Three-dimensional Building Research Articles

Multi-hazard performance evaluation of hillside buildings under earthquakes and landslides

Earthquake-induced landslide, a cascading hazard in hilly regions, can substantially increase the damaging effects of an earthquake. This necessitates performance evaluation of buildings situated in hilly regions under the effects of landslide-only and landslides following earthquakes. In this study, the performance of two commonly observed hillside building configurations is assessed—namely, step-back and split foundation—subjected to the above-mentioned multi-hazard scenarios using an uncoupled approach. The uncertainty in the soil properties that influence the landslide-induced forces is considered based on laboratory tests of soil samples collected from active landslide sites and an existing database of landslide events. Three-dimensional hillside buildings are analysed for uphill-side landslide scenarios by performing force-controlled non-linear static analyses. Further, a suite of earthquake ground motions is scaled to a predefined intensity level, and then non-linear time history analyses are performed to obtain the damaged state of the buildings prior to assessing the landslide response. It is observed that the earthquake loading history and its direction of excitation significantly affect the response of hillside buildings to a landslide following an earthquake. Further, the step-back building is observed to be more vulnerable to landslide damage when compared to its split foundation counterpart for a given uphill-side landslide scenario.

ІСТОРІЯ, СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН ТА НАПРЯМИ РОЗВИТКУ ГЕОЕЛЕКТРОМАГНІТНИХ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ В УКРАЇНІ

The current state and prospects for the development of geoelectromagnetic methods are considered. Problems and ways to solve them, new ideas and new tasks are discussed. Modern experimental methods of observations, universal software complexes for their processing, methods of three-dimensional model building of various geological and tectonic units of Ukraine are analyzed. The geological and geophysical interpretation results of regional and local three-dimensional models are shown. Geoelectrical inhomogeneities in the earth's crust and upper mantle of Ukraine, which are characterized by abnormally low and abnormally high values of resistivity, have been revealed. Zones of high conductivity that reach the surface are defined by subvertical heterogeneity and form a galvanically connected system. It spatially correlates with deep faults of various ranks, identified by geological data. The nature of conductivity anomalies at the depth of up to 2.5 km is due to the presence of conductive mineral associations (sulfides, graphite) in the zones of metasomatic processing rocks that lead to the formation of ore mineralization (uranium, gold, rare metals). In the earth's crust at the depths of 5–30 km and the upper mantle of 50–120 km, most likely, traces of the influence of modern mantle fluids are reflected. More and more often, according to the latest data, the nature of anomalies is considered as the result of the joint activity of electronic and ionic conductivity. Conductivity anomalies of the earth's crust and upper mantle indicate possible zones of geodynamic activation, and deep faults are defined by zones of increased permeability through which mantle fluids are unloaded through the lithosphere. In particular, the connection of conductivity anomalies on the territory of Ukraine with the processes of petroleum and ore deposit formation is demonstrated.

Roof Segmentation From Airborne LiDAR Using Octree-Based Hybrid Region Growing and Boundary Neighborhood Verification Voting

Building roof segmentation is a key step in the process of three-dimensional (3D) building reconstruction using airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) point cloud data. Voxel-based region growing is one of the most widely used methods to segment planes because of its high efficiency and easy implementation, but it is easy to omit roof planes due to the unreasonable voxel size and the complex roof structures. In addition, boundaries between adjacent roof planes are inaccurate. To solve the issues, a roof segmentation method using octree-based hybrid region growing and boundary neighborhood verification voting is proposed. First, an octree-based voxelization is performed on the raw building points to generate two basic units: planar voxels and individual points (i.e., points that are not in the planar voxels). Then, the hybrid region growing is conducted on these two basic units to segment coarse roof planes. A parameter-free boundary neighborhood verification voting strategy is used to assign the boundary points to the correct roof planes by verifying the neighborhoods of the boundary points and using reliable neighborhood information. Experimental results of four datasets, including two datasets provided by the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS), and two high-density datasets provided by OpenTopography, verify that roof planes can be successfully segmented by the proposed method with over 96.8% completeness and a minimum 93.2% correctness. In addition, boundary points are assigned to the correct roof planes by the neighborhood verification voting strategy. Thus, the segmented roof planes can be used in various applications.

Non-Linear Analysis of URM Structures through a Multi-Unit Discretization Approach

This paper presents a benchmark study for the numerical simulation of unreinforced masonry walls under lateral loads using a new modelling strategy. The proposed MUDis (Multi-unit discretization) procedure foresees the discretization of masonry walls into a layout composed of modules, with pre-established geometry and sizes, identified to appropriately reproduce the typical in-plane collapse behaviour of masonry walls subjected to lateral loading. These modules are made of four elastic units separated by nonlinear interface elements that allow to reproduce the failure mechanisms along their surfaces. The mechanical parameters of the interface elements are described through appropriate parametric formulas that modify the “combined cracking-shearing-crushing” model proposed by Lourenco and widely used in the simplified micro-modelling of masonry structures for FE analysis purposes. The reliability of the proposed procedure, already calibrated and validated for two-dimensional panels, is assessed by reproducing the experimental behaviour of a more complex structure subjected to pushover analyses. The benchmark test considered herein is a masonry façade belonging to a three-dimensional building experimentally tested under lateral loads for which results are available in literature.

Three-dimensional building of anisotropic gold nanoparticles under confinement in submicron capsules.

The low collision rate and contact time of gold nanoparticles (NPs) in solution afford a low welding probability, which hinders their welding structure, orientation, and dimension. Encapsulated anisotropic NPs, gold nanotriangles (AuNTs), were successfully assembled into a three-dimensional structure inside a permeable silica nanocapsule under light illumination to generate localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). AuNTs were trapped in the permeable silica nanocapsules and diffused in the nanospace because of copolymer release, which increased the contact probability of AuNTs and promoted the three-dimensional building of AuNTs. Electron energy loss mapping simulations revealed that the obtained three-dimensional AuNT structure exhibited spatially separated multiple LSPR modes with different energies of incident light, which are photophysically attractive beyond the facet-selective chemical growth of NPs, and postmodification for anchoring substances with site-selective attachment to the obtained structure will be applicable to expand the sensing design and class of substances for sensing.

도심 녹지공원이 지표흐름에 미치는 영향

In this study, the effects of surface temperature and roughness length of green-park in the urban area on the surface wind was analyzed using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Three-dimensional configurations and buildings for evaluation on the real urban were numerically constructed based on the geographic information system(GIS) data. The sensitivity experiments with differential heating of the surface temperature in the park area, it is shown that the overall flow pattern was wind direction similar to the inflow(NE). In the upwind area, the wind from the park flowed into the a cluster of building to form a circulating wind and in the downwind area, the flow was separated and the wind speed was decreased because many buildings were concentrated. The changes of roughness length influences a slight effects on the surface wind. In the case of simulation results compared to observations, the wind speed was somewhat overestimated (about +0.07 m/s). It is also suggested that the roughness length and differential heating of surface should be necessary for CFD modeling.

Coordinate Frames and Transformations in GNSS Ray-Tracing for Autonomous Driving in Urban Areas

3D Mapping-Aided (3DMA) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a widely used method to mitigate multipath errors. Various research has been presented which utilizes 3D building model data in conjunction with ray-tracing algorithms to compute and predict satellites’ visibility conditions and compute delays caused by signal reflection. To simulate, model and potentially correct multipath errors in highly dynamic applications, such as, e.g., autonomous driving, the satellite–receiver–reflector geometry has to be known precisely in a common reference frame. Three-dimensional building models are often provided by regional public or private services and the coordinate information is usually given in a coordinate system of a map projection. Inconsistencies in the coordinate frames used to express the satellite and user coordinates, as well as the reflector surfaces, lead to falsely determined multipath errors and, thus, reduce the performance of 3DMA GNSS. This paper aims to provide the needed transformation steps to consider when integrating 3D building model data, user position, and GNSS orbit information. The impact of frame inconsistencies on the computed extra path delay is quantified based on a simulation study in a local 3D building model; they can easily amount to several meters. Differences between the extra path-delay computations in a metric system and a map projection are evaluated and corrections are proposed to both variants depending on the accuracy needs and the intended use.

Data-driven prediction of energy consumption of district cooling systems (DCS) based on the weather forecast data

Accurate prediction of energy consumption is the theoretical basis to achieve the low-carbon operation and maintenance of building HVAC systems. Existing studies either use only partial weather data resulting in low accuracy or need to build a three-dimensional building model which is difficult to achieve. The aim of this study is to develop a simple and convenient model for the energy consumption prediction of DCS using easily obtained weather data. To achieve the above purpose, this investigation first analyzes the linear correlation between the outdoor environmental parameters with the actual measured energy consumption data. It indicated that partial weather data and energy consumption data have the highest linear correlation. Then, the backpropagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) algorithm was adopted to construct the energy consumption prediction model and the main parameters affecting its prediction performance were determined. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed BP-ANN model was tested. The results showed that the proposed energy consumption prediction model driven by weather data was suitable for the energy consumption prediction of a district comprising multiple buildings without requiring details of buildings and systems. In addition, the proposed method is not only helpful to the energy consumption prediction and intelligent operation and maintenance of DCS, but also can be transferred to any district comprising multiple buildings easily.

Development of Augmented Reality Based Learning Media on The Topic of Spatial Geometry for Elementary School Students

Spatial structures are three-dimensional buildings that contain space or volume within them and are bounded by sides. The rapid advancement of technology in the world of information technology and computers has also influenced the field of education, offering various conveniences and innovations. Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that can combine two-dimensional or three-dimensional virtual objects into a real environment and then project these virtual objects in real-time. With AR technology, it is expected to provide innovation in the creation of learning media and new learning experiences in understanding and studying spatial structures, thereby attracting the interest of elementary school students to learn this subject matter.

Review: Building with Paper: The Materiality of Renaissance Architectural Drawings

Review: <i>Building with Paper: The Materiality of Renaissance Architectural Drawings</i>

Evaluating the impacts of three-dimensional building morphology on urban near-surface energy fluxes: A case study in Beijing, China

Large-scale urbanization is associated with three-dimensional (3D) urban morphology variations worldwide. 3D building morphology alters the partitioning of urban near-surface energy fluxes and varies both temporally and spatially. Taking Beijing in China, as a case study, we modeled 64 scenarios to explore the relationships between 3D building morphology and urban ground-surface energy fluxes by adopting the ENVI-met model. We found that (1) the dimension of 3D fractal (3DF) significantly influences all the urban energy balance indicators. (2) Large values of 3DF cause decreases in the incoming shortwave radiation of 85.0 W/m2, 50.0 W/m2, 200.0 W/m2, and 125.0 W/m2 in summer, winter, summer daytime, and winter daytime, respectively. Correspondingly, the energy balance pattern varies with season and daytime/nighttime. (3) The explanatory power of 3DSI for the atmosphere–soil energy processes was weak and did not exceed 15 %. These findings can enhance our understanding of the effects of 3D building morphology on energy exchanges and provide information relevant to the management of 3D building morphology at a fine scale.

Optimal ground motion intensity measure for seismic assessment of high-rise reinforced concrete structures

The ground motion intensity measure is a key parameter affecting the accuracy of probabilistic seismic demand analysis (PSDA). This paper uses the incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) results of 12 three-dimensional reinforced concrete (RC) high-rise structures to explore the efficiency and sufficiency of a spectral acceleration Sa(T) intensity measure (IM) in a continuous period T (0–8 s). Subsequently, the effects of higher modes and period softening on the results are investigated. Controlling periods – that is, the lower and upper bounds of periods – across the spectrum are also examined in order to propose an optimal IM Sa,GM that considers the effects of higher modes and nonlinear softening on the seismic responses of three-dimensional high-rise buildings. Finally, the proposed optimal IM Sa,GM is compared to the widely used IM of spectral acceleration at the first-mode period Sa(T1) of the structure and the improved IM Sa¯, which considers the first n modes in the field, based on the criteria of efficiency, practicality, sufficiency, proficiency, and scaling robustness. The results indicate that the efficiency and sufficiency of the IM Sa(T) fluctuate with increasing periods T and are affected by higher modes and period softening. Furthermore, the proposed optimal IM Sa,GM exhibits a significant decrease in dispersion with respect to the structural response (efficiency) and scores higher on sufficiency, practicality, proficiency, and effectivity robustness than the IMs Sa(T1) and Sa¯.

Three-dimensional probabilistic assessment of tunneling induced structural damage using Monte-Carlo method and hybrid finite element model

Probabilistic assessment methods can be used to estimate engineering demand parameters under significant uncertainty, such as in the assessment of building damage due to tunneling. This paper develops a new empirical, theoretical and finite element hybrid three-dimensional model, in which the soil–structure interaction is considered and window and door openings are modeled explicitly, to achieve a reasonably fast and accurate damage prediction. The proposed model is embedded in a Monte-Carlo based probabilistic assessment approach, so that the building damage probabilities under different input uncertainty can be computed. Typical methods to quantify the input uncertainty in tunnel-soil–structure interaction practice are suggested. The probabilistic assessment method and a variance-based (Sobol’s) sensitivity analysis are implemented with a computer program that runs in higher-performance computing clusters, and demonstrated with two case studies. The significance of the soil–structure interaction effect and three-dimensional building effect are studied.

Evaluation of Urban Spatial Structure from the Perspective of Socioeconomic Benefits Based on 3D Urban Landscape Measurements: A Case Study of Beijing, China

Urban spatial structures (USS) play an essential role in urbanization. Understanding the impact of USS patterns on their socioeconomic benefits is crucial to evaluating urban structure quality. Previous studies have, primarily, relied on statistical data and have significant temporal consistency and spatial accuracy limitations. Moreover, previous evaluation methods mainly determined the weight of indicators based on subjective assessments, such as the Delphi method, without integrating the actual socioeconomic benefits of complex urban systems. By measuring the two-dimensional (2D) urban functional landscape patterns and three-dimensional (3D) building forms of the city and considering the level of urban socioeconomic vitality as revealed by nighttime light intensity (NTLI), this study explores the influence of urban spatial structure on socioeconomic vitality. It provides a new perspective for evaluating the USS level. Furthermore, a comprehensive index, namely the Spatial Structure Socioeconomic Benefit Index (SSSBI), was constructed to quantify the socioeconomic benefits of USS. The results showed that (1) the impact of spatial structure on NTLI differs significantly with the distribution of urban functional landscape patterns and building forms. (2) The combined effect of any two spatial structure factors on NTLI was higher than the effect of each factor separately, indicating that multiple dimensions can improve urban spatial construction. (3) This study quantitatively extracts the characteristics of USS from multiple scales, which helps to find the optimal evaluation scale and build a scientific and objective evaluation model. The results showed that the USS assessment based on the SSSBI index is practical. This study could provide a reference for the government’s urban planning and land-use decisions.

Reconstructing compact building models from point clouds using deep implicit fields

While three-dimensional (3D) building models play an increasingly pivotal role in many real-world applications, obtaining a compact representation of buildings remains an open problem. In this paper, we present a novel framework for reconstructing compact, watertight, polygonal building models from point clouds. Our framework comprises three components: (a) a cell complex is generated via adaptive space partitioning that provides a polyhedral embedding as the candidate set; (b) an implicit field is learned by a deep neural network that facilitates building occupancy estimation; (c) a Markov random field is formulated to extract the outer surface of a building via combinatorial optimization. We evaluate and compare our method with state-of-the-art methods in generic reconstruction, model-based reconstruction, geometry simplification, and primitive assembly. Experiments on both synthetic and real-world point clouds have demonstrated that, with our neural-guided strategy, high-quality building models can be obtained with significant advantages in fidelity, compactness, and computational efficiency. Our method also shows robustness to noise and insufficient measurements, and it can directly generalize from synthetic scans to real-world measurements. The source code of this work is freely available at https://github.com/chenzhaiyu/points2poly.

X-ray imaging of the magnetic configuration of a three-dimensional artificial spin ice building block

The extension of artificial spin systems to the third dimension offers advances in functionalities and opportunities for technological applications. One of the main challenges facing their realization is the fabrication of three-dimensional geometries with nanoscale resolution. In this work, we combine two-photon lithography with deformation-free pyrolysis and a GdCo coating to create a three-dimensional (3D) tripod structure that represents a building block of an 3D artificial spin ice, surrounded by a two-dimensional magnetic film. We map the three-dimensional magnetic configuration of the structure and its surroundings using soft x-ray magnetic laminography. In this way, we determine the magnetic configuration of the tripod nanostructure to be in the low-energy two-in-one-out spin ice state, observed at the 2D vertex of a kagome ice and predicted for three-dimensional vertices of magnetic buckyball structures. In contrast to isolated vertices, the degeneracy of this state can be lifted by the surrounding film, which also offers a route toward the controlled injection of emergent charges. This demonstration of the building block of a 3D spin system represents the first step toward the realization and understanding of more complex 3D artificial spin systems.

Implementation of augmented reality on historical monuments in Gorontalo Province

Several historical monument buildings in the city of Gorontalo with important colonial historical features have been designated as cultural reserves. The unavailability of information media that can be accessed by visitors so that visitors do not know in detail about the historical place visited, by implementing augmented reality (AR) technology as access to information media using multimedia development life cycle (MDLC) methods, visitors can access information freely and in real time, by presenting information and also displaying three-dimensional (3D) monument buildings with android devices. Based on research conducted, the design of AR applications is used to create an information media, and also one of the methods of introducing gorontalo historical monuments that can be used for prospective visitors outside the area and within the area. Implementing AR on historical monuments in Gorontalo Provides a new alternative, in utilizing technology by providing an information medium for historical monuments in Gorontalo.

Study on Fine Management of Construction Engineering Projects Based on BIM Technology: Taking the Construction of Group C Project of Zibo Cultural Center as an Example

The roof steel structure of group C project of Zibo cultural center is composed of steel truss, welded H-shaped steel and large-diameter steel pipe embedded parts. The construction of embedded parts of inclined cylinder overhanging steel structure is difficult. The stair square tube ladder beam requires precise angles and radians, complex processing, and construction site setting out is difficult. A three-dimensional visual building information model has been established for this projects which includes several aspects which are as follows: the development of the post anchor construction technology of large steel sleeve embedded parts with inclined cylinders based on Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology, multi discipline synthesis and collision optimization, the net height optimization of electromechanical pipelines, fine reinforcement management, BIM virtual construction template. Through this planning, 14908 pipeline collisions, including 236 major collisions have been eliminated. BIM is used in handling and solving problems with the construction unit and the supervision company. This greatly improves the project work efficiency and saves meeting time. Through optimization of electromechanical line collision and secondary masonry layout, more than RMB 9 million has been saved in terms of personnel and materials, effectively reducing material losses, saving manpower, and significantly improving the implementation efficiency of the project. Based on the on-site simulation, the project planning scheme of the enterprise was adjusted, efficient work allocation with less idle time were ensured, and the correct utilization of project funds and time were ensured. The original extensive annual control and monthly control have been dynamically and accurately controlled to realize the dynamic understanding of the profits and losses of the project, and effectively reduce the occurrence of non-ideal situations.

Digital Building Diagnostics

Abstract Englisch Many manual steps are usually required in the acquisition, evaluation and presentation of building diagnostic results. In the case of questions with practical relevance several non-destructive testing methods and conventional building diagnostic are customary used. The data obtained are heterogeneous and available in a wide variety of types and formats, including as manual records in measurement protocols or digitally stored on various measuring devices as well. As part of the research project "Digital Building Diagnostics", the project partners (University of Applied Sciences Erfurt, Marx Krontal Partner and Bau-Consult Hermsdorf) are developing methods and procedures to digitize the sub-processes of non-destructive building diagnostics procedures on concrete structures like GPR, ultrasound echo among others and, if possible, to automate them. Essential information is to be digitally recorded with a recording tool and stored in a database already on the building. In the office, further measurement data from the non-destructive test procedures are transferred to the database with the help of a converter. Imaging processes are evaluated by experienced engineers and the results are also stored in the database. With the help of an evaluation tool, data from the database is aggregated in a semi-automated manner and evaluated with subject-specific algorithms. The individual results and the evaluations are located and visualized in a three-dimensional building model. Through the representation in three-dimensional space, connections can be better recognized, and more precise conclusions can be drawn.

Three-dimensional and high-resolution building energy simulation applied to phase change materials in a passive solar room

Phase change materials (PCMs) reduce energy consumption and improve indoor thermal comfort in buildings. Various numerical models have been developed to evaluate the thermal performance of the PCMs integrated into building enclosures. To remain computationally efficient, these models typically adopt a trade-off between the ability to investigate complex and realistic configurations and the prediction accuracy of the heat transfer associated with the phase change. This study developed a model to simulate a room with three-dimensional heat conduction in PCM-integrated walls and to analyze the surface heat balances with high resolution. The model was validated using experimental data of a passive solar test cell with a non-uniform and dynamic thermal environment. The model was then applied to investigate the PCMs integrated into the test cell during the summer. The PCM with a narrow phase change temperature range and a thickness of approximately 10mm was highly effective in reducing the indoor temperature fluctuations; the peak surface temperature was reduced by up to 6°C in the sun patch, and the operative temperature fluctuations decreased by up to 2.6°C. The PCM integration could be limited to the sun patch trajectory on the wall surfaces to optimize its utilization and limit the installation cost.