Three-dimensional Fit Research Articles

Beyond Two-dimensional Mass–Radius Relationships: A Nonparametric and Probabilistic Framework for Characterizing Planetary Samples in Higher Dimensions

Fundamental to our understanding of planetary bulk compositions is the relationship between their masses and radii, two properties that are often not simultaneously known for most exoplanets. However, while many previous studies have modeled the two-dimensional relationship between planetary mass and radii, this approach largely ignores the dependencies on other properties that may have influenced the formation and evolution of the planets. In this work, we extend the existing nonparametric and probabilistic framework of MRExo to jointly model distributions beyond two dimensions. Our updated framework can now simultaneously model up to four observables, while also incorporating asymmetric measurement uncertainties and upper limits in the data. We showcase the potential of this multidimensional approach to three science cases: (i) a four-dimensional joint fit to planetary mass, radius, insolation, and stellar mass, hinting of changes in planetary bulk density across insolation and stellar mass; (ii) a three-dimensional fit to the California Kepler Survey sample showing how the planet radius valley evolves across different stellar masses; and (iii) a two-dimensional fit to a sample of Class-II protoplanetary disks in Lupus while incorporating the upper limits in dust mass measurements. In addition, we employ bootstrap and Monte Carlo sampling to quantify the impact of the finite sample size as well as measurement uncertainties on the predicted quantities. We update our existing open-source user-friendly MRExo Python package with these changes, which allows users to apply this highly flexible framework to a variety of data sets beyond what we have shown here.

Evaluation of Diverse Digital Impression Systems on the Three-Dimensional (3D) Fit of All-Ceram CAD/CAM Crowns

Aim: This in vitro study's objective is to assess the Three-Dimensional (3D) internal and marginal fit of all-ceramic CAD/CAD crowns produced by various digital impression systems. Materials and Methods: Three different intraoral scanners: CEREC Primescan (Dentsply Sirona), Trios 4 (3Shape), and CS 3700 (Carestream Dental) were used to digitally scan an experimental model based on ISO 12836:2015. The CAD/CAM processes suggested by each system (CEREC Primescan, Trios 4 and CS 3700; N = 15) were used to create ceramic crowns. A 3D inspection program (Geomagic control X) was used to measure The Three-Dimensional (3D) marginal and internal fit of each ceramic crown. By using the Kruskal-Wallis test, differences between the systems and various measurements were assessed. Pairwise comparisons were used to validate statistically significant differences (= 0.05). Results: Occlusal gaps in the CEREC Primescan, Trios 4 and CS 3700 groups were 113.0, 161.3, and 438.2 µm, respectively (p<0.001). The axial gaps were 83.4, 78.0, and 107.9 µm, respectively. While the marginal gaps were 77.8, 99.3, and 60.6 µm, respectively, finally the whole gaps were 85.9, 107.3, and 214.0 µm, respectively. The marginal gap sizes with the Trios 4 system were considerably different from those with the other two systems. The CEREC Primescan system proved no distinctive variations between the four measured regions. However, the Trios 4 and CS 3700 systems did show a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). Conclusion: The marginal gap, which is the most essential aspect in the marginal and internal fit of fixed prostheses, was recorded to be below 100 µm in all three systems, leading to the conclusion that all three systems are capable of producing clinically acceptable prostheses.

Dynamic behaviors and contact characteristics of ball bearings in a multi-supported rotor system under the effects of 3D clearance fit

Clearance fit is a common assembly method for bearings in rotor systems, which leads to a certain clearance between the outer ring of the bearing and the bearing pedestal, that is, the fit clearance. The nonlinear factors caused by the fit clearance may affect the mechanical properties of the bearing and rotor system. Considering the fillet and six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) motion of the outer ring, a three-dimensional (3D) clearance fit model is proposed. In addition, considering the interference fit between the inner ring and spindle, an analytical stiffness model of ball bearings is developed. By coupling the clearance fit model and the analytical bearing stiffness model with a finite element (FE) model of a spindle, a dynamic model of a multi-supported rotor system is established and verified by the experiment, which fully considers the nonlinear factors of ball-raceway contact and outer ring-bearing pedestal contact. The effects of fit clearance, radial force, and axial force on the vibration behaviors and contact characteristics of the ball bearing in the system are analyzed. The results indicate that the larger fit clearance of the unilateral bearing may lead to misalignment of the bearing and reduce the bearing force. Under radial force, the bearing clearance and fit clearance are eliminated, which improves the stability of the system. At this time, further application of axial force causes the load-bearing area to become larger and weakens the variable compliance (VC) characteristics of the bearing. This investigation can provide technical support for the assembly and design of the bearing-rotor system.

Laboratory spectroscopy of theoretical ices: Predictions for JWST and test for astrochemical models

Context. The pre-stellar core L1544 has been the subject of several observations conducted in the past years, complemented by modelling studies focused on its gas and ice-grain chemistry. The chemical composition of the ice mantles reflects the environmental physical changes along the temporal evolution, such as density and temperature. The investigation outcome hints at a layered structure of interstellar ices with abundance of H2O in the inner layers and an increasing concentration of CO near the surface. The morphology of interstellar ice analogues can be investigated experimentally assuming a composition derived from chemical models. Aims. This research presents a new approach of a three-dimensional fit where observational results are first fitted with a gas-grain chemical model predicting the exact ice composition including infrared (IR) inactive species. Then the laboratory IR spectra are recorded for interstellar ice analogues whose compositions reflect the obtained numerical results, in a layered and in a mixed morphology. These results could then be compared with the results of James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations. Special attention is paid to the inclusion of IR inactive species whose presence is predicted in the ice, but is typically omitted in the laboratory obtained data. This stands for N2, one of the main possible constituents of interstellar ice mantles, and O2. Methods. Ice analogue spectra were recorded at a temperature of 10 K using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. In the case of layered ice we deposited a H2O-CO-N2-O2 mixture on top of a H2O-CH3OH-N2 ice, while in the case of mixed ice we examined a H2O-CH3OH-N2-CO composition. The selected species are the four most abundant ice components predicted by the chemical model. Results. Following the changing composition and structure of the ice, we find differences in the absorption bands for most of the examined vibrational modes. The extent of observed changes in the IR band profiles will allow us to analyse the structure of ice mantles in L1544 from future observations by the JWST. Conclusions. Our spectroscopic measurements of interstellar ice analogues predicted by our well-received gas-grain chemical codes of pre-stellar cores will allow detailed comparison with upcoming JWST observations. This is crucial in order to put stringent constraints on the chemical and physical structure of dust icy mantles just before the formation of stars and protoplanetary disks, and to explain surface chemistry.

Misfit of Complete Maxillary Dentures' Posterior Palatal Seal following Polymerisation with Four Different Autopolymerising Resins: An In Vitro Study.

Background: The majority of complete dentures are still conventionally manufactured using a flask-and-pack technique. However, the polymerization process may introduce a distortion of the denture body. The aim of this study was to evaluate the three-dimensional fit of the posterior palatal seal of maxillary complete dentures with the original impression, and to give recommendations for scraping. Methods: Four autopolymerising resins were used to manufacture 40 palatal plates each for high, medium and flat palates (total n = 120). The misfit was captured by taking a reline impression with a highly fluid silicone, the dimensions of which were measured with a flat-bed scanner. Results: The shape of the palate had a significant impact (median p = 0.0435), but not the resin type (median p = 0.2575). It was largest for the flat palate and smallest for the high palate. The largest misfit was observed in the palatal midline area (flat-palate average median: 685 µm; high and medium palates: 620 µm) decreasing towards the lateral and anterior regions. Conclusions: The results suggest compensating for the palatal misfit that occurs with autopolymerising resins by scraping a postdam of an approximately 0.7 mm depth to the master cast, decreasing towards the anterior and lateral areas. In high and medium palates, the scraping could be less pronounced.

Three-dimensional fit of self-glazed zirconia monolithic crowns fabricated by wet deposition.

This study evaluated the 3-dimensional (3D) fit of self-glazed zirconia monolithic crowns fabricated by wet deposition, in comparison with milled zirconia and lithium disilicate monolithic crowns. Dual-scan protocol was used to assess the fit of crowns. Root mean squares (RMS) and uniformity index (UI) were calculated to describe the gap size and uniformity. The self-glazed zirconia crowns had significantly lower RMS values for the gaps at axial wall and transition regions than the milled zirconia crowns, and for the gaps at occlusal region than both milled crowns. All 3 types of crowns had comparable RMS values for the gaps at marginal and chamfer regions and comparable UI values for both marginal and internal gaps. The 3D fit of the self-glazed zirconia monolithic crowns was clinically acceptable and they exhibited better fit at occlusal region than the milled crowns.

An alternative to STEBI-A: validation of the T-STEM science scale

BackgroundThe Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Instrument A (STEBI-A; Riggs & Enochs, 1990 in Science Education, 74(6), 625-637) has been the dominant measurement tool of in-service science teacher self-efficacy and outcome expectancy for nearly 30 years. However, concerns about certain aspects of the STEBI-A have arisen, including the wording, validity, reliability, and dimensionality. In the present study, we revised the STEBI-A by addressing many concerns research has identified, and developed a new instrument called the T-STEM Science Scale. The T-STEM Science Scale was reviewed by expert panels and piloted first before it was administered to 727 elementary and secondary science teachers. The combination of classical test theory (CTT) and item response theory (IRT) approaches were used to validate the instrument. Multidimensional Rasch analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were run.ResultsBased on the results, the negatively worded items were found to be problematic and thus removed from the instrument. We also found that the three-dimensional model fit our data the best, in line with our theoretical conceptualization. Based on the literature review and analysis, although the personal science teaching efficacy beliefs (PTSEB) construct remained intact, the original outcome expectancy construct was renamed science teacher responsibility for learning outcomes beliefs (STRLOB) and was divided into two dimensions, above- and below-average student interest or performance. The T-STEM Science Scale had satisfactory reliability values as well.ConclusionsThrough the development and validation of the T-STEM Science Scale, we have addressed some critical concerns emergent from prior research concerning the STEBI-A. Psychometrically, the refinement of the wording, item removal, and the separation into three constructs have resulted in better reliability values compared to STEBI-A. While two distinct theoretical foundations are now used to explain the constructs of the new T-STEM instrument, prior literature and our empirical results note the important interrelationship of these constructs. The preservation of these constructs preserves a bridge, though imperfect, to the large body of legacy research using the STEBI-A.

Hydrothermal aging affects the three-dimensional fit and fatigue lifetime of zirconia abutments

ObjectiveEvaluate the effect of aging using two different methods on the three-dimensional fit of zirconia abutments at the implant-abutment connection and estimate the probability of survival of anterior crowns supported by straight and 17-degree angled abutments. Materials and methodsTwo different zirconia abutment designs, straight and 17-degree angled abutments (n = 63/group), were evaluated in the current study. The abutments were randomly allocated into three experimental groups according to laboratory aging condition (134°C, 2.2 bar, 20 h): (i) control, (ii) autoclave aging, and (iii) hydrothermal reactor aging. Crystalline content was determined by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy, and microstructure was analyzed using field-emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM). Implant-abutment volume misfit was determined in the straight abutments by micro-computed tomography using the silicone replica technique. For fatigue testing, abutments were torqued to the implants and connected to standardized maxillary incisor zirconia crowns. The assemblies were subjected to step-stress accelerated life testing (SSALT) in water until fracture or suspension. The use level probability Weibull curves and probability of survival for a mission of 50,000 cycles at 50, 100, 150 and 200 N were calculated and plotted. Fractured samples were analyzed using a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. ResultsThe crystalline spectra depicted a zirconia system primarily composed of the tetragonal phase. Laboratory aging yielded a 20%- and 37%-increase in the monoclinic content for abutments aged in autoclave and hydrothermal reactor relative to control, respectively. A fully crystalline matrix with a regular grain size was observed in the FEG-SEM for control abutments, with a considerable presence of intergranular defects. While autoclave aging triggered no significant alteration to the microstructure, defect population was reduced after hydrothermal reactor aging. Control abutments presented a significantly higher volume misfit (2.128 ± 0.54 mm3) relative to aged abutments using autoclave (1.244 ± 0.48 mm3) or hydrothermal reactor (1.441 ± 0.41 mm3). The beta (β) values indicated that failures were predominantly controlled by material strength rather than fatigue damage accumulation for all groups, except for straight control abutments. Irrespective of aging, the probability of survival of straight and angled zirconia abutments was up to 95% (95–100%) at 50 and 100 N. A 50N-increase in the load resulted in wider range of survival estimate, with straight autoclave abutments percentage significantly lower probability of survival (77%) than angled hydrothermal reactor abutments (99%). At 200N, angled hydrothermal reactor (97%) or autoclave (82%) aged abutments demonstrated the highest probability of survival, angled control (71%) and straight hydrothermal reactor (69%) abutments intermediate values, and straight autoclave (23%) and control (7%) abutments the lowest estimate. The failure mode predominantly involved abutment and/or abutment screw fracture for both straight and angled abutments. ConclusionsHydrothermal aging significantly influenced volume misfit, as well as the probability of survival of zirconia abutments at higher loads for both angled and straight abutments.

Development of scientific reasoning test measuring control of variables strategy in physics for high school students: evidence of validity and latent predictors of item difficulty

ABSTRACT Control of variables strategy (CVS) is a core scientific reasoning skill related to domain-general experimentation for evaluating an experimental system and deducing valid conclusions. This study aims to develop, validate, and explore latent factors predicting item difficulty in the test, measuring CVS in physics for high school students. The original test contains 24 items related to mechanics, thermodynamics, and electricity. It measures three CVS subskills: identifying controlled experiments, interpreting the controlled experiment outcome, and understanding confounded experiments’ determinacy. The study assessed 470 10th, 11th, and 12th-grade students from 9 public high schools in the southern province of An Giang (Vietnam). All test items fit the data well according to the Rasch model measurement, in which the three-dimensional model fit better than did the unidimensional one. Differential item functioning analysis indicated no statistically significant differences between genders in any items. Furthermore, we found that item difficulty depended on the subskills but was not affected by physics-related content or the number of independent variables. The test showed the potential to serve as a measurement tool for assessing CVS in basic physics at the upper secondary education level.

Reynolds stress tensor measurements using magnetic resonance velocimetry: expansion of the dynamic measurement range and analysis of systematic measurement errors

This study presents magnetic resonance velocimetry (MRV) Reynolds Stress measurements in a periodic hill channel with a hill Reynolds number of Re = 29,500. The velocity encoding scheme is based on the ICOSA6 method with six icosahedral encoding directions and multiple encoding values are measured to increase the dynamic range. The full Reynolds stress tensor is obtained from a voxel-wise three-dimensional Gaussian fit using the magnitude data of all acquisitions. The MRV results are compared to a wall-resolved large eddy simulation and laser Doppler velocimetry measurements conducted in the same channel. It is shown that the MRV Reynolds stress data have excellent precision and agree qualitatively with the reference data. However, there are apparent systematic deviations. One of the most prominent error contributions is the signal attenuation caused by higher orders of motion, which leads to an overestimation of the turbulence level. Another fundamental error is identified in the assumption that the turbulence is Gaussian distributed. With the presented reconstruction technique, the MRV data are fitted to a statistical model, and depending on the examined flow setup, the Gaussian model can lead to considerable errors. Possible ways of how to reduce all identified errors are presented. In summary, this technique enables Reynolds stress tensor measurements in complex internal flows with high dynamic range and excellent precision. However, several issues need to be resolved to make the turbulence quantification more accurate.Graphic abstract

Analysis of Three-Dimensional Anatomical Variance and Fit of the Distal Radius to Current Volar Locking Plate Designs

PurposeDistal radius fractures are the most common upper-extremity fracture and are increasingly being treated surgically with precontoured volar locking plates. It is not currently known whether existing implant designs are anatomically accurate and whether this has clinical implications. The objective of this study was to determine whether anatomic alignment of the distal radius corresponds accurately to modern volar locking plate designs, including any sex-linked differences in morphology of the distal radius. It was hypothesized that the 2 plates examined would show differences in watershed line (WSL) overlap and that female specimens would have a larger overlap compared with males owing to a decrease in plate-WSL border distances. MethodsWe used 3-dimensional models of 20 cadaver arms (10 female: mean age, 88.7 ± 4.6 years [range, 82–97 years]; and 10 male: mean age, 86 ± 3.6 years [range, 81–91 years]) to create 3-dimensional computed tomography models of the distal radius. Virtual models of 2 common volar plates were created and were used to place the plate virtually onto the distal radii. Outcome measures included the volar cortical angle of the bone and plate, the definition of the WSL subsequently followed by quantitative distance and overlap measures, and percent contact between the plate and the distal radius. ResultsBoth sexes showed an decrease (approximately 7°) in average volar cortical angle measure from medial to lateral columns that was statistically significantly smaller on the lateral column (males: 38°; females: 29°) compared with the medial column (males: 45°; females: 36°). Watershed line overlap ranged from 0% to 34.8% with statistically significant differences between sexes. Average border distance for females was 2.7 mm, compared with 3.8 mm for males. Maximum percent contact of 22.0% was observed at a 0.3-mm threshold. ConclusionsDistal radius fractures are common in elderly female patients, yet clinically available plates have important differences in WSL overlap between sexes, and with minimal contact. Female specimens had more WSL overlap than did males. This indicates the need for volar locking plates to be redesigned to factor in anatomical features of individual patients with a particular focus on sex differences. Clinical relevanceNew plate designs should focus on providing smaller head sizes that are more accurately tailored to the natural contours of the volar distal radius. It is recommended that future studies incorporate expertise from multiple surgeons to diversify and further understand plate placement strategies.

A multi-dimensional search for new heavy resonances decaying to boosted text{ W }{}{}text{ W }{}{} , text{ W }{}{}text{ Z }{}{} , or text{ Z }{}{}text{ Z }{}{} boson pairs in the dijet final state at 13\xa0text {Te}text {V}

A search in an all-jet final state for new massive resonances decaying to text{ W }{}{}text{ W }{}{}, text{ W }{}{}text{ Z }{}{}, or text{ Z }{}{}text{ Z }{}{} boson pairs using a novel analysis method is presented. The analysis is performed on data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 77.3 ,text {fb}^{-1} recorded with the CMS experiment at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 text {Te}text {V}. The search is focussed on potential narrow-width resonances with masses above 1.2 text {Te}text {V}, where the decay products of each text{ W }{}{} or text{ Z }{}{} boson are expected to be collimated into a single, large-radius jet. The signal is extracted using a three-dimensional maximum likelihood fit of the two jet masses and the dijet invariant mass, yielding an improvement in sensitivity of up to 30% relative to previous search methods. No excess is observed above the estimated standard model background. In a heavy vector triplet model, spin-1 {text {Z}}^{prime } and {text {W}}^{prime } resonances with masses below 3.5 and 3.8 text {Te}text {V}, respectively, are excluded at 95% confidence level. In a bulk graviton model, upper limits on cross sections are set between 27 and 0.2 ,text {fb} for resonance masses between 1.2 and 5.2 text {Te}text {V}, respectively. The limits presented in this paper are the best to date in the dijet final state.

In Vitro Effects of 2-{4-[Methylthio(methylsulfonyl)]phenyl}-3-substitutedthiazolidin-4-ones on the Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Rat Brain and Lymphocytes: Isoform Selectivity, Kinetic Analysis, and Molecular Docking.

This work evaluated the in vitro effect of thiazolidin-4-ones on the activity of AChE (total and isoforms) isolated from the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and lymphocytes. Kinetic parameters were evaluated and molecular docking was performed. Our results showed that thiazolidinones derived from 4-(methylthio)benzaldehyde (1) and from 4-(methylsulfonyl)benzaldehyde (2) were capable of inhibiting the AChE activity in vitro. Three compounds, two with a propylpiperidine (1b and 2b) moiety and one with a 3-(diethylamino)propyl (1c) moiety showed IC50 values of 13.81μM, and 3.13μM (1b), 55.36μM and 44.33μM (1c) for cerebral cortex and hippocampus, respectively, and 3.11μM for both (2b). Enzyme kinetics revealed that the type of AChE inhibition was mixed. Compound 1b inhibited the G1 and G4 AChE isoforms, while compounds 1c and 2b selectively inhibited the G4 isoform. Molecular docking showed a possible three-dimensional fit into the enzyme. Our findings showed that these thiazolidin-4-ones, especially those containing the propylpiperidine core, have a potential cholinesterase inhibitory activity and can be considered good candidates for future Alzheimer's therapy.

Implant-abutment fit influences the mechanical performance of single-crown prostheses

ObjectivesTo evaluate the three-dimensional fit of abutments fabricated by the industry to those either milled or cast by a commercial laboratory and to correlate the implant-abutment connection fit with stress at fatigue failure of prostheses. Probability of survival (reliability) and fractography to characterize failure modes were also performed for cemented and screw-retained prostheses. MethodsOne-hundred and twenty-six maxillary central incisor crowns were milled to restore implants and divided in 3 cemented and 3 screwed-retained groups (n = 21/each), as follows: [Digital-Sc]: milled one-piece monolithic abutment/crown; [TiB-Sc]: milled crowns cemented onto Ti-base abutments; [UCLA]: screw-retained crown using UCLA abutments; [Digital-Ce]: milled two-piece assembly comprised by screwed monolithic abutment and a cemented crown; [TiB–Ce]: milled coping cemented onto Ti-base abutments to receive a cemented crown; [UCLA-Ce]: UCLA abutments that received an overcast coping and a cemented crown. Implant-abutment volume misfit was assessed by micro-computed tomography using the silicone replica technique. Implant/crown systems were subjected to step-stress accelerated life testing (SSALT) in water. The use-level probability Weibull curves and reliability for a mission of 50,000 cycles at calculated stress at failure of 2,300, 3300 and 4300 MPa were plotted. Fractographic analysis was performed with scanning electron microscopy. Internal misfit was analyzed through one-way ANOVA following post-hoc comparisons by Tukey test (p < 0.05). Correlation between misfit volume and the stress at fatigue failure was assessed by Pearson test. ResultsSimilar misfit volumes were observed for TiB-Sc (0.458 mm3), TiB–Ce (0.461 mm3), UCLA (0.471 mm3) and UCLA-Ce (0.480 mm3), which were significantly lower than Digital-Sc (0.676 mm3) and Digital-Ce (0.633 mm3). The mean β values were: 1.68, 1.39, 1.48, 2.41, 2.27 and 0.71 for Digital-Sc, TiB-Sc, UCLA, Digital-Ce, TiB–Ce and UCLA-Ce, respectively, indicating that fatigue was an accelerating factor for failure of all groups. Higher stress at failure decreased the reliability of all groups, more significantly for screw compared to cement-retained groups, especially for Digital-Sc that demonstrated the lowest reliability. The failure mode was restricted to abutment screw fracture. A negative correlation was observed between misfit values and stress at failure (r = -0.302, p = 0.01). ConclusionsAbutments milled by a commercial lab presented higher misfit compared to those provided by the industry and a moderate correlation was observed between higher misfit and lower stress at failure during fatigue. Probability of survival decreased at higher stress, especially for screw compared to cement-retained groups, and failures were confined to abutment screws.

Photogrammetry: An accurate and cost-effective three-dimensional ice hockey helmet fit acquisition method

Ice hockey helmets must pass standardized impact tests to be certified for sale. However, these tests are performed with the helmet attached to a surrogate headform. Human head shapes are not uniform, and very few standards exist for helmet fitting for the common user. The goal of this study was to develop an accurate and cost-effective three-dimensional acquisition protocol to assess the geometric fit of human subject heads to a variety of ice hockey helmets. The study had three main objectives: First, a photogrammetry-based three-dimensional acquisition system was developed. Second, the researchers populated a database of both male human heads and ice hockey helmets by scanning five different helmet models from various manufacturers. Finally, the system accuracy and error were calculated using root mean squared errors between the dimensional difference curves of repeated scans. Errors were calculated by repeating the entire protocol error with 20 comparisons (root mean squared error = 2.83 mm), the alignment error with 5 comparisons (root mean squared error = 1.14 mm), and scaling error with 4 comparisons (root mean squared error = 1.84 mm). Suggestions are provided in the section “Discussion” on how to create a system that is more time efficient with higher resolution renders and lower error. A method that quantifies three-dimensional fit is the first step toward studying the relationship between helmet fit and user-specific helmet protection.

Magnetic measurement of soft magnetic composites material under 3D SVPWM excitation

The magnetic properties measurement and analysis of soft magnetic material under the rotational space-vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) excitation are key factors in design and optimization of the adjustable speed motor. In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic properties testing system fit for SVPWM excitation is built, which includes symmetrical orthogonal excitation magnetic circuit and cubic field-metric sensor. Base on the testing system, the vector B and H loci of soft magnetic composite (SMC) material under SVPWM excitation are measured and analyzed by proposed 3D SVPWM control method. Alternating and rotating core losses under various complex excitation with different magnitude modulation ratio are calculated and compared.

Construct Validity of Science Motivation and Beliefs Instrument (SLA-MB): A Case study in Sumedang, Indonesia

Along with numerous instruments developed and used in science education researches, some of those instruments have been translated to local language in the country where the instruments were used. Most of researchers that used those translated instruments did not report the quality of those translated instruments. One of the instruments is the Scientific Literacy Assessment (SLA) including the Science Motivation and Beliefs (SLA-MB) as part of the SLA. In this study, the SLA-MB has been translated into Indonesian Language (Bahasa). The purpose of this study is to investigate the SLA-MB instrument that has been translated to Indonesian language from the view of dimensionality, reliability, item quality and differential item functioning (DIF) based on IRT-Rasch analysis. We used Conquest and Winstep as the program for IRT-Rasch analysis. We employed quantitative research method with school-survey on this study. Research subjects are 223 Indonesian Middle school students (age 13-16), with 64 boys and 159 girls. IRT-Rasch analysis of the SLA-MB Indonesian version indicated that a three-dimensional model fit significantly better than one-dimension model, and the reliability of each dimensions are about 0.60 to 0.82. As well as those findings, fit values of all items are acceptable, moreover we found no DIF for all of the SLA-MB items. Overall, our study suggests that Indonesian version of SLA-MB is acceptable to be implemented as research instrument conducted in Indonesia.

A new three-dimensional track fit with multiple scattering

Modern semiconductor detectors allow for charged particle tracking with ever increasing position resolution. Due to the reduction of the spatial hit uncertainties, multiple Coulomb scattering in the detector layers becomes the dominant source for tracking uncertainties. In this case long distance effects can be ignored for the momentum measurement, and the track fit can consequently be formulated as a sum of independent fits to hit triplets. In this paper we present an analytical solution for a three-dimensional triplet(s) fit in a homogeneous magnetic field based on a multiple scattering model. Track fitting of hit triplets is performed using a linearization ansatz. The momentum resolution is discussed for a typical spectrometer setup. Furthermore the track fit is compared with other track fits for two different pixel detector geometries, namely the Mu3e experiment at PSI and a typical high-energy collider experiment. For a large momentum range the triplets fit provides a significantly better performance than a single helix fit. The triplets fit is fast and can easily be parallelized, which makes it ideal for the implementation on parallel computing architectures.

Molecular and functional characterization of Toll-like receptor (Tlr)1 and Tlr2 in common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are fundamental components of innate immunity that play significant roles in the defence against pathogen invasion. In this study, we present the molecular characterization of the full-length coding sequence of tlr1, tlr2a and tlr2b from common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Each is encoded within a single exon and contains a conserved number of leucine-rich repeats, a transmembrane region and an intracellular TIR domain for signalling. Indeed, sequence, phylogenetic and synteny analysis of carp tlr1, tlr2a and tlr2b support that these genes are orthologues of mammalian TLR1 and TLR2. The tlr genes are expressed in various immune organs and cell types. Furthermore, the carp sequences exhibited a good three-dimensional fit with the heterodimer structure of human TLR1-TLR2, including the potential to bind to the ligand Pam3CSK4. This supports the possible formation of carp Tlr1-Tlr2 heterodimers. However, we were unable to demonstrate Tlr1/Tlr2-mediated ligand binding in transfected cell lines through NF-κB activation, despite showing the expression and co-localization of Tlr1 and Tlr2. We discuss possible limitations when studying ligand-specific activation of NF-κB after expression of Tlr1 and/or Tlr2 in human but also fish cell lines and we propose alternative future strategies for studying ligand-binding properties of fish Tlrs.

A New Track Reconstruction Algorithm suitable for Parallel Processing based on Hit Triplets and Broken Lines

Track reconstruction in high track multiplicity environments at current and future high rate particle physics experiments is a big challenge and very time consuming. The search for track seeds and the fitting of track candidates are usually the most time consuming steps in the track reconstruction. Here, a new and fast track reconstruction method based on hit triplets is proposed which exploits a three-dimensional fit model including multiple scattering and hit uncertainties from the very start, including the search for track seeds. The hit triplet based reconstruction method assumes a homogeneous magnetic field which allows to give an analytical solutions for the triplet fit result. This method is highly parallelizable, needs fewer operations than other standard track reconstruction methods and is therefore ideal for the implementation on parallel computing architectures. The proposed track reconstruction algorithm has been studied in the context of the Mu3e-experiment and a typical LHC experiment.