Threat Of Disasters Research Articles

Contemporary International Legal Regime For Environmental Protection During Armed Conflicts

Introduction. The article is devoted to defining the features of the contemporary international legal regime for environmental protection during armed conflicts. It analyzes the main international treaties and acts of a recommendatory nature related to the protection of the environment from its destruction during hostilities. Based on the views of domestic and foreign scientists, the author made proposals to improve the international legal regime for environmental protection in relation to armed conflicts. The aim of the article. The purpose of scientific research is to determine the features of the contemporary international legal regime for environmental protection during armed conflicts by conducting a comprehensive analysis of international treaties and acts of a recommendatory nature relevant to the protection of the environment during hostilities. Results. International treaties that directly or indirectly regulate environmental issues in relation to armed conflicts canʼt ensure its effective protection. Of course, the international legal regime for the protection of the environment during hostilities requires improvement in order to preserve the environment for present and future generations. This study is especially relevant in the context of Russian military aggression against Ukraine. There is a looming threat of a ecological disaster on the temporarily occupied territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions. Conclusions. The contemporary international legal regime for environmental protection during armed conflicts has both advantages and disadvantages. In order to ensure effective mechanisms for environmental protection during armed conflicts, itʼs necessary to develop and adopt an universal international treaty that would resolve all disputes in this area and establish international legal responsibility for the crime of ecocide. From our point of view, the main task for Ukraine is to bring Russia and its officials to justice for the damage caused to the environment since the beginning of the military aggression against our state and restore the affected regions with the support of European states.

Moving the Field Forward: A Decade of Progress Implementing Health in All Policies in the United States.

Moving the Field Forward: A Decade of Progress Implementing Health in All Policies in the United States.

Three‐Dimensional Seismic Response Analysis of Zhubi Reef in the South China Sea

Reef islands are valuable terrestrial resources for ocean exploitation and utilization but face the serious threat of earthquake disasters. This study takes Zhubi Reef in the South China Sea as the research object and establishes a three‐dimensional (3D) reef‐seawater model to investigate the seismic response of Zhubi Reef. The 3D local topography and the effect of fluid‐solid interaction are comprehensively considered. The artificial boundaries of fluid and solid domains are adopted to simulate the wave radiation and absorption of the semi‐infinite seabed and the infinite seawater layer. The boundary substructure method is used to input the seismic waves into the numerical reef models. The results indicate that the seismic responses, including the peak values of the ground motions and the acceleration response spectra, are significantly amplified over Zhubi Reef. The acceleration response spectra on the reef flat shift closer towards the low‐period direction compared with those of the seismic waves input from the subsea bedrock. In addition, the 3D topographic effect on the seismic response of Zhubi Reef is studied through a comparative analysis between two‐dimensional (2D) and 3D reef models. The distribution laws of the peak response in the middle region of the reef flat calculated by the 2D and 3D models agree well with each other, and the differences are obvious in the edge areas where the local 3D topographies change drastically.

Knowledge for natural disaster-resilient businesses in emerging economies: a focus on decision-making by tourism entrepreneurs

To develop resilient business models, entrepreneurs who operate in an emerging economy tourist destination under continuous threat of natural disasters would benefit from knowledge attained by practical experience as well as by academic research. The aim of this study is to examine how the application of this knowledge can bolster business resilience. We draw on current empirical literature in the areas of business and tourism resilience to identify the scope of actionable design interventions. Eighteen years (2000-2018) of tourism and business resilience research were reviewed by a panel of experts to identify reoccurring topics, issues and problems. Following a thematic analysis, these topics were organised into business model canvas (BMC) blocks. We answer the question of how knowledge may be generated to aid the decision-making by tourism entrepreneurs of emerging economies whose businesses are disrupted by natural disaster events. Our contribution is simultaneously to academia and management through the conceptualisation of the BMC as an entrepreneurial knowledge management tool and as a framework for resilient business design.

Lesson learn earthquake disaster in Pidie Jaya Aceh in 2016 to realize a disaster-resistant community

Indirectly, to protect and achieve prosperity, national security is needed as the freedom for the state, society, and citizens from all the threats. Natural disasters is one of non-military threat that is very real in the territory of the United State of the Republic of Indonesia. Casualties, economic, social, environmental damage, and psychological impacts caused by the disaster are real conditions occur as a result of this non-military threat. The geographical position allows the threat of natural disasters due to the movement of tectonic plates and volcanic activity. This is a natural process always occurs in the cycle of life on earth. After an earthquake 9,1 magnitude followed a giant tsunami wave that devastated the city of Banda Aceh on December 26, 2004, an earthquake 6,5 magnitude occurred again which rocked the Pidie Jaya Regency area, Aceh Province on Wednesday, December 7, 2016, at 05.03.36 am. This research aims to study the management disaster during Pidie earthquake especially in emergency response. The results of this research are to make the earthquake in Pidie Jaya District in 2016 as a Lesson Learned for all parties, especially in Pidie Jaya District and in general, for all Indonesian people to form disaster-resilient communities who have awareness of the potential disasters that will be faced to contribute to the condition of National Security.

Damage reduction countermeasures for short span bridges focusing on restorability of structural joints

Lying on one of the world's most active seismic faults, Japan faces the continuous threat of natural disasters. The earthquake that struck east Japan on 11 March 2011, and the devastating tsunami, raised many very serious questions about this country's land and its disaster prevention and disaster reduction strategies for resilience. Disaster-related losses cause short- as well as long-term adverse effects on economy, society, health, culture and the environment. In Japan, the events of 11 March 2011 highlighted the need for the related government agencies, municipalities, research organisations and universities to work together in formulating and implementing a holistic and comprehensive policy approach for damage reduction countermeasures. In this paper, damage reduction countermeasures for short span bridges are presented focusing on the restorability of structural joints, with a view to earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, and deterioration.

Use of the CANopen protocol in vibration control systems of rotary machines

Currently, most accidents and disasters at power plants are associated with fatigue failure of machines, mechanisms and assemblies caused by vibration. To prevent real threats of man-made disasters, there is an urgent need for objective monitoring of the current technical condition of mechanisms without disassembling them, during operation, repair and adjustment. The article proposes to use innovative approaches in the design of reliable and high-speed communication systems for the control of diagnostics and vibration monitoring of rotary-type machines in the form of a high-level network protocol running on top of the physical interface CAN (Controller Area Network). The aim of the study is to develop proposals for the use of the CANopen protocol in vibration control systems for rotary-type machines. The authors of the article analyzed the causes of man-made accidents at energy enterprises, identified the goals and objectives of vibration control of rotary machines and substantiated the possibility of using the CANopen protocol in vibration control systems. This will allow the exchange of data between devices from different manufacturers and ensures the interchangeability of devices. Thus, the authors concluded that the use of the CANopen protocol in vibration control systems for rotary-type machines is a promising direction that allows engineers to solve the necessary technical problems using modern methods.

TIPOLOGI KERUSAKAN BANGUNAN AKIBAT CUACA EKSTREM STUDI KASUS CUACA EKSTREM KABUPATEN BANTUL 2019

The threat of disaster is unavoidable in Indonesia. In 2018, for example, 2,564 disasters occurred in which no city / district in Indonesia was free from threats. Statistical data shows that more than 90% of disasters in Indonesia are included in the hydrometereological disaster category, which has continued to increase over the past 15 years. Even in the early half of 2020, there were 256 disasters with 99% of them being hydrometereological disasters such as floods, landslides and tornadoes. The existence of extreme weather events in Bantul Regency in 2019 shows that the dangers of hydrometereology can cause considerable harm to the community. There needs to be a study to find out how to mitigate hydrometereological disasters which are the most common hazards in Indonesia. Analysis of building damage and disaster data needs to be carried out to determine the characteristics of the impact of extreme weather on buildings, to identify building elements that are vulnerable to damage, to provide anticipatory measures and alertness to extreme weather in Indonesia. Building damage data is grouped and processed in graphical form to read information patterns as material for analysis. The results of the study show that there are things that must be done in the face of extreme weather including: choosing the quality of materials and the strength of the construction of the building, attention to building elements, especially the back of the building (kitchen & bathroom), walls, and foundations, high vigilance in the area steep contours and highlands, need to be vigilant with all elements of society in areas of high potential for extreme weather, and the need to pay attention to vulnerable groups of the elderly and children.

Analysis of Abrasion in Coastal Areas of North Bengkulu Beach as Learning Material for Disaster Mitigation

The threat of disasters that often occur in coastal areas is seawater abrasion. One of the provinces in Indonesia which is located in the coastal region is Bengkulu with the area most prone to abrasion disaster is the North Bengkulu Regency. This study aims to describe the potential for abrasion in the North Bengkulu region based on the parameters of abrasion vulnerability. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive method with literature studies. An abrasion potential analysis has been carried out based on the measurement of three parameters of abrasion susceptibility namely coastal morphology, soil structure and wave height. The results showed that the coastal morphology in the area of North Bengkulu Regency was strongly influenced by tectonic processes that occur due to subduction zone pressure. Coastal morphology in the form of steep cliffs, piles (stack), while on steep cliffs also formed beach caves. The soil structure on a coastal cliff shows that the dominant cliff is composed of sandstones, gravel, clay and alluvium. The difference in vertical rock resistance results in the beach being prone to abrasion. The wave height (swash) in the North Bengkulu regency is an average of 60 cm, although at certain locations the swash height reaches 85 cm. Thus, it can be concluded that the area of North Bengkulu regency is very potential for abrasion and efforts are needed to reduce it, one of the ways through disaster mitigation education.

Knowledge for natural disaster-resilient businesses in emerging economies: a focus on decision-making by tourism entrepreneurs

To develop resilient business models, entrepreneurs who operate in an emerging economy tourist destination under continuous threat of natural disasters would benefit from knowledge attained by practical experience as well as by academic research. The aim of this study is to examine how the application of this knowledge can bolster business resilience. We draw on current empirical literature in the areas of business and tourism resilience to identify the scope of actionable design interventions. Eighteen years (2000-2018) of tourism and business resilience research were reviewed by a panel of experts to identify reoccurring topics, issues and problems. Following a thematic analysis, these topics were organised into business model canvas (BMC) blocks. We answer the question of how knowledge may be generated to aid the decision-making by tourism entrepreneurs of emerging economies whose businesses are disrupted by natural disaster events. Our contribution is simultaneously to academia and management through the conceptualisation of the BMC as an entrepreneurial knowledge management tool and as a framework for resilient business design.

Sistem Teknologi Informasi Dalam Rintisan Desa Tangguh Bencana

Desa Tangguh Bencana merupakan suatu program pembentukan masyarakat desa agar lebih mandiri dalam menghadapi bencana yang melanda desa tersebut. Program ini dilakukan pada desa yang dianggap rentan terhadap bencana. Metode yang akan diterapkan dalam kegiatan Pengembangan masyarakat ini berupa kegiatan Sistem Informasi Desa yang berbasis teknologi informasi dengan partisipasi masyarakat dalam pemecahan setiap masalah melalui diskusi bersama. Selain itu juga akan dilakukan penanganan bencana bersifat struktural diantaranya pelengkapan alat kebencanaan dan jalur evakuasi. Hasil dari kajian bahwa pelaksanaaan program pengembangan masyarakat melalui sistem informasi ini juga akan didukung oleh mitra dari lembaga-lembaga yang berkaitan dengan masing-masing permasalahan. Selain itu menghasilkan rekomendasi a) masyarakat memiliki kesiapan dalam menghadapi ancaman bencana alam baik dari segi sarana dan infrastruktur maupun dari segi sumber daya manusia; b) upaya pemberdayaan selama tidak terjadi bencana akan mampu meningkatan indeks pembangunan manusia (IPM) berdasarkan aspek ekonomi, kesehatan, dan pendidikan; c) masyarakat mampu melakukan tindakan mitigasi dan pemulihan secara mandiri tanpa harus bergantung pada bantuan pemerintah ketika terjadi. Kesimpulan kelompok sasaran mampu mengaplikasikan Teknologi Tepat Guna Sistem Informasi (Community Based Information Network) Desa Tangguh Bencana. Hasil menunjukan bahwa partisipasi masyarakat sangat tinggi dan mampu mengoperasionalkan SID.

Research on the concept and evaluation method of geo-ecological security

Geo-ecological security can be understood as the geo-ecological environment (natural-social-production system) in a certain area is not subject to the threat of geological disasters caused by active technogenesis, such as engineering construction and agricultural production. This article elaborates on the relationship between the geo-ecological security and related concepts, reviews and summarizes the current index system and methods of the geo-ecological security evaluation, and puts forward suggestions for using 3S technology in combination with landscape ecological theory to study geo-ecological security.

Dynamic Model for Determining Disaster Evacuation Locations with Game Theory

Disaster management can be grouped into three stages with several activities that can be carried out starting from pre-disaster, during emergency response and post-disaster. In the pre-disaster stage one of which is mitigation, which is a series of efforts to reduce disaster risk, both through physical development and awareness raising and capacity to face the threat of disaster. In mitigation one important factor is about evacuation. Evacuation locations in disaster transportation management are urgently needed for an effective evacuation process. Evacuation location determination is a benchmark in handling evacuation that can minimize the impact of losses from the disaster. To determine the evacuation location dynamically using game theory can solve the problem by providing several alternative locations by showing the dominant factor in the variables in the selection of the evacuation site. Game theory will use pure and mixed strategies to provide the most optimum choice of criteria. With this method will produce a decision support system to determine the optimal evacuation location or safe area in disaster mitigation

KESIAPSIAGAAN PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN BREBES DALAM MENGHADAPI BENCANA BANJIR DIMASA PADEMI COVID-19

Penelitian berjudul “Kesiapsiagaan Pemerintah Kabupaten Brebes dalam Menghadapi Bencana Banjir dimasa Pandemi Covid-19”. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sejauhmana kesiapsiagaan pemerintah Kabupaten Brebes dalam menghadapi bencana banjir dimasa pandemi covid-19. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu deskriptif kualitatif. Dalam pengumpulan data meggunakan wawancara, pengamatan/observasi, dan dokumentasi. Sementara dalam melakukan analisis menggunakan teknik analisis model Miles, Huberman dan Saldana. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa 1). Pemerintah Kabupaten Brebes memiliki pengetahuan yang baik terhadap ancaman bencana banjir dan covid-19; 2). Pemerintah Kabupaten Brebes belum memiliki rencana kontijensi bencana banjir yang dihadapkan pada kondisi pandemi; 3). Sistem peringatan dini ancaman bencana banjir masih bersifat konvensional; 4). Pemerintah Kabupaten Brebes belum pernah melakukan simulasi banjir dimasa pandemi covid-19 5). Pemerintah Kabupaten Brebes telah melakukan kerjasama dengan masyarakat dalam kesiapsiagaan bencana banjir. Adapun rekomendasi dari penulis yaitu 1). Merumuskan regulasi untuk penanggulangan bencana dimasa pandemi; 2). Menyiapkan lokasi tempat pengungsian yang memenuhi protkol kesehatan; 3). Memrumuskan rencana kontigensi ancaman bencana banjir dimasa pandemi; 4) Melatih relawan dala penanganan korban suspect covid-19; 5). Meningkatkan koordinasi dan kerjasama dalam hubungan sipil-militer.

ЦИФРОВЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ПРИ АНАЛИЗЕ СОСТОЯНИЯ ДРЕВЕСНЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ

The state of woody plants determines the viability of forests and environmental safety in urban environments largely. Therefore, scientific studies of the tree response as a complex biosystem on environmental factors changes are especially relevant due to the growing threat of environmental disasters (environmental pollution, active felling, etc.). Many modern methods for assessing the state of such complex macromolecular systems are verbal in nature due to the lack of non-destructive testing methods with controlled accuracy. The shortage of experimental measurements retards the development of modeling the state of trees and, consequently, the development of methods for predicting their response on the influence of external factors. The development of digital technology can change the current state of affairs in this sphere. In the report, within the framework of a systematic approach, the possibility of using digital technologies at analyzing the response of the state of woody plants on environmental factors changes has analyzed. The results of studying the flow of salt solutions in the xylem of tree trunks are presented to solve the problem. Based on experimental data, models are proposed that can become the basis of calculation systems for analyzing the state parameters of woody plants and predicting the occurrence of environmental disasters.

Disaster Threats in the Gunungsewu Karst Area and Mitigation Efforts in the Framework of Disaster Risk Reduction Review of the Hydrological and Geomorphological Aspects

<p><em>Karst is identical with arid, rocky areas and often drought disasters every year. Besides the drought, there are several hazards in the karst area. This study aims to review the various hazards that occur in the Gunungsewu Karst area and mitigation efforts that can be done. Multiple hazards are base on karst hydrological and geomorphological characteristics. This study is base on a literature review in several related studies, both in karst areas and in the research in the same area. Based on the results of the study, it was found that there are four types of hazards found in Gunungsewu Karst areas, namely drought, flooding, pollution, and collapse. In general, mitigation efforts that can be carried out are mapping hazards, monitoring, and increasing the capacity of people in karst areas. However, mitigation efforts are specifically made based on the type of hazards. It was done so that the existing hazards do not pose a disaster risk.</em></p>

Preparedness of Coastal Community Purworejo Against Megatrhtust Threat

<p><em>Since the tsunami in 2004 in the Indian Ocean, studies of the megatrust tsunami have been increasing. One of the reasons is because the megatrust tsunami can cause large numbers of casualties, as has happened in Aceh and Mentawai (Indonesia). The threat of a megatrust tsunami now stretches along the coastline of the southern island of Java. Communities who are in the southern part of Java, ideally have the ability to be prepared to face a tsunami disaster. Therefore, an assessment of community preparedness in the face of a tsunami in Purworejo Regency is an urgency, because Purworejo is one of the regencies directly adjacent to the ocean in the south of Java Island. This study uses a combination of questionnaires, interviews, observation and documentation to obtain data. This study provides information on the classification of villages along the coast of Purworejo in relation to the level of preparedness to face the threat of a tsunami disaster. The result is that from 16 villages 2 of them are of high status, 2 are low and the rest are moderate.</em></p>

Impacts of extreme events on hydrodynamic characteristics of a submerged floating tunnel

A submerged floating tunnel (SFT) is a promising alternative to conventional bridges and tunnels, and can be potentially built in the Qiongzhou Strait in China. However, this area is under the threat of disasters including mega tsunamis and severe storm surges. To evaluate the hydrodynamic loads of the SFT in this hazardous zone subject to severe tsunami and typhoon impacts, the Delft3D-FLOW hydrodynamic model and SWAN wave model are coupled, and a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method is adopted. The maximum probable tsunami and typhoon Rammasun (July 2014) are selected as hazard assessment conditions in the Qiongzhou Strait. Whether the tsunami and hindcast storm surge cause extreme forcing and bring challenges to the SFT engineering design, operation, and maintenance in the Qiongzhou Strait are discussed in this study. We reveal that the typhoon impacts are more devastating than tsunami for an SFT in the Qiongzhou Strait. In order to determine the optimal SFT cross-section under extreme events, we use a parametric Bezier curve profile compared with two simpler shapes including circular and elliptical cross sections. In-line force and lift are respectively applied to evaluate the SFT's hydrodynamic behaviour. Our results reveal that the gross horizontal force on the parametric Bezier curve shape is more sensitive to flow acceleration, while the circular cross-section is dominated by current speed. The parametric Bezier curve cross-section shape has the preferable property of reducing the in-line force and postponing serious vortex shedding compared with the two simpler shapes.

Impact of Coastal Erosion in the Coastal Area of Rembang, Central Java

<p><em>On the one hand, the coastal area promises abundant natural resources, but on the other hand, there are potential threats of disaster for the people living in that area. Coastal erosion or abrasion is a threat/danger that harmful to communities in coastal areas in Indonesia. One of the areas affected by abrasion in Indonesia is Rembang Regency. This study attempted to analyze the physical and social impacts of abrasion in the Rembang Regency. This study was conducted qualitatively by utilizing Ikonos High-Resolution Satellite Imagery, field surveys, and interviews as the basis for the analysis of the impact of the abrasion disaster. Respondents in this study were communities and government officials in areas affected by abrasion which were determined by purposive sampling technique. The results of the data analysis show that the physical impacts of abrasion are classified into four categories, namely heavy damage, moderate damage, minor damage, and no damage, while the social impacts are in the form of psychological, sociological, and economic disturbances which have implications for decreasing welfare. Therefore, an in-depth analysis is needed to determine the abrasion disaster management policy in Rembang Regency.</em></p>

Cultural Heritage and natural disasters: the insurance choice of the Italian Cathedrals

Given the threat of natural disasters to Cultural Heritage, this paper aims to investigate how the use of the insurance instrument contributes to the definition of an adequate risk management strategy. The analysis focuses on the role that insurance can play both by supplying policies covering damage and proactively stimulating prevention behaviors, taking into consideration information imperfections (i.e., adverse selection, moral hazard and charity hazard). Through a survey among Italian Dioceses, data about the diffusion of insurance contracts were collected together with other qualitative and quantitative elements linked to the decisional process of insuring Italian Cathedrals. The empirical analysis shows that the administrators of the Dioceses are aware of the economic value of the cultural assets and in safeguarding the Cathedrals they identify in the insurance system a useful and efficient risk management instrument.