Source Of Threat Research Articles

A novel generative adversarial network-based fuzzing cases generation method for industrial control system protocols

With the interconnection and networking of industrial control systems (ICS), security vulnerabilities in ICS protocols have become a major source of threats to these systems. In order to discover these vulnerabilities and maintain ICS security, generative adversarial network-based fuzz testing (Fuzzing) has been introduced as a popular method to discover vulnerabilities in industrial control system protocols (ICSPs). However, the current approach based on generative adversarial network fuzz testing suffers from problems in terms of compatibility and repetitive generation of test examples, and low acceptance rate. To address these issues, this paper proposes a fuzzing approach based on the synergy of Wasserstein Generative Intelligent Networks (WGAN) and Variation Autoencoder (VAE). In addition, we design an intelligent fuzz framework, WGGFuzz, to efficiently generate a large number of test cases while ensuring the accuracy of the testing results for efficiently generating a large number of test cases in a short period of time. The framework, which does not incorporate ICSPs applicable to a wide range of, shows through experiments that WGGFuzz can be able to achieve 91% in terms of TCRR, 1.41 in terms of ATE, and better performance in terms of DGD.

Epidemiological, Virulence, and Antibiotic Resistance Analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae, a Major Source of Threat to Livestock and Poultry in Some Regions of Xinjiang, China.

Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is recognized as a zoonotic pathogen with an increasing threat to livestock and poultry. However, research on K. pneumoniae of animal origin remains limited. To address the gap, a comprehensive investigation was carried out by collecting a total of 311 samples from the farms of four animal species (dairy cow, chicken, sheep, and pig) in selected areas of Xinjiang, China. Isolates were identified by khe gene amplification and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Genotyping of K. pneumonia isolates was performed using wzi typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). PCR was employed to identify virulence and resistance genes. An antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer method. The findings revealed an isolation of 62 K. pneumoniae strains, with an average isolation rate of 19.94%, with the highest proportion originating from cattle sources (33.33%). Over 85.00% of these isolates harbored six virulence genes (wabG, uge, fimH, markD, entB, and ureA); while more than 75.00% of isolates possessed four resistance genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, oqxA, and gyrA). All isolates exhibited complete resistance to ampicillin and demonstrated substantial resistance to sulfisoxazole, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and enrofloxacin, with an antibiotic resistance rate of more than 50%. Furthermore, 48.39% (30/62) of isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, with a significantly higher isolation rate observed in the swine farms (66.67%) compared to other farms. Genetic characterization revealed the classification of the 62 isolates into 30 distinct wzi allele types or 35 different sequence types (STs). Notably, we identified K. pneumoniae strains of dairy and swine origin belonging to the same ST42 and wzi33-KL64 types, as well as strains of dairy and chicken origin belonging to the same wzi31-KL31-K31 type. These findings emphasize the widespread occurrence of drug-resistant K. pneumoniae across diverse animal sources in Xinjiang, underscoring the high prevalence of multidrug resistance. Additionally, our results suggest the potential for animal-to-animal transmission of K. pneumoniae and there was a correlation between virulence genes and antibiotic resistance genes. Moreover, the current study provides valuable data on the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and genetic diversity of K. pneumoniae originating from diverse animal sources in Xinjiang, China.

Improved Perception of Aggression Under (un)Related Threat of Shock.

Anxiety shifts visual attention and perceptual mechanisms, preparing oneself to detect potentially threatening information more rapidly. Despite being demonstrated for threat-related social stimuli, such as fearful expressions, it remains unexplored if these effects encompass other social cues of danger, such as aggressive gestures/actions. To this end, we recruited a total of 65 participants and asked them to identify, as quickly and accurately as possible, potentially aggressive actions depicted by an agent. By introducing and manipulating the occurrence of electric shocks, we induced safe and threatening conditions. In addition, the association between electric shocks and aggression was also manipulated. Our result showed that participants have improved sensitivity, with no changes to criterion, when detecting aggressive gestures during threat compared to safe conditions. Furthermore, drift diffusion model analysis showed that under threat participants exhibited faster evidence accumulation toward the correct perceptual decision. Lastly, the relationship between threat source and aggression appeared to not impact any of the effects described above. Overall, our results indicate that the benefits gained from states of anxiety, such as increased sensitivity toward threat and greater evidence accumulation, are transposable to social stimuli capable of signaling danger other than facial expressions.

When ‘fear factors’ motivate people to adopt electric vehicles in India: An empirical investigation of the protection motivation theory

Climatic extremes have caused immense harm around the world. Its harm in terms of the proportion of people and regions affected continues to increase every single day. Due to people's psychological distance from such climatic threats, active initiatives are not undertaken for mitigation of its source. Rather, localized short-term solutions are marking a new status-quo. This study examines if fear can be used as a motivator to nudge people away from the psychological distance and motivate them to adopt electric vehicles (EVs). While subsidies and tax rebates are popularly adopted means to boost demand and supply of EVs, monetary incentives are costly to sustain for developing nations, amidst their diverse priorities. Instead, use of motivators like ‘fear’ is cheap, yet not much explored. Using the protection motivation theory, the study interviews 1112 Indian individuals, to examine if fear can nudge EV adoption. Using structural equation modeling and mediation analysis, the study finds that the expectation of personal harm from climatic threats can nudge one to actively mitigate the source of threat. Various aspects of threat and the associated coping processes that need to be triggered sequentially to nudge the formation of a pro-environmental intention to adopt EVs are also outlined.

Foreign Investments as a Factor Ensuring Economic Security of Ukraine

The article explores the theoretical foundations of the concepts of «security», «national security», «economic security», «investment security», and their interrelations within the components of a state's national security. The necessity of attracting foreign investments while considering economic security is emphasized. The authors propose their interpretation of the definition of «investment security in the sphere of foreign investment». Characteristics of national interests in the field of investment security are provided, and directions for forming a system to ensure it are identified. Sources of threats to attracting foreign investments for the domestic economy are identified. The dynamics of the balance of payments according to the financial account and the volumes of foreign direct investments for the years 2014-2023 are examined, providing insight into the country's investment climate. Attention is drawn to the significance of Ukraine's investment attractiveness index, which has been the lowest in the past decade since the onset of full-scale military aggression. This indicates that the investment climate in Ukraine does not contribute to an increase in foreign investment volumes. The analysis focuses on key indicators of investment security, including the investment attractiveness index and the ratio of net FDI inflows to GDP. It is elucidated that since 2016, there has predominantly been a deficit in the balance of payments, and the share of accumulation of foreign direct investment relative to GDP has not reached the threshold level of the indicator. It is highlighted that apart from state-level security factors, there are those that depend directly on the activities of economic entities, particularly the level of timeliness of accounting and analytical support for foreign investments. The main directions of ensuring economic security in the process of attracting foreign capital are determined.

ВЫЯВЛЕНИЕ ПРОБЛЕМ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ МЕТОДОМ СИСТЕМАТИЧЕСКОГО ОБЗОРА ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

The field of information security covers a wide range of technical, organizational and social aspects, requiring information security specialists to take a unique and comprehensive approach to the development, support, operation, evaluation and improvement of information security management systems. An important element of successful information protection is the accurate identification and assessment of risks and vulnerabilities that may become a source of threats. In existing publications, as a rule, it is assumed that specialists have the necessary experience and knowledge to conduct risk analysis. However, in the dynamic world of information technology and threats, an information security specialist faces a huge amount of information and potential risks that are constantly evolving. Because of this, it is an impossible task to keep in mind all kinds of threats to information security. 
 The purpose is to identify actual problems of information security, potentially acting as sources of information security risk, based on the method of systematic review of the literature. Results: 73 actual problems of information security have been identified, which an information security specialist should take into account in his activities. Understanding these issues makes it possible to develop more effective protection strategies, as well as to make informed and informed decisions when developing and applying security measures.

Automated Mapping of Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures to MITRE ATT&CK Tactics

Effectively understanding and categorizing vulnerabilities is vital in the ever-evolving cybersecurity landscape, since only one exposure can have a devastating effect on the entire system. Given the increasingly massive number of threats and the size of modern infrastructures, the need for structured, uniform cybersecurity knowledge systems arose. To tackle this challenge, the MITRE Corporation set up two powerful sources of cyber threat and vulnerability information, namely the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) list focused on identifying and fixing software vulnerabilities, and the MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise Matrix, which is a framework for defining and categorizing adversary actions and ways to defend against them. At the moment, the two are not directly linked, even if such a link would have a significant positive impact on the cybersecurity community. This study aims to automatically map CVEs to the corresponding 14 MITRE ATT&CK tactics using state-of-the-art transformer-based models. Various architectures, from encoders to generative large-scale models, are employed to tackle this multilabel classification problem. Our results are promising, with a SecRoBERTa model performing best with an F1 score of 77.81%, which is closely followed by SecBERT (78.77%), CyBERT (78.54%), and TARS (78.01%), while GPT-4 showed a weak performance in zero-shot settings (22.04%). In addition, we perform an in-depth error analysis to better understand the models’ performance and limitations. We release the code used for all experiments as open source.

Celebrating organizational history triggers social identity threat among Black Americans

Many mainstream organizations celebrate their historical successes. In their history, however, they often marginalized racial minorities, women, and other underrepresented groups. We suggest that when organizations celebrate their histories, even without mentioning historical marginalization, they can undermine belonging and intentions to join the organization among historically marginalized groups. Four experiments demonstrate that Black participants who were exposed to an organization that celebrated their history versus the present showed reduced belonging and intentions to participate in the organization. These effects were mediated by expectations of biased treatment in the organization. Further, when organizations had a history of Black people in power, celebrating history was no longer threatening, highlighting that the negative effects of celebrating history are most likely when organizations are or are assumed to be majority-White and have treated Black Americans poorly. Taken together, these findings suggest that emphasizing organizational history can be a source of social identity threat among Black Americans.

Use and management of seagrass ecosystems in southwestern Madagascar

Madagascar’s seagrass meadows are among the least-studied ecosystems in the western Indian Ocean region. To facilitate sustainable management, understanding the traditional uses of seagrass areas in relation to current management policies is necessary. This study assessed the uses of, and policies relevant to, seagrass ecosystems off southwestern Madagascar. We interviewed 131 community members in five coastal villages around the Bay of Ranobe in Toliara Province. Answers to the survey revealed a good level of awareness of seagrass, though 55% of respondents perceived the status of the seagrass areas as deteriorating. Opinions varied on the source or degree of threats to seagrass, but 74.8% of respondents suggested destructive fishing methods or other factors, including natural phenomena and animal grazing. The responses highlight that seagrass meadows serve as areas important for fishing, seaweed cultivation or sea cucumber farming, and the passage of boat/pirogue transportation. There are currently no tangible policies that directly protect or manage the seagrass areas regarding these activities, although some national regulations and local management initiatives are indirectly relevant, notably no-take zones and the local-level codes known as Dina. Development and implementation of a national management plan for seagrass ecosystems is a key gap. This demands the collection of scientific data to support decision-making to ensure long-term provision of the services provided by seagrass meadows. The involvement of coastal communities in the management of seagrass ecosystems will be necessary for the success of any new policies.

Information-technical simulation of the elimination of the consequences of military actions and man-made disasters in the territory of Ukraine

The work is devoted to solving the scientific and practical task of modeling the elimination of the consequences of military operations and man-made disasters on the territory of Ukraine.Military actions and emergency situations are situations that lead to harmful social, economic and environmental consequences. In the crisis period, rescue measures are carried out, aimed at localizing the consequences of the manifestation of the sources of threat and increasing the survivability of regional components in the affected areas. Territorial distribution, heterogeneity, multi-connectivity and dynamism of impactful impacts and protective measures significantly complicate the processes of managing natural and man-made safety. The purpose of the article is to formulate the formulation of the problem of modeling the liquidation of the consequences of military operations and man-made disasters on the territory of Ukraine, using the principles of a systemic approach. The classification of sources of emergency situations based on the causes of their occurrence, different types of affected objects depending on the nature of behavior in extreme conditions, different types of protection resources that implement the necessary protective measures is given. To find the optimal plan for the use of forces and means of the man-made security system at the stage of liquidation of the consequences of military disasters and man-made disasters, a program-target approach to planning using the Pareto function of the system was used. Direct and inverse problems of finding the optimal plan are considered. The selection of objects for a direct task is carried out in order according to their priority. When solving the inverse problem, objects are selected until a given level of system effect is reached, which accumulates during the selection process. In crisis situations caused by dangerous events, it is important to take effective rescue measures to localize and reduce the consequences of accidental and threatening situations. The main goal of such measures is not only to increase the survivability of the regions in the affected areas, but also to ensure the rapid restoration of the normal functioning of society after the crisis.

RAC-Chain: An Asynchronous Consensus-based Cross-chain Approach to Scalable Blockchain for Metaverse

The metaverse, as an emerging technical term, conceptually aims to construct a virtual digital space that runs parallel to the physical world. Due to human behaviors and interactions being represented in the virtual world, security in the metaverse is a challenging issue in which the traditional centralized service model is one of the threat sources. To conquer the obstacle caused by centralized computing, blockchain-based solutions are potential problem-solving methods. However, it is difficult for a single blockchain to support large-scale data and business services in the metaverse, due to the scalability restrictions. Moreover, multi-chain settings also encounter the interoperability issues. In this work, we propose a Relay chain and Asynchronous consensus-based Consortium blockchain cross-Chain model, which realizes message transmission and cross-chain transactions in multiple chains by adopting the relay chain and cross-chain gateways. All nodes of the application chains and the relay chain execute cross-chain transactions in sequence and reach a consensus on transactions at any transmission delay. Our experiment evaluations demonstrate that our approach performs well in atomicity, security, and functionality (cross-chain transactions), such that the performance of blockchain scalability in the metaverse can be improved, compared with the traditional relay chain schemes.

The Main Directions of Using Information Technology in Solving Drug Trafficking Crimes

Introduction: modern society is conditioned by the growth of drug trafficking, which leads to an expansion of the scale and an increase in the rate of narcotization of the most able-bodied and reproductive age groups. Thus, the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation has determined that one of the sources of threats to state and public security is the activities of criminal organizations and groups engaged in drugs trafficking and psychotropic substances. The use of information technology is crucial in the distribution of narcotic drugs. In order to identify and prevent crimes committed in this way the employees of law enforcement agencies, and primarily, the employees of operational units, need special knowledge in the field of information technology. The improvement of special knowledge used in operational investigative activities, as well as in the preliminary investigation of drug trafficking crimes, is due to the need to develop the methodological recommendations and implement them in practice. The purpose of the study is to identify relevant theoretical and applied problems of methodological support for detecting and solving drug trafficking crimes committed using information technology and systems based on the use of forensic knowledge about the latest computer technologies and information resources. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: 1) to consider the main characteristics of crimes related to drug trafficking on the Internet; 2) to investigate the mechanism of activity of online stores selling narcotic drugs; 3) To analyze the problems of counteraction to the contactless method of distribution of narcotic drugs using information technology; 4) to study the main directions of using information technology in solving drug trafficking crimes. Research methods: the nature of the issues under consideration determined the application of a set of complementary research methods: theoretical and empirical. The theoretical methods: the study and analysis of literature, Internet resources. The empirical methods: on the basis of periodicals and in electronic publications on the Internet, to study the latest methods and characteristics of committing crimes in the field of information technology, as well as the methods of their detection and investigation using information and telecommunication technologies and systems by employees of operational units. Generalization method: the conclusions are drawn based on the results of the work as a whole.

Intersectoral adaptation of Ukrainian farms in the context of war

In the current economic environment, farms must respond to the challenges of the external environment and look for mechanisms to adapt and overcome the crisis, as well as diversify their business as additional sources of income. Therefore, the study of possible cross-sectoral adaptations of farms is a relevant research topic. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide a scientific basis for the predicates of diversification of farms' activities in overcoming the challenges of war. The study is based on classical approaches to management and marketing, as well as foresight predicates of agricultural development. The content of adaptation directions of farms' development was interpreted using empirical methods. The article analyses the sources of risks and threats, identifies targets and key aspects of the formation of intersectoral adaptation of farms: metrics, goals and foresight competences. As a result of the study of macro trends in the security of the agricultural sector, hypothetical analytical generalisations were formed, due to the uncertainty of the timeframe of the war and the impossibility of calculating the expected losses. Thus, the study made it possible to formulate theoretical and practical insights into the formation of adaptation mechanisms in the strategic perspective. The author substantiates the need for systematic and continuous monitoring of threats and invasions by systematising traditional and forecasting new risks. The key determinants of foresight adaptation under the influence of global trends are formulated. The mechanism of its implementation is presented through the identification of areas of intersectoral adaptation. The study is of practical value, generating information for farms, rural communities, stakeholders and potential investors who can benefit from the foresight of prospects and expectations formed in the context of cross-sectoral adaptation of farms in the post-war period

Inisiasi Pembentukan Angkatan Siber dan Digital dalam Organisasi Tentara Nasional Indonesia

In the era of digital transformation, every country in the world must be able to adapt and adopt these changes as a strategy to strengthen national defense because cyberspace in relation to international relations can be a source of various potential threats, vulnerabilities, and insecurity in the international order. China recognized the importance of AI in shaping the future global economic, military and geopolitical environment, and launched the "Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan." which aims to become a global leader in AI by 2030. The research method used is prescriptive analysis and qualitative data analysis. Based on the results of the study, there are 4 (four) important points to realize this, namely the alignment of regulations related to cyber and digital in Indonesia with the initiation with revisions both in the form of proposed new articles and / or reviews in Law Number 34 of 2004 concerning the Indonesian National Army, then digital infrastructure development in Indonesia, digital literacy development in Indonesia, and appropriate personnel mobilization strategies based on the state of human resources in Indonesia.

Scientific and legal support for the formation and development of the constitutional economy in the Republic of Belarus.

Еmphasizes the increasing role of the constitutional economy in regulating economic relations and ensuring the economic security of the state in the face of new challenges and threats. It is stated that the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Belarus in its decisions consistently focuses on the formation of a constitutional economy as the most important component of the social rule of law and the constitutional value that determines the economic development strategy. At the same time, the lack of development of this issue by Belarusian science, the lack of comprehensive research in the field of constitutional economics as an interdisciplinary scientific and legal and practical direction at the intersection of law and economics is noted. In this regard, the goal was set to justify the need and give theoretical and applied prospects for the scientific support of the formation and development of the constitutional economy in Belarus. Based on the use of dialectical, general scientific and private scientific methods, including the comparative legal method, the author considers the genesis and differences of the Western and Russian schools of constitutional economics, considers its essential characteristics, analyzes the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Belarus and the opinion of scientists on its subject and content, delineates this direction with “economic analysis of law”. According to the results of the study, the refined concept of constitutional economy as a scientific and practical direction was formulated, the main components of its concept were disclosed, among which the opposition to monopolistic activities and the development of competition were highlighted. It was proposed in the draft updated Concept of National Security to classify the formation and development of a constitutional economy as one of the main directions for neutralizing internal sources of threats in the economic sphere. The conclusion is argued about the high level of demand for scientific and applied research in the field of constitutional economics. The problem field of such studies was outlined, a set of tasks and an approximate list of program issues were developed, for the solution of which it is proposed to create a scientific school of constitutional economics in Belarus and a number of measures are given to establish it.

Designing energy-aware collaborative intrusion detection in IoT networks

The Internet of Things (IoT) with its evolution brings many benefits to people’s routine life, while at the same time posing various security challenges, due to the lack of software updates and access control policies. For protection, collaborative/distributed detection networks are one essential security solution, which can enhance the detection capability of a separate detection node by governing a set of eligible detection nodes to share information. However, internal intruders/attacks are the main threat source to the distributed structure including both IoT and CIDNs. In the literature, the CIDNs with challenge-based trust mechanism is found to be secure under many common external threats, but would be ineffective to advanced insider threats. Motivated by this issue, this work considers the factor of energy consumption and develops an enhanced challenge-based CIDN, called EnergyCIDN. The main idea relies on the observation that advanced attacks should consume more energy than a benign node. Under the evaluation on our EnergyCIDN, we conduct a set of experiments and tests in many scenarios, including simulated network, practical IoT network, and medical network. In comparison with the existing similar approaches, our EnergyCIDN showcases better detection capability regarding both common and advanced insider attacks.

Prefrontal Regulation of Safety Learning during Ethologically Relevant Thermal Threat.

Learning and adaptation during sources of threat and safety are critical mechanisms for survival. The prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) have been broadly implicated in the processing of threat and safety. However, how these regions regulate threat and safety during naturalistic conditions involving thermal challenge still remains elusive. To examine this issue, we developed a novel paradigm in which adult mice learned that a particular zone that was identified with visuospatial cues was associated with either a noxious cold temperature ("threat zone") or a pleasant warm temperature ("safety zone"). This led to the rapid development of avoidance behavior when the zone was paired with cold threat or approach behavior when the zone was paired with warm safety. During a long-term test without further thermal reinforcement, mice continued to exhibit robust avoidance or approach to the zone of interest, indicating that enduring spatial-based memories were formed to represent the thermal threat and thermal safety zones. Optogenetic experiments revealed that neural activity in PL and IL was not essential for establishing the memory for the threat zone. However, PL and IL activity bidirectionally regulated memory formation for the safety zone. While IL activity promoted safety memory during normal conditions, PL activity suppressed safety memory especially after a stress pretreatment. Therefore, a working model is proposed in which balanced activity between PL and IL is favorable for safety memory formation, whereas unbalanced activity between these brain regions is detrimental for safety memory after stress.

The right of the Republic of Moldova to defense and some aspects of defensive capabilities

Although it has declared itself a neutral state, the Republic of Moldova is compelled to consider potential sources of military threats. Defense is a fundamental and distinct field of national security, aiming to achieve national interests and the processes of political, economic, and social development of the state. According to international law, the Republic of Moldova has the right to defend and ensure its military security by all means at its disposal. It is legal to maintain Armed Forces, built on the principle of defensive sufficiency, for the defense of sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity, as well as for the annihilation of armed conflicts and other acts of violence within the country that endanger the constitutional order.

Tolerance for Ambiguity: Correlations With Medical and Physical Therapy Student Traits and Experiences Within the Learning Environment.

Health care professions trainees and clinicians who perceive ambiguous situations as sources of threat (low tolerance for ambiguity [TFA]) experience greater risk for mental health disorders and professional burnout. Physical therapists likely encounter substantial ambiguity because of the biopsychosocial nature of their main therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this study was to identify student traits and experiences within the learning environment that differentiate students with high and low TFA for medicine and physical therapy (PT), and to identify areas of interprofessional overlap and distinction. Graduation Questionnaire survey data from graduating PT (n = 2,727) and medical students (n = 33,159) from the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 academic years were sorted according to student TFA score, and respondents in the highest and lowest TFA quartiles were retained for analysis. Difference-in-differences analysis was used to reduce the number of potential explanatory factors to a parimonious subset that was put into linear regression models. Inferential statistics were applied to all significant factors identified from the linear regression models. For both professions, higher TFA was generally associated with more positive ratings of the learning environment (student-faculty interactions, faculty professionalism, satisfaction with career choice), lower experiences of exhaustion and disengagement (the 2 axes of academic burnout), and higher scores for the empathy domain of perspective taking. Uniquely for medical students, low TFA was associated with lower empathy scores and a lower degree of interest in working with underserved individuals. Findings suggest that for both professions, high TFA corresponded with better ratings of the educational experience and with traits that are advantageous for patient-centered practice and occupational resilience. Interventions to cultivate TFA among health care trainees may be an important way to meet the growing demand for humanistic health care professionals who are prepared to meet society's complex needs.

Implementation of Risk Management with the ISO 31000 Approach in an Effort to Improve the Performance of Educational Services

The implementation of a rapidly developing library service system can create threatening risks caused by the failure of library managers to assess the source of risk threats. Risks can take the form of events and conditions that result in disruption of information services and the decision-making process stops. The aim of this research is to describe the implementation of library service risk management at the Palembang Aviation Polytechnic Library using the ISO 31000 approach to determine the factors that influence the implementation of library risk management, especially in library material management activities. Library risk management at the Palembang Aviation Polytechnic Library has been implemented to anticipate various sources of risk threats by carrying out risk assessment, risk mitigation and risk evaluation activities through the Government Internal Control System (SPIP) in general.