Three-dimensional Coordinate Measurement Research Articles

정위방사선수술시 영상공동등록을 이용한 자기공명영상 유용성 평가

본 연구는 방사선수술 치료계획 시 영상공동등록을 이용한 자기공명영상의 3차원적 위치에 대하여 구조평가 및 뇌 정위 수술의 해부학적 기준점으로 사용되어지는 전교련(anterior commissure: AC)과 후교련(posterior commissure: PC)의 일치성을 평가하여 방사선수술시 영상공동등록의 임상 적용 안전성을 확인하고자한다. 정위 방사선수술 시행 후 2016년 3월~2017년 3월까지 영상공동등록을 이용한 자기공명영상 추적검사를 시행한 32명의 영상을 이용하여 3차원 좌표 측정을 통한 후향적 연구를 시행하였다. 전교련의 3차원 좌표 오차는 <TEX>$1.0443{\pm}0.5724mm$</TEX>(0.10 ~ 1.89), 후교련 3차원 좌표 오차는 <TEX>$1.0348{\pm}0.5473mm$</TEX> (0.36 ~ 2.24)로 약 1 mm의 오차를 나타내었다. 자기공명영상 장비별 전교련과 후교련 좌표의 평균오차는 MR1(3.0 T)의 오차 값이 MR2 (1.5 T)에 비하여 낮게 나타났다. 영상공동등록 기법을 이용한 치료계획 시 자기공명영상의 오차를 최소화하여야 하며, 정확도를 확인하는 과정이 필요한 것으로 생각된다. The purpose of this study is to confirm the safety of the clinical application of image co - registration in steteotactic radiosurgery by evaluating the 3D positioning of magnetic resonance imaging using image co-registration. We performed a retrospective study using three-dimensional coordinate measurement of 32 patients who underwent stereotactic radiosurgery and performed magnetic resonance imaging follow-up using image co-registration. The 3 dimensional coordinate errors were <TEX>$1.0443{\pm}0.5724mm$</TEX> (0.10 ~ 1.89) in anterior commissure and <TEX>$1.0348{\pm}0.5473mm$</TEX> (0.36 ~ 2.24) in posterior commissure. The mean error of MR1 (3.0 T) was lower than that of MR2 (1.5 T). It is necessary to minimize the error of magnetic resonance imaging in the treatment planning using the image co - registration technique and to confirm it.

Quantifying Sexual Dimorphism in the Human Cranium: A Preliminary Analysis of a Novel Method.

In forensic anthropology, sexually dimorphic cranial features are traditionally visually assessed and scored using an ordinal scale, which is highly subjective. This study quantifies six cranial features using original three-dimensional coordinate measurements to provide greater accuracy in sex estimation. Cranial features include supraorbital ridges, glabella, external occipital protuberance, nuchal protuberances, mastoid processes, and frontal bosses. Measurements were taken using coordinate calipers from 158 White and Black male and female crania from the Maxwell Documented Collection at University of New Mexico and Tennessee's Bass Collection. Overall, 72.2% of the crania were correctly classified. Males were correctly classified 69.9% of the time, while females were correctly classified 74.7% of the time. The overall value is similar to the results from traditional methods and suggests this method may be just as reliable as established visual sex estimation techniques.

A Study on the Improvement of Performance Testing System of Domestic Surveying Equipment

In this paper, we proposed the improvements for performance test and surveying equipment regulations, standards, methods and procedures, depending on the need of improving the legal system for surveying equipment in a diverse and sophisticated surveying industry. This research was performed first investigating the existing legal systems(Act on the establishment and management of spatial data, Framework act on national standards, ISO 17123, JIS B 7912) with respect to the surveying equipment performance testing and the research for IOS and KOLAS suggested the improvements on the application for the surveying equipment performance testing standard. More exactly, first, two years were presented for the surveying equipment performance testing cycle considering the precise accuracy of the instrument stability, purpose and frequency of use, etc. Second, the abolition of the measurement distance by grade and the upward or cross-grade adjustment of the single prism standards about the light wave rangefinder and total station were suggested for the improvement on survey equipment performance criteria. Third, since the main function of total station is focused on a three-dimensional coordinate measurement due to the improvement of surveying equipment performance testing, it was proposed to use the precision(repeatability) of the coordinate measuring method as an evaluation method.

A Study on the Shape of the Analysis Model Developed by Locus Tracking

Background : The purpose of this study was to identify the entity for molding elements that make up the design image changes with the flow in one of the ways to establish the identity with a design image of the product design. These entities identified may be a professional approach to deduce the predictable shape and design of the line-up model direction by analyzing the shape of the product. Methods : This study utilizes a three-dimensional coordinate measurement which was performed in order to identify the trends and evolution of the formative elements in the flow of the model line-up, from the first prototype to the latest models on the market. That is, the flow of the molding element was arranged in a three-dimensional model according to the change trend of the line-up. Result : BMW 5 model line-up of the proposed shape of the trajectory analysis model through the Vertex grille and lamps . In detail measurement was performed of the three-dimensional change in the line-up with a Vertex locus. the release interval. It was confirmed that the direction of the evolution model depends on the release interval. Conclusion : The flow of the changed shape of each generation by analogy Vertex movement and the locus of first-generation model can be the analysis model to examine the direction for future models.

Hand-Held Blue Light 3D Measurement Technology and its Application in Hot Stamping

Over the last few years hot stamping for its high strength, lightweight characteristics has developed at an alarming rate, At the same time the measurement process a higher demand. Compared with the traditional three-dimensional coordinate measurement, Hand-held Blue structured Light 3D measurement technology for its fast, high precision, good flexibility, etc., has become the best choice of high-strength steel stamping in non-contact 3D measurement and accuracy detection. This paper developed a set of holding blue light 3D measurement system. The system project blue structured pattern to the surface of the object, and captured by two high-speed cameras synchronized. Then using the grabbed pictures reconstruct 3D topography of the object. Blue light projection technology can eliminate the use of influence of different surface reflectance measurement accuracy, So that a single measurement accuracy of 0.02mm, overall measurement accuracy of 0.05mm / m, Single measurement time is less than 0.12 seconds. This measuring system can be widely used in the rapid detection of various types of three-dimensional measurement and precision casting.

High-NA fiber point-diffraction interferometer for three-dimensional coordinate measurement.

The numerical aperture (NA) and power of diffraction wave in point-diffraction interferometer (PDI) could significantly limit the measurement range of the system. A fiber point-diffraction interferometer with high NA is proposed for the measurement of absolute three-dimensional coordinates. Based on the single-mode fiber with submicron aperture, the diffraction wave with both high NA and high power is obtained, by which the achievable measurement range of the PDI can be extended. A double-iterative method based on Levenbery-Marquardt algorithm is proposed to determine the three-dimensional coordinates under measurement. Numerical simulation and comparison experiments have been carried out to demonstrate the accuracy and feasibility of the proposed PDI system, with both high measurement precision and nice repeatability achieved.

Total internal reflection–based module for fluorescence and absorbance detection

We present a miniaturized polymer-based micro-optical detection unit for ultraviolet and visible laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and absorbance (ABS) analysis with an interaction length of 3 mm. We use nonsequential optical ray tracing simulations to model the system and to optimize its performance with respect to optical efficiency and system complexity. The design features a compact optical system combining total internal reflection (TIR) mirrors and refractive optics. The detection module is prototyped with deep proton writing in 2-mm-thick polymethylmethacrylate and quantitatively characterized using a three-dimensional coordinate measurement machine. We demonstrate the proof-of-concept of this TIR mirror–based module for coumarin 480 obtaining limits of detection of 50 pM and 500 nM for LIF and ABS, respectively.

Qualitative and Quantitative Anatomic Investigation of the Lateral Ankle Ligaments for Surgical Reconstruction Procedures.

Lateral ankle sprains are common sports injuries that may require surgery for chronic lateral ankle instability. Anatomic repair or reconstruction is desired, yet there is a scarcity of quantitative information regarding the origins and insertions of the lateral ligaments related to surgically pertinent osseous landmarks. Fourteen ankle specimens were dissected to isolate the anterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament, posterior talofibular ligament, and cervical ligament. A three-dimensional coordinate measurement device was used to determine the origins, insertions, footprint areas, orientations, and distances from osseous landmarks. A single-banded anterior talofibular ligament was identified in seven of the fourteen specimens, and a double-banded anterior talofibular ligament was identified in the remaining seven. The single-banded anterior talofibular ligament originated an average of 13.8 mm (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.3 to 15.3) from the inferior tip of the lateral malleolus at the anterior fibular border and inserted an average of 17.8 mm (95% CI, 16.3 to 19.3) superior to the apex of the lateral talar process along the anterior border of the talar lateral articular facet. The calcaneofibular ligament originated an average of 5.3 mm (95% CI, 4.2 to 6.5) from the inferior tip of the lateral malleolus at the anterior fibular border and inserted an average of 16.3 mm (95% CI, 14.5 to 18.1) from the posterior point of the peroneal tubercle. The posterior talofibular ligament was the largest ligament and originated an average of 4.8 mm (95% CI, 3.7 to 5.9) superior to the inferior tip of the lateral malleolus in the digital fossa to insert an average of 13.2 mm (95% CI, 11.5 to 14.9) from the talar posterolateral tubercle. The cervical ligament originated on the superior part of the calcaneus and inserted at a point that was approximately 50% of the talar neck anteroposterior distance. Consistent distances from the anterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament, posterior talofibular ligament, and cervical ligament footprint centers to osseous landmarks were identified. Footprint center distances from surgically relevant osseous landmarks identified in this study can be used during reconstructive surgery of the lateral ankle ligaments and may result in more anatomically accurate placement of the reconstructed ligaments.

The ligament anatomy of the deltoid complex of the ankle: a qualitative and quantitative anatomical study.

The deltoid ligament has both superficial and deep layers and consists of up to six ligamentous bands. The prevalence of the individual bands is variable, and no consensus as to which bands are constant or variable exists. Although other studies have looked at the variance in the deltoid anatomy, none have quantified the distance to relevant osseous landmarks. The deltoid ligaments from fourteen non-paired, fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens were isolated and the ligamentous bands were identified. The lengths, footprint areas, orientations, and distances from relevant osseous landmarks were measured with a three-dimensional coordinate measurement device. In all specimens, the tibionavicular, tibiospring, and deep posterior tibiotalar ligaments were identified. Three additional bands were variable in our specimen cohort: the tibiocalcaneal, superficial posterior tibiotalar, and deep anterior tibiotalar ligaments. The deep posterior tibiotalar ligament was the largest band of the deltoid ligament. The origins from the distal center of the intercollicular groove were 16.1 mm (95% confidence interval, 14.7 to 17.5 mm) for the tibionavicular ligament, 13.1 mm (95% confidence interval, 11.1 to 15.1 mm) for the tibiospring ligament, and 7.6 mm (95% confidence interval, 6.7 to 8.5 mm) for the deep posterior tibiotalar ligament. Relevant to other pertinent osseous landmarks, the tibionavicular ligament inserted at 9.7 mm (95% confidence interval, 8.4 to 11.0 mm) from the tuberosity of the navicular, the tibiospring inserted at 35% (95% confidence interval, 33.4% to 36.6%) of the spring ligament's posteroanterior distance, and the deep posterior tibiotalar ligament inserted at 17.8 mm (95% confidence interval, 16.3 to 19.3 mm) from the posteromedial talar tubercle. The tibionavicular, tibiospring, and deep posterior tibiotalar ligament bands were constant components of the deltoid ligament. The deep posterior tibiotalar ligament was the largest band of the deltoid ligament. The anatomical data regarding the deltoid ligament bands in this study will help to guide anatomical placement of repairs and reconstructions for deltoid ligament injury or instability.

基于Levenbery-Marquardt算法的点衍射三维坐标测量方法

基于Levenbery-Marquardt算法的点衍射三维坐标测量方法

基于激光多边法的坐标测量系统最佳布局

基于激光多边法的坐标测量系统最佳布局

基于激光多边法的坐标测量系统布局优化

基于激光多边法的坐标测量系统布局优化

1P1-F08 ステレオビジョンと輪郭追跡を用いた帯状物体の三次元形状計測(フレキシブルロボット・メカニズム)

In this paper, we propose three-dimensional coordinate measurement using a stereo vision and Contour Tracing. The first, by performing Image rectification, the study can facilitate the search for corresponding points. The second, this study performs binarization for to avoid matching between the target and background. The third, the thing that obtains the corresponding points of the contour of the cable by Contour Tracing is useful for measuring shape of object. The shape of a flat cable was measured by using the proposed method. As the result, we were able to measure the shape of the cable correctly.

A Pilot Study of Three-Dimensional Child Anthropometry for Vehicle Safety Analysis

The publicly available anthropometric data for U.S. children were published in 1977, lack body shape data, and do not include measurements in supported sitting postures that are needed for vehicle safety applications. A pilot study was conducted of methods using standard anthropometry, laser scanning, and three-dimensional coordinate measurement to develop the data needed to improve the sizes and shapes of crash dummies and other design tools used to develop and assess child restraints, belt-positioning boosters, and vehicle seat and belt restraint systems. A total of 15 children ages 4 to 11 were measured in this pilot study.

1A1-C09 ステレオカメラとパターン投影を用いた物体の三次元計測(3次元計測/センサフュージョン(1))

In this paper, we propose three-dimensional coordinate measurement using a stereo camera and a projector. In order to perform stereo matching of an object, a specific pattern is projected on the object's surface. Stereo matching gives advantage in measuring the shape of the object precisely by comparing the similarity between input and template image. To verify the precision of the system configured, the shape of a planar body was measured by using the proposed method. As the result, we were able to measure the shape of the object correctly. We verified the accuracy of the depth measurement which is within error of ±1.00 mm in an optimal situation.

Design of Motion Accuracy Measurement Device for NC Machine Tools with Three Displacement Sensors

To measure motion accuracy, including that of the rotary axis of five-axis machining center that have been widely introduced into production sites recently, a device with three displacement sensors combined to measure the center position of the master ball was invented and will be added to the International Standard. Such measurement devices are not difficult to produce in principle, but the commercially available products are expensive. This study discusses a threedimensional (3D) coordinate measurement device with multiple displacement sensors, discussing it in terms of the test standards of the machines to which the device has been applied and in relation to devices which have been studied, developed, and released. Our measurement device is then designed and produced, and its measurement accuracy is confirmed.

Research on Accuracy Verification for Three-Dimensional Measurement Machine with Non-Contract and Surface Scanning

One kind of standard model equipment of three-dimensional coordinate measurement machine with non-contract curved surface used for verification solves accuracy standardization problems for the three-dimensional coordinate measurement machine with non-contract curved surface, then balls that are in different positions are used to replace collecting space point coordinates, next measurement errors of space line segment can be obtained through specific analysis and calculation. One new kind of accuracy verification method for the three-dimensional coordinate measurement machine is realized.

Noncontact 3-D Coordinate Measurement of Cross-Cutting Feature Points on the Surface of a Large-Scale Workpiece Based on the Machine Vision Method

Three-dimensional coordinate measurement of feature points on the surface of a large-scale workpiece is important and difficult. Various relative measuring methods have been presented in recent years, and the machine vision method has been paid more attentions by researchers. The application of the machine vision method in 3-D coordinate measurement of feature points on the surface of a large-scale workpiece is discussed in this paper, and an accurate, simple, and new measuring method is proposed. The design of the measuring system mainly considers the following aspects: 1) the principle and composition of the measuring system; 2) the monocular vision algorithm for camera locating; 3) the calibration algorithm of the charge-coupled device (CCD) camera; 4) the image processing algorithm of cross-cutting feature points and the calculation of their 2-D image coordinates; and 5) the binocular stereo vision algorithm for depth measurement based on the large-scale coordinate measuring machine. The experimental results indicate the correctness and reliability of the new measuring method, and we believe that it will be a reliable and efficient technique for the noncontact 3-D coordinate measurement of cross-cutting feature points on the surface of a large-scale workpiece.

Estimation of uncertainty in three-dimensional coordinate measurement by comparison with calibrated points

This paper details a method of estimating the uncertainty of dimensional measurement for a three-dimensional coordinate measurement machine. An experimental procedure was developed to compare three-dimensional coordinate measurements with calibrated reference points. The reference standard used to calibrate these reference points was a fringe counting interferometer with a multilateration-like technique employed to establish three-dimensional coordinates. This is an extension of the established technique of comparing measured lengths with calibrated lengths. Specifically a distributed coordinate measurement device was tested which consisted of a network of Rotary-Laser Automatic Theodolites (R-LATs), this system is known commercially as indoor GPS (iGPS). The method was found to be practical and was used to estimate that the uncertainty of measurement for the basic iGPS system is approximately ±1 mm at a 95% confidence level throughout a measurement volume of approximately 10 m × 10 m × 1.5 m.

Évaluation de l’angulation radiculaire mésio-distale pour les images panoramiques et l’impact de l’angulation radiculaire vestibulo-linguale

Panoramic images were taken from an anatomically correct phantom with three different buccolingual angulations for each tooth (Original, 10° buccal root torque, and 10° lingual root torque). The true mesiodistal angulation of each tooth was determined with a three-dimensional coordinate measurement machine. Each tooth had at least one angle measurement that was statistically different from the other mesiodistal angles with different buccolingual orientations. Roots with buccal root orientations were projected more distally than they were in reality; and the roots lingually positioned were projected more mesially. The canine and premolars in both arches were most affected and the phenomenon was more pronounced in the maxilla than the mandible. Buccolingual orientation changes did not affect the root angulation expression on the incisor area.