Threat Of Eviction Research Articles

Urban Anti-Eviction Social Movement

This research aims to explain the phenomenon of the Anti-Eviction Movement in Makassar as a case that represents the formation of civil society in East Indonesian city. Using the case study method, this research focuses on aspects related to the struggle for the right to the city and the right to a safe place to live from the threat of eviction based on primary and secondary data. The primary data comes from interviews with participants of the bara-barayya alliance movement in Makassar City conducted from January 2023 to July 2023. In the interviews, the researcher concentrated on how the bara-barayya alliance movement expressed their struggle to claim the right to the city and a safe home from the threat of eviction. Data analysis was conducted through interview analysis to obtain accurate data and describe and explain the data explicitly. The findings in this study show that the feeling of threat among urban residents who face the threat of eviction creates resistance through the anti-eviction movement to claim their right to shelter and housing and the struggle to reclaim their right to the city. This study argues the crucial and urgent importance of understanding urban anti-eviction social movements in various cities to prevent evictions in Indonesia. Mainly to construct the effectiveness of social activism. Keywords: Activism, Anti-Eviction, Urban Social Movement, Makassar, Indonesia

Aspects of development: Voices from predisplacement site in Eastern India

The present research paper is an ethnographic account of the travails and resistance of an adivasi (native) community of India called Santhals. These adivasis are facing the threat of eviction due to a planned coal mining in the area, located in West Bengal, a state in the eastern part of India. Amid the ongoing protest against coal mines, many families are ready to give up their land for the project. Even differences in opinion are common among the leaders of those protest groups. These differences in perception about a coal mine project are the central theme of this paper. Drawing from it the paper is going to scrutinize the grand terms like ‘Affected Persons’, used in ‘National Mineral Policy 2019’ and ‘Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act (2013)’, and ‘Local Community’ to show that any generalization or universalization of those various perceptions suppress the real needs of the people since they get affected in multiple ways. Further, this paper regards ‘development’ as ‘pharmakon’ for its dual nature, since people in the same community perceive it as poison; in contrast, for others, it is the remedy for their poverty. Tracing from all the varying voices, the paper finally argues for finding ‘significant others’, who are significantly excluded from decision-making.

“Go Back To Where You Came From!”: Moral Economy of Land and the Politics of Belonging in Coastal Tanzania☆

AbstractThis article examines how the threat of eviction by a transnational land deal in coastal Tanzania shaped competing narratives with which longtime residents and migrants defended and legitimated the moral economy of land: a widely shared customary norm that land belonged to those who cleared, occupied, and used it continuously for their daily provisioning, with or without title deeds. To counter the state's claim that all villagers were “invaders,” long‐term residents appealed to their ethnic and ancestral connections to the land, while migrants invoked a broader idiom of agrarian citizenship that placed land entitlements at the heart of rural people's relationship with the state. Despite this divergence, nervousness similarly pervaded both group's narratives, due in part to the instability of the notion of ethnicity and autochthony in coastal Tanzania and people's historically informed sense of foreboding about state‐sanctioned dispossession. The article draws on the analytic of assemblage to advance a more relational and dynamic understanding of the co‐construction and performance of moral economy and rural identity. Analyzing how villagers imagine and articulate their identities, and how discourses of exclusion and belonging get deployed in conjunctures of displacement is critical to understanding the socio‐material realities of rural life in Tanzania today.

Housing, work, and migration: a squatted building under threat of eviction

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar, a partir de uma ocupação localizada no Brás, organizada por migrantes latino-americanos e brasileiros, a forma de associação e entrelaçamento entre deslocamento, moradia e trabalho. Demonstra-se o modo de constituição da ocupação e de organização do local, indicando a rede de proteção que se estabeleceu em torno do espaço urbano e como uma ação judicial, que requer a remoção das famílias, aborda o tema do trabalho no local. A partir da dinâmica desse espaço urbano, demonstra-se que o trabalho constituído na ocupação fomenta um outro mercado, o mercado tido como informal de moradia.

A comprehensive demographic profile of the US evicted population

Millions of American renter households every year are threatened with eviction, an event associated with severe negative impacts on health and economic well-being. Yet we know little about the characteristics of individuals living in these households. Here, we link 38 million eviction court cases to US Census Bureau data to show that 7.6 million people, including 2.9 million children, faced the threat of eviction each year between 2007 and 2016. Overall, adult renters living with at least one child in their home were threatened with eviction at an annual rate of 10.4%, twice that of adults without children (5.0%). We demonstrate not only that the average evicted household includes one child, but that the most common age to experience eviction in America is during childhood. We also find that previous studies have underestimated racial disparities in eviction risk: Despite making up only 18.6% of all renters, Black Americans account for 51.1% of those affected by eviction filings and 43.4% of those evicted. Roughly one in five Black Americans living in a renter household is threatened with eviction annually, while one in ten is evicted. Black-White disparities persist across levels of income and vary by state. In providing the most comprehensive description to date of the population of US renters facing eviction, our study reveals a significant undercount of individuals impacted by eviction and motivates policies designed to stabilize housing for children and families.

Bydlení jako výjimka, evikce jako každodennost

This article focuses on evictability and the eviction of the residents of one block of flats in a small southern Slovakian town. Most of the building's inhabitants are Roma, but the problem of cultural racism is interconnected with political, economic, legal, and even research and activist issues. The article is based on socially committed ethnographic research and the perspective of critical human geography. The theoretical framework is informed by the geographies of eviction, which grasp evictions as a becoming affective process. In this approach the focus is on not just the structural and other causes of eviction and its negative consequences but also and above all on the eviction that is taking place in the present and that temporally goes beyond the act of displacement - it signifies the lasting effect of sovereign power exercised through threats of eviction and 'home unmaking' brought about by the withholding of vital infrastructure. The analysis distinguishes four becoming phases. The first one shows how tenants' precarity is made when their stigmatisation as Roma intersects with the neoliberal imperatives of individual responsibility asserted by the town. In the second phase, the eviction begins, giving rise to affects of confusion, desperation, and fear. The third phase brings resistance to the arbitrary sovereign power of the town authorities. In the fourth phase the resistance sees some successes, but the town's sovereign power at the same time expands its spatiality. The state of the eviction here is not final and it can still develop in different ways.

Legalizing illegalities? Land titling and land tenure security in informal settlements

This study investigated how land rights formalization had affected land tenure security among landowners in two informal settlements of Lusaka and Chongwe districts, Zambia. It explored how social norms on land inheritance, decision making over land, marital trust and land related conflicts had been affected by the changed nature of land rights. Data was collected through a questionnaire survey of all the 302 households that had obtained title deeds at the time of the survey, two 3-in-1 focus group discussions and four key informant interviews. Results suggest that land tenure security is now a reality for residents that hitherto lived under constant threat of eviction. Landowners have benefitted from the formalization initiative through land laws and local norms that allow equitable access to land. Land rights formalization has curtailed land rights for secondary claimants such as extended family members, in preference for man, spouse and biological children. A sense of ownership undisputedly increased for men and women in the two study sites. About 50% of the respondents in both study sites indicated that formalization of land rights had not resulted in family conflicts. At least one-third from both sites reported an increase in love and trust between spouses after land rights formalization. About half of the respondents reported that no change in decision-making authority had occurred for men while 42% reported an increase. Formalizing land rights in informal settlements has entailed legalizing illegalities as regulations on plot boundaries are set aside by the state to achieve its aspirations of providing land tenure security to poor urbanites who would not otherwise have recourse to legal or regularized land. We recommend that caution be taken in promoting what is unarguably a pro-poor initiative to ensure that such initiatives should not incentivize future land encroachments.

Rio 2016 Olympic Legacy for Residents of Favelas: Revisiting the Case of Vila Autódromo Five Years Later

The aim of this research was to explore and describe the long-term social impact the Rio 2016 Olympic gentrification had in Vila Autódromo from the perspective of former and current residents. Vila Autódromo is a small favela located next to the Rio 2016 Olympic Park. It was almost totally removed during the process of preparing the area to host the Games. In this research, I interviewed 13 residents who passed through the process of eviction threats and displacement. Five still live in Vila Autódromo, whilst eight moved to social apartments provided by the city hall. Interviews revealed that the legacy of Rio 2016 for Vila Autódromo residents can be understood from three broad themes: (1) disempowerment of the community, (2) resistance and resilience during the process, and (3) life after the Games. The residents see the city hall as the main culprit of their displacement, as they were denied their right to the city. However, they also mention the catalytic role of the Olympic Games during the process. They conclude that the legacy of Rio 2016 for them is a very sad story.

Between chili farms and an aerotropolis: the struggle against the new airport in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

ABSTRACT Yogyakarta International Airport (YIA), which opened on 28 August 2020, represents one of the largest infrastructure developments in the modern history of the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. While, for some, the airport project was proof of the Indonesian government’s commitment to invest in the region, to the farmers of the Temon area on which the airport now stands, it represented the threat of eviction and loss of their farmlands. Thus, in 2012, the Temon farmers formed an organization called Wahana Tri Tunggal to carry out anti-airport activities and protect their interests. The farmers were joined by activists of diverse ideological backgrounds, and together they continued to resist the development of the new airport until 2018, when they eventually decided to end the struggle. Based on interviews with farmers and activists who participated in the anti-YIA campaign, this article describes the attachment the farmers had to their land in Temon and the reason why they rejected the compensation package offered to them, the pluralistic composition of the anti-YIA struggle, as well as the recollections of the movement by its former participants.

Allocative Efficiency of Cropshare Cultivation: Interpreting the Empirical Evidence

Because of the simultaneity problems raised by supervision problems, and the low opportunity cost of labour which may induce an inverse size-productivity relationship in agriculture, tests requiring a comparison of the productivity of farmers or farms of different tenure groups tend to be biased. Even a comparison of the performance of farmers of different tenure groups, though of the same size, may not necessarily yield unbiased results. The paired t-test, which involves comparing the performance of the owner· tenants on their own and cropshare land, has been found to be the most satisfactory method of comparing the effiCiency of crop share tenancy with that of owner cultivation. The study also suggests some disciplining influence imparted by a better choice of tenant and threat of eviction, preventing the tenants from wasting the rental land.

Perceived differential vulnerability and climate change-related hazards in informal settlements in Accra, Ghana: re-thinking vulnerability to climate change in urban areas

ABSTRACT Urbanisation in developing countries has co-evolved with exposure to hazards among the urban poor. Yet, current understandings of hazard vulnerability are context-specific and limiting for shedding light on perceived vulnerability to climate change in the context of informal urbanisation. The overall perception of informal dwellers on the causative and local factors that underly the processes of informal urbanisation and their hazard exposure and consequent vulnerability tends to receive less attention. Using Accra as a case and applying mixed methods, this paper analyses informal residents’ perceived vulnerability to hazards. A total of 582 households’ surveys and 3 institutional key informant interviews were conducted. The paper argues that hazard vulnerability in informal settlements is spatially differentiated and differentially perceived. The main factor associated with respondents’ perceived vulnerability was “threats of eviction”. Examination of informal dwellers’ hazard responses will improve our understanding of the influence of their perceptions on hazard responses in the context of informal urbanisation.

ASSESSMENT OF VULNERABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD OF THE URBAN POOR: A STUDY IN KHULNA CITY CORPORATION, SOUTHWEST BANGLADESH

The study aims to understand the nature of vulnerability of the urban poor in Khulna City. Both qualitative (case study, focus group discussion and observation) and quantitative (survey) methods are used in this study. By using Simple Random Sampling 707 household heads were selected as unit of analysis. Cumulative Vulnerability Index (CVI) has been used to assess the vulnerability. Considering the causes of vulnerability of the respondents seven indicators viz., eviction threats, income, food, number of jobless week, literacy situation, access to health and access to household essentials are used to measure the situation of vulnerability. Here the value of R Square is 0.96. That means aforesaid variables have 96 percent effect on vulnerable situation of the respondents. Among them tenure insecurity (48%), number of jobless week (29%) and food insecurity (23%) are colossal responsible factors. Considering Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) the household earning of BDT 6000 per month has considered as under the poverty line 1 and the household of monthly earning not more than BDT 10000 has considered as moderately poor. More than 69 percent respondents were below the poverty line 1. Health situation is not much vulnerable in the study area. More than 85 percent respondents could receive the treatment at the time of illness. The study shows that natural resource (15%) and social resource (11%) contribute to the reduction of vulnerability and enhancement of the sustainability of the urban poor. Through case study and focus group discussion the study also identifies the alternative employments and strategies such as: agriculture, putting more family members into the work force through small scale business, using kinship as social capital, and establishing community relationships. In this regard positive policy approaches by local authorities can diminish the vulnerability of the poor by responding to their need for security of livelihood.

A tripartite approach to social inclusion in selected slums in Lagos State, Nigeria

PurposeThis study aims to examine the social inclusiveness of slum dwellers by focusing on three key institutions which are social relations, government and the labour market. The literature emphasises the activities of these three institutions as indicators of social inclusion. Also, they accurately describe the social interactions of slum inhabitants at different levels.Design/methodology/approachThree large slums (Makoko, Ilaje and Iwaya) in Lagos State were purposively selected for this study. Using a multi-stage sampling technique, there was the first level of cluster sampling across the communities and second-level random sampling of household heads in the clusters. In all, 400 respondents were sampled but 388 valid responses were used for the analysis.FindingsThe study found minimal levels of inclusion in many of the indicators. However, Makoko had a higher degree of inclusion with respect to social relations and political participation compared to the other locations. Due to the poor level of governance, the resilience of slum dwellers has waned.Research limitations/implicationsThe study was limited to three of the largest slums in Lagos State. Moreover, due to threats of eviction in recent times, many respondents were reluctant to provide adequate answers to some of the questions asked. However, the responses gotten were adequate to provide appropriate awareness and relevant recommendations.Originality/valueThe use of primary data made it possible for novel results to be generated on social inclusiveness in selected slums. The study extends the frontier of knowledge on social inclusion.

Bedouin society in northern Israel, Jordan, Palestine, and Syria and its social, cultural and leadership systems

This paper aims to identify the nature of the life of the Bedouin community in northern Israel and some of their customs and social behaviors, the Bedouin leadership systems, and the professions they undertake to secure their living requirements, most notably herding and agriculture. The Arab Bedouin of Israel and the Israeli-occupied West Bank have been subject to a series of human rights violations, including forced displacement, since the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948. They have been classified as a ‘security threat’ and branded as ‘squatters’ on state lands. Successive Israeli governments have sought to expropriate their land and concentrate them into townships. The Israeli authorities refuse to recognize them as an indigenous group and thereby withhold from them the full range of rights provided to indigenous people under international laws. Though forced displacements are not necessarily illegal, they are if they are arbitrary or discriminatory. Bedouin in Israel’s Negev desert live in some of the poorest conditions in Israel, deprived of basic rights, including the right to water, shelter and education. They live with the constant threat of eviction and home demolitions, under enormously stressful conditions that have a serious effect on their health and well-being.

Renter Nonpayment and Landlord Response: Evidence From COVID-19

How renters respond to economic hardship, and how landlords respond when tenants fail to make rent, are understudied questions, owing largely to limited data. We use experiences from the COVID-19 pandemic to begin answering these questions. Drawing on both new census data and two original surveys of renters in Los Angeles County, we test nine hypotheses about the sources of renter distress and landlord reactions to it. We find that lost work and lost income are the primary drivers of missed or late payments. Most tenants who fell behind entered into repayment plans with their landlords. Eviction threats were uncommon but increased as the pandemic persisted. Landlords were more likely to threaten eviction as tenants fell further behind, and smaller landlords were more likely than larger ones to cut tenant services and threaten or initiate evictions. Our evidence suggests that government income support helped tenants pay rent and thus helped stave off eviction threats. We also find that tenants took on other forms of debt, such as credit cards, loans from family, etc., to make rent. These debt burdens generally will not be relieved by housing assistance, and so require other policy responses.

How Space Shapes the Everyday School Experience of Students and Professors at Križanke in Ljubljana

This article centres on place attachment and feelings of belonging of students and professors of the Secondary School for Design and Photography, Ljubljana (SŠOF). The school’s educational practice is split between two locations: Križanke, a medieval complex in the city centre; and Roška, a renovated military barrack on Ljubljana downtown’s periphery, which SŠOF shares with another school. Students and professors in my research described Križanke as a “creative”, “free”, and “democratic” space where they felt like they belong, especially in contrast to the second location. My objective here is to understand how much of a role the actual place has in shaping the relationships between school environments and their users (students, professors). In the article, I present the historical context of Križanke and SŠOF’s current spatial crisis (threats of eviction from Križanke), followed by a “walk through Križanke” to examine students’ sensory perceptions of the building. This text analyses spatial elements like unique classroom set-ups, narrow corridors, and the labyrinthine construction of Križanke. These elements produce more informal and dynamic interactions between students and professors at SŠOF, which consequently enhance the students’ feelings of belonging, acceptance, and creativity. Finally, I conclude by examining how a complex interrelatedness between a sense of place, narration of place, and attachment to place in a school context impact the everyday learning experience at SŠOF and Križanke.

Land tenure security for low-income residents' urban livelihoods: A human development approach review of temporary occupation license

Existing studies on the human development approach discuss how eliminating capability deprivation and enlarging people’s choice led to improvement on their overall wellbeing. However, land tenure security, the pre-condition to safeguard secure livelihood for poor and low-income urban residents is rarely discussed. This study examines the potential of the human development approach to the land tenure security debate by using a desk review of literature on both concepts. It employs the usage of a land policy instrument, known as the Temporary Occupation License (TOL), which aims to provide urban low-income residents with tenure security despite their lack of formal ownership over the land. In this context, land tenure security is understood from the subjective perspective, rather than from its traditional economic objectives. Findings show that the pursuit of human development through TOL results in an enhanced security of tenure amongst urban low-income residents in two forms. Firstly, protecting them against the threat of eviction through the principle of equity in which TOL provides opportunity for nonlandowners with legal access to state land for housing. Secondly, allowing households to gain the benefits of labour and capital invested in the land. For instance, the principle of efficiency embedded within TOL allows households to utilise land according to their priorities and needs; empowerment allows them to make decisions pertaining to housing and tenure upgrading, whereas sustainability allows citizens and authority to achieve developmental results that benefit both parties. The study concludes that the pursuit of the human development approach in land management, through administrative decisions and conducted in a participatory manner, can indeed enhance land tenure security for urban low-income residents.

How Effective Were National, State, and Local Eviction Moratoria?

Evictions can have detrimental effects on tenants and their households, such as unemployment, loss of shelter, and/or food insecurity, which can often be especially severe since households that face eviction tend to be poorer and less job-secure (Desmond and Kimbro, 2015). Even when tenants are ultimately not evicted, eviction filings themselves can represent a burden for households (Banerjee and Ghatak, 2003; Leung, Hepburn, and Desmond, 2021). Finally, the mere threat of eviction can impose substantial burdens on households (Garboden and Rosen, 2019). Beyond the household level, evictions can also have adverse effects on public health (Benfer et al., 2021; Jowers et al., 2021).

Reductions In Hospitalizations Among Children Referred To A Primary Care-Based Medical-Legal Partnership.

Medical-legal partnerships integrate legal advocates into health care settings to address health-related social needs. However, their effect on health outcomes is unclear. This retrospective cohort study examined the effect of referral to a medical-legal partnership on hospitalization rates among urban, low-income children in Greater Cincinnati, Ohio, between 2012 and 2017. We compared 2,203 children referred to a pediatric primary care-based medical-legal partnership with 100 randomly selected control cohorts drawn from 34,235 children seen concurrently but not referred. We found that the median predicted hospitalization rate for children in the year after referral was 37.9percent lower if children received the legal intervention than if they did not. We suspect that this decrease in hospitalizations was driven by the ability of legal advocates to address acute legal needs (for example, threat of eviction and public benefit denial) and, when possible, to confront root causes of ill health (for example, unhealthy housing conditions). Interventions such as those provided through a medical-legal partnership may be important components of integrated, value-based service delivery models.

Fractured lives in fractured cities: Towards a critical understanding of urban violence in the context of market-driven urban restructuring processes in Bogotá and Rio de Janeiro

Based on a comparative case study on two neighborhoods in Bogota and Rio de Janeiro (2017–2019) and a comprehensive literature review, this article proposes a critical Public Health approach to urban violence and makes a case for understanding the phenomenon in the context of market-driven urban territorial restructuring processes that assume specific qualities in cities of the Global South. The case studies are based on focus groups and semi-structured interviews with residents, specialists and community leaders. It is argued that urban violence is a key public health challenge, particularly in Latin America, given its dimensions and its impact on the populations’ life and health. In this regard it configures “fractured lives” in what urban scholars have termed “fractured cities” - essentially unequal and polarized cities that are not merely sites of urban violence but, as we argue in this article, fundamentally shape urban violence, its qualities, dynamics and dimensions. The study is informed by a unique theoretical articulation between Latin American Social Medicine and Collective Health, critical (Latin American) geographical theory and authoritarian neoliberalism literature and shows how urban violence is directly implied in the territorial making and un-making of the cities, driven by commodification as well as both legal and illegal capitalist market logics, that include but are not limited to drug trade. The cases reflect the violence implied in permanent threats of eviction and displacement, “necropolitical” police/military interventions and what is described as a silent imposition of a “slow death” on infrastructure, the neighborhood and ultimately also its residents, which “fracture” the lives of significant parts of the urban population, produce “ill-being” and bring about health consequences that are rarely considered in relation to urban violence.