Three-dimensional Character Research Articles

Control of a Three-Dimensional Character Animation Based on H-Anim

Control of a Three-Dimensional Character Animation Based on H-Anim

DD Simulations of Dislocation-Crack Interaction During Fatigue

Abstract The effect of different shaped cracks on fatigue behavior in metals is investigated with the help of the discrete dislocation dynamics (DD) technique. The cracks are represented as distributions of infinitesimal dislocation loops. The distribution is determined by an integral equation satisfying stress-free boundary conditions and containing a singular kernel of the third type. The stress field in the cracked domain is calculated using a superposition principle. The derived stress field describes the interaction between the crack and the dislocations into the framework of dislocation dynamics. The simulation results provide an insight on the three-dimensional character of the dislocation structure around the crack tip and its relation to the crack shape and number of cycles. The effect of the crack on the macroscopic yield stress is also computed for various crack sizes and shapes.

Computational studies of inertia-gravity waves radiated from upper tropospheric jets

The generation and physical characteristics of inertia-gravity waves radiated from an unstable forced jet at the tropopause are investigated through high-resolution numerical simulations of the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes anelastic equations. Such waves are induced by Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities on the flanks of the inhomogeneously stratified jet. From the evolution of the averaged momentum flux above the jet, it is found that gravity waves are continuously radiated after the shear-stratified flow reaches a quasi-equilibrium state. The time–vertical coordinate cross-sections of potential temperature show phase patterns indicating upward energy propagation. The sign of the momentum flux above and below the jet further confirms this, indicating that the group velocity of the generated waves is pointing away from the jet core region. Space–time spectral analysis at the upper flank level of the jet shows a broad spectral band, with different phase speeds. The spectra obtained in the stratosphere above the jet show a shift toward lower frequencies and larger spatial scales compared to the spectra found in the jet region. The three-dimensional character of the generated waves is confirmed by analysis of the co-spectra of the spanwise and vertical velocities. Imposing the background rotation modifies the polarization relation between the horizontal wind components. This out-of-phase relation is evidenced by the hodograph of the horizontal wind vector, further confirming the upward energy propagation. The background rotation also causes the co-spectra of the waves high above the jet core to be asymmetric in the spanwise modes, with contributions from modes with negative wavenumbers dominating the co-spectra.

Are Antiaromatic Rings Stacked Face-to-Face Aromatic?

The stacking of 4n pi electron hydrocarbon rings into superphane structures can eliminate their antiaromaticity and result in through-space three-dimensional aromatic character. This is demonstrated by the bond length equalized geometries and diatropic NICS values of the methano-bridged superphane series with interacting three- to nine-membered 4n pi electron rings. Along with triplet and Möbius strategies, stacking is the third way to achieve aromatic ring systems with 4n pi electrons.

Density Functional Study of Structural and Electronic Properties of Small Bimetallic Silver−Nickel Clusters

Theoretical study on the structure and electronic properties of small AgmNip (m + p < or = 6) clusters has been carried out in the framework of density functional theory. Structural features, cohesive energies, vertical ionization potentials, and charge transfers are evaluated for each Ag/Ni ratio. In all the AgmNip clusters, the nickel atoms are brought together, yielding a maximum of Ni-Ni bonds, and the silver atoms are located around a Ni core with a maximum of Ag-Ni bonds. The ionization potential and the highest occupied molecular orbital shape are directly related to the two- or three-dimensional character of the cluster's geometry. A very low electronic charge transfer from Ni to Ag is found, and the magnetic moment is located on Ni atoms but with a low spin polarization on silver in the Ni-rich clusters.

Highly Interpenetrated Supramolecular Networks Supported by N⋅⋅⋅I Halogen Bonding

Halogen bonding (XB) has been used to assemble tetrakis(4-pyridyl)pentaerythritol (tetradentate XB acceptor) with different alpha,omega-diiodoperfluoroalkanes (bidentate XB donors) or tetrakis(4-iodotetrafluorophenyl)pentaerythritol (tetradentate XB donor). The remarkable linearity of the XB formed, the rodlike character of alpha,omega-diiodoperfluoroalkanes and the mutual complementarities of pentaerythritol partners, translate the three-dimensional character of the XB acceptor into open primary networks, which interpenetrate to avoid the presence of voids and to ensure segregation of the modules. Two-dimensional (2D) square 4(4) layers (sql) with fourfold and fivefold interpenetration, as well as an eightfold diamondoid network (dia) of class Ia and a remarkable tenfold dia network of class IIIa, have been obtained.

Space, place, and sculpture: working with Heidegger

Heidegger’s paper ‘Art and Space’ (1969, Man and world 6. Bloomington: Indiana university Press) is the place where he gives his fullest discussion of a major art medium which is somewhat neglected in aesthetics, namely sculpture. The structure of argument in ‘Art and Space’ is cryptic even by Heidegger’s standards. The small amount of literature tends to focus on the paper’s role within Heidegger’s own oeuvre as an expression of changes in his understanding of space. This is ironic; for Heidegger’s main thematic in the essay is the way in which space is overcome in the creation of sculpture. Of course, by virtue of its three-dimensional character, sculpture seems to be a spatial medium, par excellence. The counter-intuitive character of Heidegger’s position requires, accordingly, that his argumentative strategy be scrutinized very closely. In this paper, therefore, I will examine closely the structure of Heidegger’s argument, with the aim of understanding, rectifying, and then developing his most important insights. My ultimate aim is to show the subtle, but radical points which are at issue in Heidegger’s arguments, and to develop them much further in the clarification of sculpture’s key philosophical significance.

Time resolved analysis of steady and oscillating flow in the upper human airways

In this experimental study a thorough analysis of the steady and unsteady flow field in a realistic transparent silicone lung model of the first bifurcation of the upper human airways will be presented. To determine the temporal evolution of the flow time-resolved particle-image velocimetry recordings were performed for a Womersley number range 3.3 ≤ α ≤ 5.8 and Reynolds numbers of ReD = 1,050, 1,400, and 2,100. The results evidence a highly three-dimensional and asymmetric character of the velocity field in the upper human airways, in which the influence of the asymmetric geometry of the realistic lung model plays a significant role for the development of the flow field in the respiratory system. At steady inspiration, the flow shows independent of the Reynolds number a large zone with embedded counter-rotating vortices in the left bronchia ensuring a continuous streamwise transport into the lung. At unsteady flow the critical Reynolds number, which describes the onset of vortices in the first bifurcation, is increased at higher Womersley number and decreased at higher Reynolds number. At expiration the unsteady and steady flows are almost alike.

High Mobility inLaAlO3/SrTiO3Heterostructures: Origin, Dimensionality, and Perspectives

We have investigated the dimensionality and origin of the magnetotransport properties of LaAlO3 films epitaxially grown on TiO2-terminated SrTiO3(001) substrates. High-mobility conduction is observed at low deposition oxygen pressures (P(O2)<10(-5) mbar) and has a three-dimensional character. However, at higher P(O2) the conduction is dramatically suppressed and nonmetallic behavior appears. Experimental data strongly support an interpretation of these properties based on the creation of oxygen vacancies in the SrTiO3 substrates during the growth of the LaAlO3 layer. When grown on SrTiO3 substrates at low P(O2), other oxides generate the same high mobility as LaAlO3 films. This opens interesting prospects for all-oxide electronics.

Dimensionality-dependent energy transfer in polymer-intercalatedSnS2nanocomposites

We have investigated the influence of dimensionality on the excitation-transfer dynamics in a conjugated polymer blend. Using time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, we have measured the transfer transients for both a three-dimensional blend film and for quasi-two-dimensional monolayers formed through intercalation of the polymer blend between the crystal planes of an inorganic SnS2 matrix. We compare the experimental data with a simple, dimensionality- dependent model based on electronic coupling between electronic transition moments taken to be point dipoles. Within this approximation, the energy-transfer dynamics is found to adopt a three-dimensional character in the solid film and a two-dimensional nature in the monolayers present in the SnS2-polymer nanocomposite.

Structure and magnetism of the mono-layer hydrate Na 0.3NiO 2 ⋅ 0.7H 2O

The mono-layer hydrate (Ni-MLH) Na 0.3NiO 2⋅0.7H 2O was synthesized with an average Ni valence close to one in the bi-layer hydrate (Ni-BLH) Na 0.3NiO 2⋅1.3H 2O. A weak unsaturated ferromagnetism and divergence of the magnetic susceptibilities of field and zero-field cooled samples of both Ni-MLH and Ni-BLH are observed. However, as a result of the increased three-dimensional electronic and magnetic character present in Ni-MLH, a frequency dependence of the AC magnetic susceptibility indicative of spin-glass-like behavior, as seen in Ni-BLH, was no longer observed.

Siting and redox properties of iron in porous ferrisilicates

Siting of iron and its ability to take part in the Fe3+ ↔ Fe2+ redox process are correlated in certain micro-and mesoporous ferrisilicates as deduced from changes in coordination and oxidation states of iron followed from in situ Mossbauer spectroscopy. The three-dimensional crystalline character stabilizes the Fe3+ state in microporous framework sites, whereas the mentioned reversible redox process proceeds more easily on extra-framework sites in microporous systems, as well as on iron located in the pore walls of the mesoporous ferrisilicates. Correlations with catalytic properties are also mentioned in certain instances.

How to do more with numbers: Elementary stakes, framing, keying, and the three-dimensional character of numerical signs

This paper investigates the various ways in which the use numbers is involved in the ordering of activity in social situations. Drawing on social studies of finance and accounting, elementary stakes within the situated use of numbers are initially considered, listing alongside the utilization of numbers as bearers of information their impact on opportunities of action, the embedding of situations, and the use of numbers as social resources. Subsequently, Erving Goffman’s method of frame analysis is drawn upon to more closely investigate how the utilization of numbers is interactively regulated. The framing of activity differentiates consumptive and reproductive utilizations of numbers, and processes of keying manage transitions between frames of consumption and reproduction. Through framing and keying, numbers acquire a three-dimensional character combining calculative, symptomatic and existential qualities. This is illustrated by a sketch of the kind of social order which unfolds when participants attempt to regulate at a distance activity embedded in networks of circulating numbers. In conclusion, there appear to be general differences between the use of numbers and the use of letters and written narrative which derive from the more immediate bearing of the use of numbers on the ordering of social situations, and particularly its unique power of upkeying.

Orbital ordering of layered manganites from resonant soft X-ray scattering

We present measurements of Mn L -edge resonant soft X-ray scattering on single-layered manganites with different sizes of cations. Orbital ordering of Pr 0.5 Ca 1.5 MnO 4 exhibits a stronger three-dimensional character and a dramatically enhanced transition temperature, as compared with those of La 0.5 Sr 1.5 MnO 4 . The c -axis correlation length of orbital ordering in Pr 0.5 Ca 1.5 MnO 4 is about half of the in-plane correlation length. Our results indicate that reduction in one-electron bandwidth and quenched disorder strongly enhances the stabilization of charge–orbital ordering.

Electronic Structure and Charge Transfer in the Ternary Intercalated Graphite β-KS0.25C3

The electronic structure of the ternary intercalated graphite beta-KS(0.25)C3 is studied by means of a first-principles density functional theory approach. The nature of the partially filled bands is analyzed, and the K sublayers of the intercalate are shown to have an important contribution to the Fermi surface. This K-based contribution confers a sizable three-dimensional character to the conductivity even if considerably less than that for the related binary KC8. The electronic structure of beta-KS(0.25)C3 differs noticeably from that of the related ternary compound, KH(x)C4. The charge transfer is analyzed, and a way to evaluate it, which can be used in general for intercalated graphites, is proposed. The charge transfer per C atom in this ternary material is shown to be smaller than that in the KC8 binary compound despite a more favorable stoichiometry ratio between K and C.

DBD modification of polyethylene powder hydrophobicity

Problems of the powder particles plasma modification are practically the same as in the case of solid films. Troubles of the powder treatment are related with its three-dimensional character, small size of particles, treated large area and problems with powder manipulation, that also must not be neglected. For modification of polymer powder surface properties like wettability and adhesion without changing powder bulk properties there have been mostly applied methods employing low temperature (cold) plasma treatment at low pressures. Presented contribution describes design and investigation of a novel plasma reactor exploiting the dielectric barrier discharge burning in air at atmospheric pressure by ambient temperature and its usability tests. For tests HDPE powder Borealis CB 9155-01 was used. This plasma reactor is of a very simple construction in comparison with other in literature described apparatuses used for this purpose and needs no vacuum equipment. Powder capillarity tests had proved significant powder capillarity changes induced by DBD plasma modification. Modification effect reduction (aging) is remarkably small (max. reduction about 20% in one year after the modification date), hence modification effect is very time stable.

Feasibility and Utility of Three‐Dimensional Color Flow Echocardiography of the Aortic Arch: The “Echocardiographic Angiogram”

Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2DE) is the most commonly used diagnostic modality to evaluate congenital and acquired abnormalities of the aortic arch. However, 2DE is frequently limited in this ability due to the three-dimensional character of the arch and its interrelationships with other vascular structures. Recently, three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) with 3D color flow Doppler became commercially available. We examined the feasibility and utility of 3DE with 3D color Doppler in the evaluation of patients with congenital (native and postoperative) abnormalities of the aortic arch. We found that 3DE color flow provides important diagnostic information in patients with aortic arch anomalies, in a manner that is quick and user-friendly. In addition, 17 of the 26 patients had their 3DE findings confirmed by additional modalities, providing reasonably significant validation for our findings with 3DE.

Chemometric modeling of core-electron binding energies

Structures of 31 small molecules were modeled at HF 6-31* level and 325 atom-type descriptors of different nature, such as electronegativity, polarizability, energy, charge, density, and steric descriptors, were calculated from molecular formula, optimized geometries, and literature data. The descriptors were employed in PLS (partial least squares) regression modeling of 59 X1s (59 X1s = 1 B1s, 27 C1s, 9 N1s, 14 O1s, and 8 F1s) core-electron binding energies (CEBEs) as unique set and also as elemental sets (C1s, N1s, O1s, and F1s). Parsimonius PLS models were obtained for all data sets (Q 2 > 0.79, R 2 > 0.84, SEV < 1.10 eV). Exploratory analyses of the PLS data sets have shown that CEBEs possess three-dimensional character which is determined by the element type of the ionized atom, electronegativity character of its chemical environment, and intramolecular stereolectronic effects.

Structural, thermal, spectroscopic and magnetic studies of the (C2N2H10)0.5[FexV1−x(HPO3)2] (x=0.26, 0.52, 0.74) solid solution

The (C{sub 2}N{sub 2}H{sub 10}){sub 0.5}[Fe {sub x}V{sub 1-x}(HPO{sub 3}){sub 2}] (x = 0.26, 0.52 0.74) compounds have been obtained by mild solvothermal conditions in the form of micro-crystalline powder with brown color. The crystal structures were refined by X-ray powder diffraction data using the Rietveld method. The compounds crystallize in the monoclinic system, space group P2/c with the unit-cell parameters, a = 9.262(5) A, b = 8.823(5) A, c = 9.714(6) A, {beta} = 120.84(3){sup o}; a = 9.245(1) A, b = 8.823(1) A, c = 9.698(1)A, {beta} = 120.80(1){sup o} and, a = 9.254(4)A, b = 8.822(4)A, c = 9.702(4)A, {beta} = 120.73(3){sup o} for (C{sub 2}N{sub 2}H{sub 10}){sub 0.5}[Fe{sub 0.26}V{sub 0.74} (HPO{sub 3}){sub 2}] (1) (C{sub 2}N{sub 2}H{sub 10}){sub 0.5}[Fe{sub 0.52}V{sub 0.48}(HPO{sub 3}){sub 2}] (2), and (C{sub 2}N{sub 2}H{sub 10}){sub 0.5}[Fe{sub 0.74}V{sub 0.26}(HPO{sub 3}){sub 2}] (3). The compounds show an open crystalline structure with three-dimensional character, whose formula for the anionic inorganic skeleton is [M(HPO{sub 3}){sub 2}]{sup 2-}. The inorganic framework is formed by [MO{sub 6}] octahedra inter-connected by phosphite groups. The structure of the compounds exhibits channels extended along the [1 0 0] and [0 0 1] directions and the ethylendiammonium cations are located inside thesemore » channels, linked through hydrogen bonds and ionic interactions. The infrared spectra show the bands corresponding to the stretching (P-H) vibration of the phosphite group and the band corresponding to the deformation mode of the ethylendiammonium cation, {delta}(NH{sub 3} {sup +}). The thermal and thermodiffractometric behavior show that the compounds are stable up to approximately 300 deg. C, at higher temperatures the decomposition of the crystal structure by calcination of the organic cation starts. The diffuse reflectance spectra show bands of the V{sup 3+} ion (d {sup 2}), and a band of the Fe{sup 3+} ion (d {sup 5}), in a slightly distorted octahedral symmetry. The values of the Dq and Racah parameters (B and C) have been calculated for the V(III) cation. Magnetic measurements were performed on a powdered sample from 5 to 300 K at magnetic fields 1000, 500 and 100 G, in the ZFC and FC modes. At the magnetic field of 1000 G antiferromagnetic interactions were observed, but at 100 G have been detected higher values of the {chi} {sub m} in the FC mode than those observed in the ZFC one, indicating the existence of a dominant ferromagnetic component at low temperature. The magnetization measurements show hystheresis loops at 5 K, with values of the remanent magnetization and coercive field of 1.91 emu/mol and 23 Gauss for (1), 25 emu/mol and 300 Gauss for (2), and 3 emu/mol and 50 Gauss for the compound (3)« less

Struktura i geneza świata w filozofii przedkrytycznej Immanuela Kanta

The article presents various themes taken from Kant’s pre-critical philosophy in the area of the philosophy of nature, including many original hypotheses and arguments that are infrequently used in his critical philosophy and are therefore less known. The author presents the innovative hypothesis connecting the three-dimensional character of space with the law of gravitation, found in Kant’s first dissertation Gedanken von der wahren Schatzung der lebendigen Krafte und Beurteilung der Beweise from 1747. He discusses the work entitled Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels , which contains Kant’s famous hypothesis about the genesis of the solar system. He also presents the so-called hand argument (found in Von dem ersten Grunde des Unterschiedes der Gegenden im Raume ), together with a short discussion.