the junction of the main pipe and the round pipe, which can reach 264.5 m/s. The minimum air flow average velocity of the tuyere outlet is located at Tuyeres 19# and 22#, approximately 258.5 m/s.

Numerical analysis of delamination behavior in an impregnated HTS Roebel cable during cooling

The delamination failures of REBCO tapes inside impregnated HTS Roebel cables during cooling have been observed in existing experiments. In this work, the finite element analysis (FEA) based on the cohesive zone model (CZM) is applied to simulate the delamination failure within impregnated Roebel cable during cooling from 300 K to 4.2 K. The modified three-dimensional (3D) Roebel geometric model is adopted. Simplified calculation strategies are developed to reduce the modeling complexity and computational cost. As a result, delamination characteristics observed in previous experiments can be captured based on the numerical simulation. Parametric analyses indicate that the mismatch in thermal expansion between impregnating materials and REBCO tapes has a more severe impact on the delamination than the edge pre-crack during cooling. Meanwhile, the various levels of delamination damage among REBCO tapes are observed, and the effects of delamination strength on the numerical results are discussed.

Phenotypic characterization of liver tissue heterogeneity through a next-generation 3D single-cell atlas

Three-dimensional (3D) geometrical models are potent tools for quantifying complex tissue features and exploring structure–function relationships. However, these models are generally incomplete due to experimental limitations in acquiring multiple (> 4) fluorescent channels in thick tissue sections simultaneously. Indeed, predictive geometrical and functional models of the liver have been restricted to few tissue and cellular components, excluding important cellular populations such as hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and Kupffer cells (KCs). Here, we combined deep-tissue immunostaining, multiphoton microscopy, deep-learning techniques, and 3D image processing to computationally expand the number of simultaneously reconstructed tissue structures. We then generated a spatial single-cell atlas of hepatic architecture (Hep3D), including all main tissue and cellular components at different stages of post-natal development in mice. We used Hep3D to quantitatively study 1) hepatic morphodynamics from early post-natal development to adulthood, and 2) the effect on the liver's overall structure when changing the hepatic environment after removing KCs. In addition to a complete description of bile canaliculi and sinusoidal network remodeling, our analysis uncovered unexpected spatiotemporal patterns of non-parenchymal cells and hepatocytes differing in size, number of nuclei, and DNA content. Surprisingly, we found that the specific depletion of KCs results in morphological changes in hepatocytes and HSCs. These findings reveal novel characteristics of liver heterogeneity and have important implications for both the structural organization of liver tissue and its function. Our next-gen 3D single-cell atlas is a powerful tool to understand liver tissue architecture, opening up avenues for in-depth investigations into tissue structure across both normal and pathological conditions.

Experimental study on determining the degree of bone healing by wall thickness ratio analysis

To verify the reliability and accuracy of wall thickness ratio analysis to determine the degree of bone healing, fracture models were established with 6 beagles. X-ray, micro-CT, and CT scans were performed at 24 weeks. The healthy side and the affected side were used to simulate the three-dimensional geometric model after internal fixation, and the mesh was divided. The mean and median CT wall thickness values were obtained through the wall thickness analysis. X-ray, CT, micro-CT, and gross appearance were used to determine the degree of bone healing, which was compared with wall thickness analysis. There was a positive correlation between the average CT value and the median wall thickness. The correlation coefficient analysis of the median wall thickness ratio (R2) and healing index ratio (R3) showed a positive correlation. The results of the wall thickness ratio (R2) and the healing index ratio (R3) were used to determine bone healing, and the results were consistent with the results of the actual mechanical test and image analysis. The results of wall thickness ratio analysis were significantly correlated with the degree of bone healing. This method is simple, rapid, and practical to analyze and judge the degree of bone healing.

A Rapid Method of Integrated Aeropropulsive Analysis for the Conceptual Design of Airbreathing Hypersonic Aircraft

A special feature of airbreathing hypersonic aircraft is the complex coupling between aerodynamic and propulsive performances. This study presents a rapid analysis methodology for the integration of these two critical aspects in the conceptual design of airbreathing hypersonic aircraft. Parametric modeling is used to generate a three-dimensional geometric model of an aircraft. The integrated aerodynamic and propulsive analysis is performed using a loosely coupled method. The aerodynamic analysis uses Euler equations to solve the inviscid aerodynamic forces, while the viscous forces are estimated using semi-empirical engineering methods. The propulsion system is modeled using hybrid one- and three-dimensional approaches. The inlet aerodynamic performance is simulated using three-dimensional simulation based on the Euler equations. The ramjet performance is estimated using a quasi-one-dimensional mathematical model. Nozzle simulation is performed using a one-dimensional plume method. The entire computational process is integrated and can be run automatically. The usefulness of the method is demonstrated through aerodynamic and propulsive performance evaluations in the conceptual design of a notional airbreathing hypersonic aircraft.

Three-Dimensional Accurate Geometric Modeling and Mechanical Analysis of Wire Mesh for Deployable Antennas

Wire meshes are widely used in deployable antennas, and the structure of the wire mesh directly affects the structural and electrical properties of the antenna. This study proposes a set of automated geometric modeling and mechanical analysis processes to realize the automated mechanical analysis and design of complex wire mesh structures. First, considering the tilt in the wire mesh structure owing to the traction of the underlap on the loop, a three-dimensional (3D) geometric model of the repeating unit of the wire mesh structure was established using periodic cubic spline curves. Subsequently, a method using sensitivity matrix adjustment is proposed to eliminate the interstructure inlay phenomenon, and an optimization model is established. The vector superposition method established a 3D geometric model of the overall wire mesh structure without an inlay problem. Finally, a finite element model of the wire mesh considering the contact problem was established by the adaptive matching method for contact pairs of the finite element model of the wire mesh. Mechanical simulation experiments were carried out on the model, comparing the theoretical analysis with the experimental results and verifying its reasonableness.

The passive safety system of a high-speed multiple-unit train

The designing of modern high-speed multiple-unit trains in Ukraine should be carried out accounting for passive safety systems (PSSs) which include energy absorption devices (EADs). In the cases of trains collisions with obstacles these systems must automatically work to increase the passenger transportation safety, to reduce the risk of injury and death of passengers and service personnel, to minimize rolling stock damage. On the base of European experience in power head passive protection, a three-dimensional geometric model of the domestic power head frontal part with energy absorption devices containing cellular elements was developed. The protective devices for the power head and energy absorption devices installed in inter-car connections were proposed using the experience of development of the EP20 locomotive energy absorption device and results of its prototype crash test. The scientific methodology was developed to evaluation the EAD parameters. Finite-element models for studying the plastic deformation of EAD designs at impact and discrete-mass mathematical models for studying the dynamic loading of reference multiple-unit train vehicles in emergency collisions were developed in accordance with the DSTU EN 15227 requirements. As a research result, the parameters of the EAD designs have been obtained and compliance of the developed passive safety system with regulatory requirements has been proven.

Wall thickness analysis method for judging the degree of lower extremity long bone healing

To evaluate the possibility of judging the degree of bone healing by wall thickness analysis provide reference for quantitative analysis of bone healing. Patients with lower limb fracture from April 2014 to October 2019 were recruited and divided into bone healing (group A), poor bone healing (group B), and nonunion (group C). Models were built in Mimics 20.0 with DICOM 3.0 data obtained from patient’s CT. Three-dimensional geometric models of unaffected limb and affected limb after simulated removal of internal fixation were established, corresponding to basic phase and simulated phase, respectively. Wall thickness analysis was performed to obtain median wall thickness after meshing. R2 (median wall thickness ratio), R4 (CT value ratio), and R5 (healing index ratio) were obtained by calculating the ratio of each value in simulated phase to that in basic phase. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to evaluate the ability of Wall Thickness Analysis to indicate fracture healing. 112 CT scans of 79 patients were included in the study. The frequency of categorization in groups A, B, and C was 49, 37 and 26, respectively. The median R2 in groups A, B, and C was 0.91, 0.80, and 0.67, respectively (group A > group B > group C, all P < 0.05). The best cutoff point for R2 in predicting bone healing was 0.84, and predicting bone nonunion was 0.74. The Wall Thickness Analysis can be used to quantitatively evaluate fracture healing state, with median wall thickness ratio as a more intuitive and reliable judgment index.

Three-Dimensional Numerical Analysis and Operational Optimization of High-Efficiency Sedimentation Tank

The high-efficiency sedimentation tank has a wide range of application prospects in industrial wastewater treatment due to its small footprint, strong resistance to shock loads, and high efficiency. However, the complex flow field distribution inside significantly affects the treatment performance of the high-efficiency tank. In this study, a three-dimensional geometric model of the high-efficiency sedimentation tank was constructed based on an engineering prototype. The corresponding solid–liquid two-phase, whole-process computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for the high-efficiency sedimentation tank was established using the realizable k-ε turbulent model and the multiple reference frame (MRF) method. The internal structures of the flocculation zone, plug-flow zone, and clarification zone were optimized, and then the influence of operational process conditions on the flocculation treatment performance was investigated. The results indicate that, for the given engineering model, the average turbulent kinetic energy k in the flocculation zone exhibits a trend that initially increases and then decreases with the increase in the diameter and height of the draft tube. The optimal hydraulic conditions for the flocculation zone are achieved when the diameter of the draft tube is 2.5 m and the height is 3.5 m. The average turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate in the plug-flow/clarification zone tends to decrease first and then increase as the height of the water tunnel and water-retaining weir increases. The optimal hydraulic conditions for the plug-flow and clarification zones are achieved when the height of the water tunnel is 1.0 m and the height of the water-retaining weir is 1.6 m. Under optimal operating conditions (dosage of dense media particles: 40 mg/L, stirring rate: 30 rpm, and inlet velocity: 0.72 m/s), satisfactory overall hydraulic conditions can be achieved throughout the entire high-efficiency sedimentation tank. Comparisons between a high-efficiency settling tank and a conventional clarifier for the treatment of circulating water sewage in a practical implementation reveals that the ballasted high-efficiency settling tank has advantages in terms of high hydraulic loading, high removal efficiency of hardness, small footprint, and low doses of flocculant. This research will provide reference values for the design and operation optimization of high-efficiency sedimentation tanks.

A hybrid modeling method for predicting the cutting force in whirlwind milling of lead screw

Analyzing the cutting force in the process of lead screw whirlwind milling can help us understand the processing quality and processability. Whirlwind milling is a process in which multiple cutting tools are driven by the cutter head to sequentially cut and process the workpiece. The cutting force changes periodically in the process of lead screw whirlwind milling. Analyzing the cutting force of the nth cutting needs to consider the influence of the previous n-1 cutting. This paper employed a hybrid method combining mathematical modeling and finite element analysis to predict the cutting force in lead screw whirlwind milling. Firstly, the tool motion path of lead screw whirlwind milling is analyzed by considering the influence of cutter inclination angle and relative tool-workpiece motion. The relationship between the nth tool path and the (n-1)th tool path is analyzed by considering the feed motion of the tool and the rotation motion of the workpiece. Furtherly, mathematical models of the nth tool path and the (n-1)th tool path are established. Then, based on the established mathematical models, the three-dimensional geometric model of the tool and workpiece is established by three-dimensional software. The establishment of the workpiece geometry model considers the influence of the previous n-1 cutting. The tool geometry model rotates along the (n-1)th cutting path, and the tool intersects the workpiece. Finally, the finite element model of lead screw whirlwind milling is established based on the above three-dimensional geometric model. The periodical cutting force in the lead screw whirlwind milling is obtained by simulating the nth cutting with the finite element model. The relevant lead screw whirlwind milling experiment was carried out to verify the reliability of the model prediction. The appropriate processing parameter range of lead screw whirlwind milling is obtained through the process parameter optimization.

A novel in silico Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum patients

The purpose of this study is to suggest a novel in silico Nuss procedure that can predict the results of chest wall deformity correction. Three-dimensional (3D) geometric and finite element model of the chest wall were built from the 15-year-old male adolescent patient’s computed tomography (CT) image with pectus excavatum of the mild deformity. A simulation of anterior translating the metal bar (T) and a simulation of maintaining equilibrium after 180-degree rotation (RE) were performed respectively. A RE simulation using the chest wall finite element model with intercostal muscles (REM) was also performed. Finally, the quantitative results of each in silico Nuss procedure were compared with those of postoperative patient. Furthermore, various mechanical indicators were compared between simulations. This confirmed that the REM simulation results were most similar to the actual patient’s results. Through two clinical indicators that can be compared with postoperative patient and mechanical indicators, the authors consider that the REM of silico Nuss procedure proposed in this study is best simulated the actual surgery.

Computational fluid dynamics of upper airway aerodynamics for exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction: A feasibility study.

Use of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations to measure the changes in upper airway geometry and aerodynamics during (a) an episode of Exercise-Induced Laryngeal Obstruction (EILO) and (b) speech therapy exercises commonly employed for patients with EILO. Magnetic resonance imaging stills of the upper airway including the nasal and oral cavities from an adult female were used to re-construct three-dimensional geometries of the upper airway. The CFD simulations were used to compute the maximum volume flow rate (l/s), pressure (Pa), airflow velocity (m/s) and area of cross-section opening in eight planes along the vocal tract, separately for inhalation and exhalation. Numerical predictions from three-dimensional geometrical modeling of the upper airway suggest that the technique of nose breathing for inhalation and pursed lip breathing for exhalation show most promising pressure conditions and cross-sectional diameters for rescue breathing exercises. Also, if EILO is due to the constriction at the vocal fold level, then a quick sniff may also be a proper rescue inhalation exercise. EILO affects both the inspiratory and the expiratory phases of breathing. A prior knowledge of the supraglottal aerodynamics and the corresponding upper airway geometry from CFD analysis has the potential to assist the clinician in choosing the most effective rescue breathing technique for optimal functional outcome of speech therapy intervention in patients with EILO and in understanding the pathophysiology of EILO on a case-by-case basis with future studies. 4.

Mechanism of blood flow energy loss in real healthy aorta using computational fluid-structure interaction framework

Blood flow energy loss may correlate with the occurrence of vascular diseases. However, the mechanism of blood flow energy loss is still not fully explored. The objective of the present study is to reveal the mechanism of energy loss of blood flow in the healthy aorta. Two patients without aortic diseases are retrospectively screened from a clinical hospital. The computed tomography image is used to inversely reconstruct a three-dimensional geometric model of the healthy aorta. Non-invasive clinical measurements are applied to determine patient-specific boundary conditions. The fluid-structure interaction method is adopted to acquire high-resolution hemodynamics. A novel method is proposed to calculate the blood flow energy loss caused by aortic wall deformation. The distribution of blood flow validates the accuracy of the above computational framework, which could capture more than 90% of blood flow energy loss. Viscous friction of blood flow is the primary cause of energy loss, followed by aortic wall deformation, and finally turbulent dissipation. Energy loss due to viscous friction and wall deformation mainly occurs on the aortic vessel wall. The sum of these two energy losses approximates the total energy loss and may be associated with the initiation of aortic lesions. Besides, we find that the buffering efficiency of the real healthy aorta is about 80%. The mechanism of aortic blood flow energy loss is uncovered and these findings would inform the new hemodynamic markers and clinical assessment tool for the vascular wall.

Design of customized implants and 3D printing of symmetric and asymmetric cranial cavities

A methodology has been developed in this work to design customized cranial implants from computed tomography (CT) scan images for symmetric as well as asymmetric defects. The two-dimensional CT scan images were converted into three-dimensional geometric models using software packages. Two cases of cranial cavities at different locations were considered for implant design using two different approaches. Case 1 is having a symmetric cranial cavity while Case 2 has an asymmetric frontal cranial cavity. The craniums with defects were 3D reconstructed. Customized cranial implants were made for the two cases. In Case 1, symmetry was used to design the cranial implant. Symmetry cannot be used in Case 2. In Case 2, the implant was designed by blending from the surface available adjacent to the missing portion of the cranium. 3D reconstructed bone models and customized implants were 3D printed in poly-lactic acid (PLA) using a fused deposition modeling process for form and fit evaluation. Finite element analysis was performed to compare the mechanical behavior of bone, and the two biomaterials – polyether ether ketone (PEEK), and Ti6Al4V. Static structural finite element analysis was performed to simulate the impact of falling off a bicycle with an impact on the cranial implants in the two cases. The load was modeled as a normal force acting on the surface of the implant. It was found that the stresses in the titanium alloy are comparable to those of PEEK for both the cases. However, the strains and deformation were found to be much smaller compared to those in PEEK. Therefore, the titanium alloy is the material of choice for both the cases among the materials under consideration. The designed implants are solid hence may face the challenge in bone ingrowth. In future studies, the implant can be made porous by incorporating a lattice structure to enhance osseointegration and promote bone ingrowth. Implants for both symmetric and asymmetric defect cases in cranium were successfully designed.

A practical hybrid approach to the problem of surveying a working historical bell considering innovative measurement methods

The article proposes using a novel hybrid measurement method, with expected precision results, to determine the characteristic of the historic, 17th-century bell. In an interdisciplinary approach, modern and non-invasive physical and chemical measurement methods were used. Based on the monitoring (measurements and laser scanning), a three-dimensional geometric model was built to calculate the bell size and analyze its condition depending on material consumption. Next, chemical measures of the bell samples were carried out to determine the material properties. For that purpose, advanced precision microscopic techniques were used. Based on the geometric model and chemical studies, the material properties and density of the bronze were determined using additive assumptions. Measurement accuracy and data quality were evaluated statistically. The method allows reliably determining the bell's weight without needing to dismantle it or external intervention. The approach is helpful for practitioners performing conservation work on such objects.