Missile Threat Research Articles

Clustering and Cooperative Guidance of Multiple Decoys for Defending a Naval Platform against Salvo Threats

The threat to naval platforms from missile systems is increasing due to recent advancements in radar seeker technology, which have significantly enhanced the accuracy and effectiveness of missile targeting. In scenarios where a naval platform with limited maneuverability faces salvo attacks, the importance of an effective defense strategy becomes crucial to ensuring the protection of the platform. In this study, we present a multi-agent reinforcement learning-based decoy deployment approach that employs six decoys to increase the survival likelihood of a naval platform against salvo missile strikes. Our approach entails separating the decoys into two clusters, each consisting of three decoys. Subsequently, every cluster is allocated to a related missile threat. This is accomplished by training the decoys with the multi-agent deep reinforcement learning algorithm. To compare the proposed approach across different algorithms, we use two distinct algorithms to train the decoys; multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient (MADDPG) and multi-agent twin-delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (MATD3). Following training, the decoys learn to form groups and establish effective formation configurations within each group to ensure optimal coordination. We assess the proposed decoy deployment strategy using parameters including decoy deployment angle and maximum decoy speed. Our findings indicate that decoys positioned on the same side outperform those positioned on different sides relative to the target platform. In general, MATD3 performs slightly better than MADDPG. Decoys trained with MATD3 succeed in more successful formation configurations than those trained with the MADDPG method, which accounts for this enhancement.

Two-stage knowledge-assisted coevolutionary NSGA-II for bi-objective path planning of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles

This paper focuses on the bi-objective path planning problem of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) under the complex environment with numerous obstacles and threat areas, where the UAVs need to be kept as far away as possible from threat areas during flight. Based on the integrated energy reduction perspective, a bi-objective model is subtly constructed by minimizing the total energy consumption of each path (including flight altitude, horizontal turns, and path length), and minimizing the costs of the total threats (including ground radar, anti-aircraft gun, missile and geological hazard threat areas). Moreover, a two-stage knowledge-assisted coevolutionary NSGA-II algorithm is novelly proposed to enhance collaboration and avoid collision. The first stage is designed for population convergence, where the considered constrained problem is solved with the help of the designed problem without the constraints of threats and obstacles. The second stage emphasizes the quality and diversity of solutions. In this stage, a double-population coevolution approach is developed. Additionally, a multi-mode strategy is introduced for the inferior population, leveraging reinforcement learning. This strategy aids in selecting the optimal mode from random swing, directed guidance, and potential dominance exploration. Furthermore, experimental results in two different environments show that the proposed algorithm can better solve the collaborative path planning problem for multiple UAVs compared with other five classical or recent proposed algorithms.

Innovative activity and transformational processes in development of public libraries in Ukraine under the influence of world trends of digital society and current realities

The purpose of the study is to highlight the peculiarities of innovative changes in the activities of contemporary public libraries in Ukraine, related to the digitalisation of society, and to identify the main trends of their development considering domestic realities such as full-scale military actions, information, and cyber warfare, reforms in the provision of cultural services. The research methodology involves the application of general scientific and special methods, namely, methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, and generalisation, as well as the method of documentary and content analysis, which allows for achieving the stated goal. The scientific novelty of the work. The study identifies the main trends in the development of public libraries in the digital age, specifically in the context of domestic realities, and substantiates the peculiarities of innovative changes in public libraries in Ukraine, both during the state of war and as trends of post-war revival and modernisation. Public libraries in this context are considered socio-cultural institutions that contribute to community and individual development, providing informational, educational, and cultural-artistic services. Conclusions. Despite active combat actions, missile threats, and the destruction of library premises as well as critical infrastructure of regions directly affecting the activities of all institutions and the livelihoods of citizens, public libraries in Ukraine continue to operate with a focus on global trends, particularly by utilising the opportunities of information and communication technologies, creating internet resources, and implementing digital services. Analysis of the websites of regional universal scientific libraries has allowed determine the level of digitalisation development of leading public libraries in Ukraine and the direction of their further development

Space-Based Missile Warning: An Opportunity to Deepen U.S.-Japan Security Cooperation

executive summary: This article explores Japan's pursuit of missile-warning satellites and the opportunity this presents for the U.S.-Japanese security partnership in space. main argumentIn recent years, Japan has taken steps toward developing its own missile-warning satellites. Developing a space-based missile-warning system is a challenging feat, one that is complex and expensive, evidenced by the fact that only a few countries operate such systems. Given that the U.S. already shares some missile-warning information with Japan, Tokyo's pursuit of its own satellites reflects, at least in part, the country's push toward achieving a more independent capability. However, this push should not be construed as sudden or a shift away from its longtime ally. Rather, it represents (1) a continuation of latent historical efforts to acquire missile-warning satellites, and (2) a response to technological developments that have made potential adversarial missile systems more threatening and developing missile-warning satellites more feasible. Japan's pursuit of missile-warning satellites fits within the country's broader acceleration as a defense power and contributor to the U.S.-Japan security relationship. It also presents a compelling opportunity for more extensive collaboration between the two allies. policy implications• Japan has had a long-standing interest in space-based missile-warning systems and more broadly in mitigating missile threats using space-based technologies. Even if Japan does not acquire these assets soon, the issue of whether to acquire them will continue to be central to its defense debate. • Japan's development of a space-based missile-warning system, alongside the U.S.'s development of its own next-generation missile-warning capabilities, could offer opportunities for heightened collaboration between the two countries. Partnering on these assets could lead to financial savings and the potential for the alliance to develop a better protected and more capable missile-warning architecture.

Necessary Explanations on Merits of Solving Problem of Optimizing Construction of Air Defense System of Surface Ships Formation in Case of Attack Threat of Anti-Ship Cruise Missiles

A number of publications related to the improvement (optimization) of the air defense system (AD) orders of surface ships (SS) in the threat of attacks by anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCM)was developed by a group of authors (Galiy V.A., Ivanishchev S.N., Bukri V.N.) and submitted for the consideration of the specialists. The publications were evaluated by experts and this article presents a discussion on the merits of solving the problem of optimizing the construction of an air defense system of the surface ships formation in case of attack threat of anti-ship cruise missiles taking into account some questions and comments.

Expanding the functionality of IoT devices in conditions of emergency situations

The article is devoted to the expansion of functional devices of the Internet of Things (IoT) in order to increase the safety of the population in emergency situations, in particular in the context of natural disasters and military threats. After analyzing the latest research and publications, a conclusion was made about the relevance of the development of IoT technologies in the context of modern challenges for the safety of citizens. Special emphasis is placed on the use of innovative approaches to solving public safety problems, particularly for persons with disabilities, such as the hearing impaired or the elderly. The article describes the implementation of software in the Python programming language to visually display the status of a missile threat or artillery fire using Yeelight smart lamps, which use colored light to convey information about the presence or absence of danger messages. The proposed solutions include synchronous operation of devices in real time, connection to reliable sources of messages and provision of stable communication between devices and the server. The project demonstrated an innovative approach to solving security problems in crisis situations, in particular martial law, promoting a quick and accurate response to valuable threats and protecting the population.

Missile Threat Detection and Evasion Maneuvers With Countermeasures for a Low-Altitude Aircraft

This paper investigates Man-Portable Air Defense Systems (MANPAD) missile threat detection and an effective maneuvering strategy for aircraft (A/C) destruction avoidance. The 3D trajectory of a multistage missile (boost and sustain phases) under Pure Proportional Navigation is first estimated. The maximum likelihood estimator is used to estimate its motion parameters of the two-stage missile considered using only angle measurements from a low-altitude A/C. Missile threat detection is investigated based on two methods: estimation-based as a baseline method and threat plane-based. The former can provide a miss distance between the A/C and the missile, but more measurements are required. The latter is shown to give a faster threat alert, allowing the A/C to start the evasive maneuver earlier. An efficient evasion maneuver for avoiding destruction, is banking away from the missile by a turning maneuver in the horizontal plane, due to its low-altitude. The survivability probability of the A/C is evaluated with and w/o countermeasures (flares). There are two key factors that affect the evasion performance: maneuver start time and the maximum acceleration during the maneuver. Simulations show that the A/C can start maneuvering earlier using the threat plane-based method compared with the estimation-based method. It can successfully evade the missile with the help of maneuvering. It is also shown that using flares, the necessary maneuver is less drastic (lower <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$g$</tex-math></inline-formula> 's). Simulation results compare the necessary <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$g$</tex-math></inline-formula> 's for obtaining a certain minimal distance from the missile.

Japan's Pacificism as National Identity and a 'Normal' Security Option

Japan faces its most serious and complex defence environment since the end of World War II. The country holds two significant security concerns: first, and critically, China’s burgeoning military, increasingly aggressive diplomacy, and destabilising actions around the Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea; second, North Korea’s continued unpredictable rhetoric and actions in its nuclear arming program and ballistic missile testing. Japan’s 2022 National Security Strategy proposes two unprecedented policy ideas to counter these threats: first, to significantly increase Japan’s defence budget; second, to acquire counterstrike long-range missile capabilities in response to an attack. Nonetheless, despite these security issues and policy developments, this article argues that formal amendment of the peace clause in art 9 of the Japanese Constitution remains unlikely. To understand the improbability of constitutional amendment, this article first explores Japan’s constitutional pacifism under the post-World War II Yoshida Doctrine and the US–Japan cornerstone security alliance, as well as the context of North Korea’s nuclear and ballistic missile threat and the emotive issue of abductions of Japanese citizens. The article then turns to Japan’s historic imperial relationship with China as an avenue to understand contemporary relations, including the key issues of trade and its link to security, and the Senkaku Islands sovereignty dispute. It concludes that formal constitutional amendment of the peace clause remains unlikely in the short to medium term.

Surviving the Soviet Missile Threat

Surviving the Soviet Missile Threat

China’s Military in the Indo-Pacific Region: Security Implications for India and its Strategic Partners

This article studies China’s Coercive Military Clandestine in the Indo-Pacific Region, which is China’s covert and overt actions in terms of its strategies and offensive- Missile and Naval capabilities against India’s mainland and maritime space. Besides, how the fortifying Island chain strategy of China from South China Sea to Western Indian Ocean region, will be a covert strategic locations to leverage its power projection against India were studied. In addition expansion of its overseas military expedition and coercive offensive capabilities in the indopacific region were analysed. Further the defensive capability of India and the United States deployments in South Korea to countermeasure China’s raising missile threats were studied. Finally this study proposes the security implications along with policy prescriptions as inputs for India and its strategic partners: To strengthen India’s strategic countermeasures for strategic autonomy on par with China’s aggressive posture, this study identifies the choke points for strategic locations of China in the Indo-Pacific region. Further military coalitions in the western Indian Ocean region to countermeasures China’s strategy, and combined missile defense program to deter China’s long range ballistic missile threats for regional stability and geostrategic countermeasures were suggested.

Противоракетная оборона США: от защиты национальной территории к обороне НАТО

The 1972 ABM Treaty between the USSR and the USA allowed for the deployment of a limited strategic missile defense system, but established a strict ban on the deployment of anti-missile systems outside their national territory. The agreement was the first turn in the U.S. policy in this area, determining the direction and content of missile defense development programs for many years to come. Once every ten years, the United States revised its policy, for instance, R. Reagan’s intention in 1983 to build a large-scale space-based missile defense system was seen as an attempt to move away from the concept of mutual nuclear deterrence, enshrined in the ABM Treaty. However, only after its withdrawal from the ABM Treaty in 2002, the United States set a course for the deployment of a missile defense system in Europe, as stated, to protect the region from nuclear missile threats from “rogue states”. At the present stage, the growing degradation of relations between Russia and Western countries, especially against the backdrop of hostilities in Ukraine, has led NATO states to put forward new approaches to the integration of missile defense and air defense systems, providing for the functional interface of information management systems and strike components for the successful interception of different classes of targets. The experience of providing Ukraine with integrated defense and its functioning on the basis of modern Western air defense systems will allow the U.S. / NATO to evaluate the effectiveness of the chosen approach and apply the knowledge gained to improve Europe’s “anti-missile umbrella”. The article proposes the author’s periodization of American policy in the field of missile defense, as well as considers each of the identified stages with special emphasis on the last one, which is directly related to the current political situation.

A New Model of Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Weighted Operators and Their Application in Dynamic Fusion Target Threat Assessment.

Existing missile defense target threat assessment methods ignore the target timing and battlefield changes, leading to low assessment accuracy. In order to overcome this problem, a dynamic multi-time fusion target threat assessment method is proposed. In this method, a new interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy weighted averaging operator is proposed to effectively aggregate multi-source uncertain information; an interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy entropy based on a cosine function (IVIFECF) is designed to determine the target attribute weight; an improved interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy number distance measurement model is constructed to improve the discrimination of assessment results. Specifically, first of all, we define new interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy operation rules based on algebraic operations. We use these rules to provide a new model of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy weighted arithmetic averaging (IVIFWAA) and geometric averaging (IVIFWGA) operators, and prove a number of algebraic properties of these operators. Then, considering the subjective and objective weights of the incoming target, a comprehensive weight model of target attributes based on IVIFECF is proposed, and the Poisson distribution method is used to solve the time series weights to process multi-time situation information. On this basis, the IVIFWAA and IVIFWGA operators are used to aggregate the decision information from multiple times and multiple decision makers. Finally, based on the improved TOPSIS method, the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers are ordered, and the weighted multi-time fusion target threat assessment result is obtained. Simulation results of comparison show that the proposed method can effectively improve the reliability and accuracy of target threat assessment in missile defense.

Arms race in the 21st century: consequences and mitigating measures

Historically, arms races generate a great deal of interest both in the academia and policy circles for a variety of reasons. They are widely believed to have significant consequences for states' security. In the debate over their consequences, one side holds that arms races increase the probability of war by undermining military stability and straining political relations. The opposing view holds that engaging in an arms race is often a state's best option for avoiding war when faced with an aggressive adversary. The 21st Century is witnessing the return of arms race amongst states. Coupling with the advancements in technology, the menace of arms race in the 21st Century, therefore, if not curtailed could lead to war more devastating than witnessed in the last century. Using basic content analysis the study revealed that the 21st Century arms races are mainly in the area of nuclear weapons, hypersonic missiles, missile defence, cyber-warfare, and space weaponisation. The arms races are prominently amongst the world’s great powers such as the United States of America, Russia, and China as well as developing states like Iran and North Korea. This study discovered that nuclear weapons are still at the forefront of arms race in the 21st Century, despite efforts to reduce their role in global affairs and to negotiate further reductions in quantity. Also, states like the USA, China, and Russia are exploiting the advantage of speed and manoeuvrability to engage in arms race in hypersonic missiles. This has prompted nations to compete in the development of missile defences in order to counter the present missile threats. Furthermore, in anticipation for future warfare, nations such as the USA, China, and Russia are in arms race to weaponsise space by deploying space to space, earth to space and space to earth weapons, where appropriate. War in the 21st Century could in turn lead to more human, material, and environmental casualties due to the latest advancement in technologies and modernisation of existing weapons and associated equipments. Consequently, measures are needed to ensure that arms races in the 21st Century, if not eliminated, are reduced to the barest minimum in order to promote international peace and security. Renewed commitments on existing arms control measures, formulation of new arms control measures, and the complete elimination of nuclear weapons are the measures that could be considered.

Arms race in the 21st century: Consequences and mitigating measures

Historically, arms races generate a great deal of interest both in the academia and policy circles for a variety of reasons. They are widely believed to have significant consequences for states' security. In the debate over their consequences, one side holds that arms races increase the probability of war by undermining military stability and straining political relations. The opposing view holds that engaging in an arms race is often a state's best option for avoiding war when faced with an aggressive adversary. The 21st Century is witnessing the return of arms race amongst states. Coupling with the advancements in technology, the menace of arms race in the 21st Century, therefore, if not curtailed could lead to war more devastating than witnessed in the last century. Using basic content analysis the study revealed that the 21st Century arms races are mainly in the area of nuclear weapons, hypersonic missiles, missile defence, cyber-warfare, and space weaponisation. The arms races are prominently amongst the world‟s great powers such as the United States of America, Russia, and China as well as developing states like Iran and North Korea. This study discovered that nuclear weapons are still at the forefront of arms race in the 21st Century, despite efforts to reduce their role in global affairs and to negotiate further reductions in quantity. Also, states like the USA, China, and Russia are exploiting the advantage of speed and manoeuvrability to engage in arms race in hypersonic missiles. This has prompted nations to compete in the development of missile defences in order to counter the present missile threats. Furthermore, in anticipation for future warfare, nations such as the USA, China, and Russia are in arms race to weapon sise space by deploying space to space, earth to space and space to earth weapons, where appropriate. War in the 21st Century could in turn lead to more human, material, and environmental casualties due to the latest advancement in technologies and modernisation of existing weapons and associated equipments. Consequently, measures are needed to ensure that arms races in the 21st Century, if not eliminated, are reduced to the barest minimum in order to promote international peace and security. Renewed commitments on existing arms control measures, formulation of new arms control measures, and the complete elimination of nuclear weapons are the measures that could be considered.

The upcoming 2022 Missile Defense Review and the Biden administration missile defense policy

The U.S. Missile Defense Review (MDR) draws attention as a central document in this area. The two reviews published so far (2010 and 2019) within a year of the Nuclear Posture Review were an important addition to the National Defense Strategy. The latter is devoted to clarifying Washington&amp;apos;s political-military course, and the Nuclear Posture Review, the MDR, and the Space Posture Review deal with the most important elements of the military policy of the United States. Taking into account the positions expressed by the Biden administration officials, conclusions are drawn about the content of the 2022 MDR. In addition, the prospects for the implementation of certain areas of the U.S. missile defense policy are assessed, taking into account the experience of 2002-2021. If the current document is made the same way as previous ones, then it covers five main topics – missile threats, homeland missile defense, regional missile defense, programs’ organization, and cooperation with allies. The Biden administration’s two budget requests for missile defense (FY2022 and FY2023) suggest a course of action. In general, the new approach to the development of missile defense being applied can provide tangible results in the face of a possible reduction in funding. The role of allies in regional missile defense architectures may increase as a result of the interpretation of experience of the use of missiles and air and missile defense systems.

Control Optimization of Readiness Mode of Antiaircraft Fire Weapons in Antiaircraft Fire Covering System of Surface Ships Formation in Case of Attack Threat of Anti-Ship Cruise Missiles

Currently, the decisive factor in the development of the theory of military art in the sea is the fact of transition to the creation and use of precision-guided long-range munition by an enemy - anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCM), so that to destroy ships from remote lines without entering the zone of the fighter aircraft action and reach of the antiaircraft missile system. A promising direction in the organization of the building and effective combat use of such complex systems as the anti-aircraft defense contour of a single surface ship, and the anti-aircraft defense system of a group of surface ships in the threat of attack and repelling attacks of anti-ship cruise missiles, is the improvement of the algorithms for information processing and control of weapons systems in combination with their automation. Modern information technologies based on the use of computer technology and mathematical modeling allow improving the decision-making process in the tasks of building complex systems, processes of planning and organizing their activities. The methods of “artificial intelligence”, automation of the process of forces and means control in combat significantly increase the efficiency of decision-making. The fleeting nature and rapid change of the situation in anti-aircraft combat require solving the problem of repelling attacks by anti-ship cruise missiles in real time, that is impossible without full automation of the process of controlling the forces and means of anti-aircraft defense, in case of that human participation in anti-aircraft combat should be minimized, and completely excluded if possible. One of the complex systems that require full automation and real-time operation is the anti-aircraft fire covering system for surface ships formation. Determination of the optimal (expedient) combat readiness mode of the anti-aircraft fire weapons included in its composition is a prerequisite for the effective functioning of the anti-aircraft fire covering system in anti-aircraft combat. The article proposes a problem solution of the control optimization of the combat readiness mode of the anti-aircraft fire weapons in the anti-aircraft fire covering system of the surface ships formation in the case of the attacking threat of the anti-ship cruise missiles. The obtained results will substantiation of an optimal (expedient) mode of combat readiness and also creation of recommendations for setting the duty schedule of the anti-aircraft fire weapons in the interests of anti-aircraft defense. The presented mathematical model and the developed on its basis algorithm and program can be recommended for inclusion in both automated combat control systems and respectively combat information and control systems of connections of surface ships and single ships.

Missile threat assessment system using Naive Bayes classifier approach

In the modern era, missiles have been used to serve both defence and offense purposes. Numerous research projects have been conducted to improve various aspects of missile systems. One area of main interest regarding the development of missiles in general is automation, particularly surrounding a feature known as guidance system. This feature had been proven to relieve a missile user of several workloads, particularly during aim and launch phase. One key component of a guidance system is known as threat assessment system. Such system is assigned to assess the threat situation that a missile’s engaged in. In this research paper, the developed guidance system uses an approach that is based on the naive Bayes classifier concept. The idea is to establish a system that first describes relationship between a missile and its’ target during mission in the form of a set of combat parameters. These combat parameters are then treated as evidence that is used by the Bayesian algorithm to update an assigned prior belief, yielding an updated posterior belief. The belief comes in a form of probability distribution with each probability representing a predefined threat situation class.

Suggestions for ROK’s Building Space Power as PUBLIC VALUES

Purpose: The study aims to examine the strategies and trends of military space power in neighboring countries and derive implications for ROK’s building space Power. This article tackles both conceptual and empirical dimensions of this topic through a series of four linked questions: (1)What is Sun Tzu s Strategy and how does it relate to space; (2)What is neighboring state s space strategy surrounding the Korean Peninsula?; (3)What kind of implications can we draw from the neighboring countries space strategy?; (4)What are policy alternatives for the ROK to build space power? Method: For better analysis By using the Sun Tzu s five fundamental factors(do[道] the way, cheon[天] seasons, chi[地] terrain, cheng[將] leadership, and beub[法] management), a factor that predicts the success or failure of a strategic plan, this study attempted to draw implications and policy alternatives for the ROK by looking at the cases of military space force construction in neighboring countries. Sun Tzu introduces this as the docheonchichengbeub . Results: The policy options for the ROK military by applying Sun Tzu s Osa(五事) as follows. First, In terms of Do(道), the Moon Jae-in government has a strong will to build a foundation for strengthening space power under the responsible defense policy for the early return of wartime operational control. Currently, Korea s space power remains insignificant compared to neighboring countries. Efforts should be made to lay the foundation for the creation of an advanced space force by sharing such a vision with the leader. Second, the construction of space power in the U.S., China, Russia, and Japan surrounding the Korean Peninsula is gradually intensified as the factors of Cheon(天) and Chi(地). Therefore, there is a need for South Korea to create a road map for the construction of space power and implement positive space power building policies. Third, as a factor of Cheng(將), the Korean military has many problems to be improved in terms of organization, institutional maintenance, education, and technology development for space power. Fourth, to develop military space power in terms of the establishment of a policy base, laws and systems supporting space development shall be reorganized, and at the same time, the con-cept of space strategy and operational doctrine shall be developed, a defensive deterrent alliance strat-egy suitable for mid-sized countries, and a space power construction plan has to be established to util-ize space power centered on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Conclusion: It is required to strengthen the agility of operations by increasing the linkage between unmanned systems and satellites for the enhancement of public values such as saving lives in the emer-gency. Hence, it is suggested that the launch of a small satellite that are equipped with a high-performance optical camera has to be carried out earlier than scheduled. To respond to North Korea s ballistic missile threats, it is requested to expand high-resolution military reconnaissance satellite as-sets which are equipped with early warning capabilities.

‘Arrow’ Mythology Revisited: The Curious Case of the Reagan Administration, Israel and SDI Cooperation

When the Reagan administration first invited Israel to join the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) in 1985, Israel was only expected to play a relative minor role in the program and bid for non-sensitive research grants. However, starting in 1986, the focus of the endeavor began to shift. In time, the US was funding Israeli efforts to indigenously develop the Arrow, a missile defense system designed to use land-based interceptors to address regional ballistic missile threats. This was a sharp departure from the objectives of SDI and the imagined role that Israel was supposed to play within that initiative. This article addresses how and why this shift had occurred. I examine the existing narrative in the literature which maintains that Israel had initiated Arrow with the help of the Israel Lobby, and dispel it. I demonstrate that it was the Reagan administration, motivated by domestic political considerations, legal and diplomatic calculations, and strategic priorities, which pushed for Arrow’s initiation, despite reservations expressed by the Israeli government and the Israeli military.

Going Viral: The 3 Rs of Social Media Messaging during Public Health Emergencies.

Going Viral: The 3 Rs of Social Media Messaging during Public Health Emergencies.