Thoracic Spine Fractures Research Articles

Open versus minimally invasive fixation of thoracic and lumbar spine fractures in patients with ankylosing spinal diseases

PurposePosterior multilevel fixation of traumatic instability in ankylosing spinal disease (ASD) can be performed by open surgery (OS) or minimally invasive surgery (MIS). We investigated whether both methods differ based on the reduction results and perioperative parameters.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, OS and MIS groups were investigated. The bisegmental Cobb angles and dislocation angles were measured using pre- and postoperative CT images, and the initial malalignment and achieved reduction were calculated. Cut-seam time, calculated blood loss, transfusion number, fluoroscopy time, pedicle screw placement accuracy, duration of ICU stay, in-patient stay, and complications (bleeding, postoperative thrombosis and embolism, and postoperative mortality) were recorded.ResultsSeventy-five ASD patients with spine fractures (Ø 75 ± 11 years, male: 52, female: 23) (MIS: 48; OS: 27) were included in this study. The extent of reduction did not differ in the OS and MIS groups (p = 0.465; MIS:− 1 ± 3°, OS:−2 ± 6°). The residual postoperative malalignment angle was not significantly different (p = 0.283). Seventy-eight of the implanted screws (11%) showed malpositioning. No difference was found between OS and MIS (MIS, 37 [7%]; OS, 41 [16%]; p = 0.095). MIS was associated with less blood loss (OS: 1.28 ± 0.78 l, MIS: 0.71 ± 0.57 l, p = 0.001), cut-seam time (MIS: 98 ± 44 min, OS: 166 ± 69 min, p < 0.001), and hospital stay (MIS: Ø14 ± 16 d, OS: Ø38 ± 49 d, p = 0.02) than OS.ConclusionOS and MIS show equally limited performance in terms of the fracture reduction achieved. The MIS technique was superior to OS based on the perioperative outcome. Therefore, MIS should be preferred over OS for unstable spinal injuries, excluding C-type fractures, in ASD patients without neurological impairment.

Spinous Process Fractures in Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction The purpose of this study was to assess radiological features and clinical scores of osteoporotic vertebral fracture (OVF) accompanied by spinous process fracture (SPF). Methods We included painful patients with single-level OVF with intravertebral cleft. SPF was detected using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or computed tomography (CT). The plain radiographs of the vertebral fractures were evaluated based on the wedging angle of the fractured vertebrae and vertebral instability. We investigated the clinical parameters of age, gender, visual analog scale (VAS) score for low back pain (LBP), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and the period from the onset of acute fracture. Results MRI and/or CT indicated among 195 patients of OVF with LBP, 41 patients (20.5%) had SPFs. SPFs were observed one level above the fractured vertebral body in 35 patients (85.4%) and at the same level as the fractured vertebral body in 6 patients (14.6%). The prevalence of vertebral fracture of thoracic spine in the SPF-positive group was significantly greater than that in the SPF-negative group. There were no significant differences in age, gender, VAS, ODI, the time period from the onset of acute LBP, wedging angle, and vertebral instability between the presence or absence of SPFs. Conclusions SPFs occurred in 20.5% of patients with OVF and LBP. In addition, SPFs often occurred one level above the fractured vertebra, and SPFs with OVF tended to be located in the thoracic spine.

Evaluation of long-term surgical treatment outcomes of thoraco-lumbar spinal fractures - follow-up period of over 10 years.

Agricultural accidents often result in spinal injuries, particularly in fractures of the thoraco-lumbar spine. Surgical treatment of thoraco-lumbar fractures continues to comprise a major medical problem. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the long-term effects of surgical treatments of thoracic and lumbar spinal fractures treated with transpedicular stabilization, combined with posterior interbody spinal fusion (PLIF, also known as spondylodesis) or Daniaux reconstruction. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 66 patients with a thoracic or lumbar spinal fracture (Th10-L3) type A in the AO classification system, operated in 2000-2005. All patients underwent a short segment transpedicular stabilization, which in 36 patients was combined with posterior interbody spinal fusion, and in 30 other patients combined with Daniaux reconstruction. Radiological assessment was performed based on X-ray imaging. A lateral X-ray image of the spine was used to measure the vertebral wedging angle of the fractured vertebrae, the height ratio of the anterior to posterior vertebral body, and the angle of segmental kyphotic deformation. Subjective long-term assessment of the patient was conducted using the Oswestry Instability Score. The results were analyzed for statistical significance. In both groups, similar improvements in all measured parameters were observed. Despite all patients losing some of the correction in the long-term, this loss was significantly smaller following Daniaux reconstruction. Spinal stabilization combined with vertebral reconstruction allows for long-term and improved treatment results for thoraco-lumbar fracture than posterior interbody spinal fusion (spondylodesis).

Efficacy of percutaneous pedicle screws for thoracic and lumbar spine fractures compared with open technique.

The objective of this study is to compare percutaneous techniques (MIS) with the open technique in terms of angle correction, long-term maintenance and clinical results. The authors collected a prospective database of thoraco-lumbar fractures treated with posterior stabilization without fusion from 2013 to 2019. The statistical analysis has been carried out retrospectively. The patients were classified into Open and MIS group. To compare the two population, samples, treatments and mitigate the differences between the groups, the propensity score (PS) matching was used. One hundred and eight patients with thoraco-lumbar fractures were included. After performing the PS, 21 patients were obtained in the open group and 28 in the MIS group. For operative and perioperative parameters there were no differences in number of patients with posterior decompression, number of instrumented segments, number of total screws, operative time and complications. Postoperative hemoglobin was similar in both groups. However, in the open group a greater loss of hemoglobin was observed; as well as, higher analgesia requirements and length of stay. No statistically significant differences were observed in neurological status in both groups in the preoperative, postoperative period and at follow-up. The Cobb angle showed no differences at admission comparing both groups. A similar angle correction was observed with both surgeries, but in open surgery there was a statistically significant loss of correction. We observed in this study that the MIS technique for the treatment of thoracolumbar fractures is as effective as the open technique in terms of angle correction; and demonstrated that is better in its maintenance over time. Clinical results were at least as good as with the open technique.

Open reduction of thoraco-lumbar fractures and sagittal balance correction using Schanz screws

IntroductionThe correction of thoracic and lumbar spine fractures with a short instrumentation using Schanz screws, is an effective method for stabilization and sagittal balance restoration. Materials and methodsBidirectional observational study, included patients undergoing arthrodesis with Schanz screws to manage thoracic and lumbar fractures, the general characteristics, type, and location of the fracture, besides the gain in height of the vertebral body and segmental angle were analyzed before and after surgery. Clinical and imaging control was performed postoperatively and 1 month after this. p-value<.05 was statistically significant. ResultsOf 35 patients undergoing arthrodesis, 13 were excluded due to the absence of images and follow-up. There was a higher proportion of men, the main location of the fracture and AO spine classification was in T12 and type A4/B1 respectively, there was no intraoperative complication, no transfusion was required, and a short hospital stay. A mild complication was presented in the follow-up. The average pre and postoperative change was 12 degrees in the Cobb angle and 5.2mm vertebral body height in the fractured vertebra, these changes were statistically significant. ConclusionThoracolumbar and lumbar spine fracture correction with short segment fixation using Schanz screws, is an effective, safe and fast, showing significantly vertebral height gain and segmental angle correction, as a consequence, a correction of the balance and alignment of the spine.

Spinal fractures and/or spinal cord injuries are associated with orthopedic and internal organ injuries in proximity to the spinal injury

Backgroundthe demographics, mechanisms of injury, and concurrent injuries associated with cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal fracture and/or spinal cord injury remain poorly characterized. MethodsPatients aged 18 and older with spinal injury between 2011 and 2015 in the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) were identified. Patient demographics, comorbidity burden, mechanism of injury, and associated injuries were analyzed. Resultsin total, 520,183 patients with acute spinal injury were identified including 216,522 cervical, 191,218 thoracic, and 220,294 lumbar. The age distributions were trimodal with peaks in incidence at around 2155 and a lesser peak around 85 years of age. The number of comorbidities increased while injury severity decreased with advancing patient age. Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) were the most common mechanism of injury. Associated bony and internal organ injuries were common and occurred in 63% of cervical spine injury patients, 79% of thoracic spine injury patients, and 71% of lumbar spine injury patients. In all three sub-populations, there was a predominance of injuries in the local area of the primary injury. For cervical, these were rib injuries (28%), thoracic spine injuries (22%), skull fractures (20%), intracranial injuries (26%) and lung injuries (21%). For thoracic, these were rib injuries (47%), lumbar spine injuries (26%), cervical spine injuries (25%), lung injuries (35%) and intracranial injuries (24%). For lumbar, these were rib injuries (38%), thoracic spine injuries (22%), pelvic fractures (20%), lung injuries (26%) and intracranial injuries (19%). Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that increased injury severity was strongly correlated with increased mortality, with lesser contributions from increased age and comorbidity burden. Conclusionsthe current study revealed spinal fractures and/or cord injuries had high incidences of associated injuries that had a predominance of local distribution. These findings, in combination with the mortality analysis, demonstrate the importance of local targeted evaluations for associated injuries.

Reducción abierta de fracturas toracolumbares y corrección del balance sagital usando tornillos Schanz

IntroductionThe correction of thoracic and lumbar spine fractures with a short instrumentation using Schanz screws, is an effective method for stabilization and sagittal balance restoration. Materials and methodsBidirectional observational study, included patients undergoing arthrodesis with Schanz screws to manage thoracic and lumbar fractures, the general characteristics, type, and location of the fracture, besides the gain in height of the vertebral body and segmental angle were analyzed. before and after surgery. Clinical and imaging control was performed postoperatively and 1 month after this. p-value < .05 was statistically significant. ResultsOf 35 patients undergoing arthrodesis, 13 were excluded due to the absence of images and follow-up. There was a higher proportion of men, the main location of the fracture and AO spine classification was in T12 and type A4/B1 respectively, there was no intraoperative complication, no transfusion was required, and a short hospital stay. A mild complication was presented in the follow-up. The average pre and postoperative change was 12 degrees in the Cobb angle and 5.2 mm vertebral body height in the fractured vertebra, these changes were statistically significant. ConclusionThoracolumbar and lumbar spine fracture correction with short segment fixation using Schanz screws, is an effective, safe and fast, showing significantly vertebral height gain and segmental angle correction, as a consequence, a correction of the balance and alignment of the spine.

Is There a Need for Abdominal CT Scan in Trauma Patients With a Low-Risk Mechanism of Injury and Normal Vital Signs?

BackgroundClinically significant injuries are often missed in trauma patients with low-risk mechanisms of injury and lack of "red flags," such as abnormal vital signs. The purpose of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of computed axial tomography (CT) for identifying occult injuries in a high-volume trauma center.MethodsRecords from our institutional trauma registry were retrospectively extracted, examining encounters from January 2015 to October 2019. Those patients between the ages of 18 and 65 who were referred to the trauma team with a CT scan of the abdomen and had low-risk mechanisms of injury, a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 15, and normal vital signs at presentation were included. Patients in the lowest trauma categorization (Level Three, Consult) met the study definition for the low-risk mechanism of injury. Demographic and clinical data were abstracted for all patients. For this analysis, patients were divided into two groups based on age (18 - 40 years or 40 - 65 years). Injuries found on CT, their clinical significance, and the likelihood of being missed without CT were determined.ResultsOf 2,103 blunt trauma patients that received a CT scan of the abdomen from January 2015 to October 2019, 134/2,103 (6.4%) met the inclusion criteria (mean age: 44.6 years; 72.3% male). Patients between the ages of 40 and 65 years comprised 61.2% (82/134) of the study population. Of the included patients, 17.2% (23/134) had at least one acute traumatic injury identified after CT imaging of the torso. Occult injuries found on CT included rib fracture with associated lung injuries (10/23, 43.5%), splenic laceration (4/23, 17.4%), liver laceration (3/23, 13.0%), gluteal hematoma with active bleeding (1/23, 4.3%), sternal fractures (3/23, 13.0%), and thoracic or lumbar spine fractures (2/23, 8.7%). An independent review of the medical records determined that 9.0% (12/134) of these patients had traumatic injuries that would have been missed based on clinical examination without CT.ConclusionsBased on our experience, utilizing CT imaging of at least the abdomen as a routine screening measure for all trauma consults - even low-risk patients with normal vital signs - can rapidly and accurately identify clinically significant injuries that would have been otherwise missed in a notable portion of the population.

Single-Stage Posterior Circumferential Stabilization Using Double Small Cages for the Treatment of Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Fractures

Controversy remains regarding the optimal methods for resection of the vertebral body, reconstruction of the anterior column, and decompression of the spinal cord in patients who have severe vertebral body destruction of the thoracic or lumbar spine with associated neurologic impairment. We report an alternative technique for primary treatment and salvage involving single-stage corpectomy followed by reconstruction of the anterior column using double small mesh cages via the posterior-only approach. Plain radiographs and computed tomography scans, taken at different intervals, were used to measure local kyphosis, segmental height, and fusion grade. Pain was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS), and neurologic symptoms were classified according to Frankel grade. The mean kyphotic deformity improved by 14.47 ± 9.06 degrees (P < 0.001), and the mean segmental height improved by 7.17 mm ± 6.11 mm (P < 0.001) after surgery. Fusion was achieved at 84% of patients, within a median interval of 12 months. Kyphotic recurrence was observed in 2 patients (11%), segmental height loss occurred in 1 patient (5%), and both kyphotic recurrence and segmental height loss occurred in 1 patient (5%). None of the patients reported worsening pain or neurologic symptoms after surgery, and there were no surgery-related complications such as neural injury, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, cage dislocation, surgical site infection, or cardiopulmonary complications. Single-stage corpectomy followed by reconstruction of the anterior column using double small mesh cages via the posterior-only approach is a reliable and less invasive single-stage treatment and salvage option in selected cases.

Massive hemothorax due to bleeding from thoracic spinal fractures: a case series and systematic review

BackgroundMassive hemothorax secondary to thoracic spinal fractures is rare, and its clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis are unknown. We present two cases of thoracic spinal fracture-induced massive hemothorax and a systematic review of previously reported cases.MethodsThis study included patients with traumatic hemothorax from thoracic spinal fractures at a Japanese tertiary care hospital. A systematic review of published cases was undertaken through searches in PubMed, EMBASE, and ICHUSHI from inception to October 13, 2019.ResultsCase 1: An 81-year-old man developed hemodynamic instability from a right hemothorax with multiple rib fractures following a pedestrian–vehicle accident; > 1500 mL blood was evacuated through the intercostal drain. Thoracotomy showed hemorrhage from a T8-burst fracture, and gauze packing was used for hemostasis. Case 2: A 64-year-old man with right hemothorax and hypotension after a fall from height had hemorrhage from a T7-burst fracture, detected on thoracotomy, which was sealed with bone wax. Hypotension recurred during transfer; re-thoracotomy showed bleeding from a T7 fracture, which was packed with bone wax and gauze for hemostasis. The systematic review identified 10 similar cases and analyzed 12 cases, including the abovementioned cases. Inferior part of thoracic spines was prone to injury and induced right-sided hemothorax. Most patients developed hemodynamic instability, and some sustained intra-transfer hemorrhage; direct compression (gauze packing, bone wax, and hemostatic agents) was the commonest hemostatic procedure. The mortality rate was 33.3%.ConclusionsHemothorax due to thoracic spinal fracture can be fatal. Thoracotomy with direct compression is necessary in hemodynamically unstable patients.

The Traumatic Vacuum Phenomenon at the Anterior Portion of the Spine: A Clue to Extensive Spinal Fracture

A sixty-seven-year-old man complained back pain after falling from a ladder. On arrival, he had no neurological deficits in either leg. Emergency truncal computed tomography (CT) demonstrated multiple rib fractures with lung contusion and air density at the anterior portion of the 12th thoracic spine with fracture of the spinous process. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an area of high intensity at the anterior portion of the 10 and 11th thoracic spine with the posterior portion of the 11 and 12th thoracic spine, suggesting extensive unstable lower thoracic fracture. The present case suggested that air density at the anterior portion of the spine on the CT might be an important clue that suggests the existence of rare extensive thoracic spinal fracture.

Correlation of history and physical examination with imaging in traumatic near-shore aquatic head and spinal injury

ObjectiveIt remains unclear whether clinicians can rely on specific symptoms and signs to detect or exclude serious head and spinal injury sustained during near-shore aquatic activities. Our study investigated patients' history of present illness (HPI) and physical examination (PE) for their utility in detecting serious head and spinal injury. MethodsWe conducted a multicenter retrospective comparative analysis of adult patients who were transported from the beach in Ocean City, Maryland, to three nearby emergency departments for possible spinal injury from 2006 through 2017. Patients suspected to have any spinal injury from beach activities were eligible. We excluded patients who could not verbalize their symptoms or with insufficient emergency department records. We compared components of each patient's HPI and PE with radiologic evidence of spinal injury. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive likelihood ratios (LRs). ResultsWe analyzed 278 patients with suspected spinal injury. Midline spinal tenderness was associated with increased likelihood of thoracic (LR+ 2.6) and lumbar spinal fractures (LR+ 3.5). HPI complaints of paralysis (LR+ 13.9) and sensory loss (LR+ 5.8) had strong associations with spinal cord injuries. Weakness found through PE was also associated with spinal cord injury (LR+ 5.3). ConclusionsWe identified several components of the clinical evaluation that had clinically significant association with spinal injuries from beach-related trauma. While prospective studies are needed to confirm our observations, clinicians may consider these high-risk features in patients with beach-related trauma and adjust testing and level of care appropriately.

Thoracic spine fracture associated with an extradural lipoma: Case report and systematic review of the literature.

Isolated extradural lipoma (IEL), not associated to spinal dysraphisms, is a rare condition. Frequently IEL was confused with much more frequent diffuse lipomatosis. The lesion can be completely asymptomatic and occasionally diagnosed with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. This paper describes a case of a patient with an axial compression fracture of the thoracic spine associated with an extradural lipoma. We also performed a systematic review of the pertinent literature in order to retrieve the key information regarding: the diagnosis, the clinical features and the treatment.

Traumatic Fractures of the Thoracic Spine.

The majority of traumatic vertebral fractures occur at the thoracolumbar junction and the lumbar spine and less commonly at the mid-thoracic and upper thoracic spine. In accordance, a high number of articles are dealing with thoracolumbar fractures focusing on the thoracolumbar junction. Nonetheless, the biomechanics of the thoracic spine differ from the thoracolumbar junction and the lumbar vertebral spine. The aim of this review is to screen the literature dealing with acute traumatic thoracic vertebral fractures in patients with normal bone quality. Thereby, the diagnostic of thoracic vertebral body fractures should include a CT examination. Ideally, the CT should include the whole thoracic cage particularly in patients suffering high energy accidents or in those with clinical suspicion of concomitant thoracic injuries. Generally, concomitant thoracic injuries are frequently seen in patients with thoracic spine fractures. Particularly sternal fractures cause an increase in fracture instability. In case of doubt, long segment stabilization is recommended in patients with unstable mid- und upper thoracic fractures, particularly in those patients with a high grade of instability.

Different Traumatic Spinal Column Fractures and Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: An Epidemiologic Study

Background: Trauma and traumatic injuries are the most common causes of disabilities among the young population in developing countries. Besides morbidity and mortality, traumatic injuries can significantly decrease the quality of life and life expectancy of the victims. Objectives: Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury (TSCI) is an acute, traumatic lesion of the spinal cord. It usually produces economic problems that can emotionally and psychologically affect the patients. This study aims to evaluate spinal column fractures and TSCI in Iran. Methods: In this study, we evaluated all of the cases diagnosed with TSCIs between 2012 and 2018. A total of 1014 patients were included in our study. Prevalence of spinal column fractures was evaluated and the percentage of each type of fractures was extracted. The need for surgery and the percentage of TSCI were also evaluated. Results: The most common cause of trauma was vehicle and road accidents (83.4%) followed by falling (12.7%). A total of 21 patients (2.1%) died due to injuries. The incidence of TSCI among patients with traumatic spinal column fractures were 62 cases (6.1%). Also, 67.7% of patients with TSCI underwent surgery. Furthermore, we found that the lumbar area received the highest incidence of TSCI (38.3% of all TSCIs) followed by thoracic spine fractures (27.4% of all TSCIs). Also thoracic and cervical spine fractures were mostly associated with mortality compared with other sites of spine fractures (47.6% and 38.1% of all mortalities, respectively). Conclusion: In our study, most cases (83.4%) were injured by road accidents which indicates the low safety of vehicles and roads in Iran. Epidemiological features of spinal column injuries and TSCI vary among different societies due to different causes. So far, this study is the first one to evaluate different spine fractures and TSCI and other associated factors in the Iranian population.The results indicate a high incidence of thoracic and lumbar fractures and a higher mortality rate in thoracic and cervical fractures.

Incidence of Spine Fracture Hospitalization and Surgery in Finland in 1998-2017.

Retrospective cohort study. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and trends of the spine fracture hospitalization and surgery in Finland in 1998-2017. Traumatic spine fractures are rare, yet they are known to cause significant long-term disability and therefore social, functional, and financial burden. The incidence of spine fractures and related mortality has been suggested to have declined during recent years. However, there are no population-based studies investigating the incidence of surgical treatment of spine fractures. The data for this study was obtained from the Finnish nationwide National Hospital Discharge Register. The study population covered all patients 20 years of age or over in Finland during a 20-year period from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2017. A total of 54,612 patients were hospitalized for a spine fracture in Finland in 1998-2017, and 7138 (13%) of the patients underwent surgery. The annual population-based incidence of spine fracture hospitalization increased 57% during the 20-year period, from 57 per 100,000 person-years to 89 per 100,000 person-years. In addition, the incidence of spine fracture surgery increased 65%, from 5.3 per 100,000 person-years to 8.8 per 100,000 person-years. The incidence of cervical spine fracture surgery tripled, and thoracic spine surgery doubled from 1998 to 2017, while incidence of lumbar fracture surgery declined by 13%. Among patients 60 years of age or older, the incidence of cervical spine fracture surgery increased 400%. Incidences of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar fracture hospitalizations increased constantly in Finland during 1998-2017. Accordingly, incidence of cervical and thoracic spine fracture surgery increased rapidly, whereas the incidence of lumbar fracture surgery even decreased, during this 20-year period. 3.

Clinical and radiological evaluation of thoracic spine fractures with or without sternal fracture: is there a need for ventral stabilization?

The treatment of thoracic spine (TS) fractures with additional sternal fractures compared to TS fractures without sternal fractures is discussed controversionally, because in some studies it was stated that sternal fractures decrease the thoracic stability. We hypothesized that both types of fractures can be treated the same way by posterior stabilization alone. A total number of 69 patients with thoracic fractures, with or without additional sternal fractures, were examined, regarding the angle of kyphosis after fracture, postoperatively and after 6 and 12months. We also recorded the outcome using the Odom's score and the time until patients returned to work and the activity level. It was found that the angle of kyphosis was nearly physiological after stabilization in both groups and a loss of reduction after 1year was also comparable, either in the patients suffering from the additional sternal fracture or not. In addition, the Odom's score and the time until return to work and the activity level were comparable in both groups. We did not find any arguments to preserve additional anterior stabilization or reasons for different treatment strategies either additional sternal fractures occur in thoracic spine fractures or not.

Thoracic vertebrae fracture: Is it an indicator of abdominal injury?

Traumatic vertebral fracture accounts for 10-15% of trauma related admissions. While the correlation between lumbar vertebral fractures and abdominal injuries is well established, the relationship between thoracic vertebral fractures (TVF) and abdominal injuries is comparatively less well elucidated. Using a large national trauma database, we aimed to examine the incidence and severity of associated abdominal injuries in blunt trauma patients suffering from TVF. A retrospective cohort study using the Israeli National Trauma Registry was conducted. Patients with thoracic vertebrae spine fractures following blunt mechanisms of trauma between 1997 and 2018 were examined, comparing the incidence and severity of associated intraabdominal organs injuries with and without TVF. Demographics and outcomes between the two cohorts were compared. From 362,924 blunt trauma patients, 4967 (1.37%) had isolated TVF. Mean age was 49.8years and 61.9% were males. The most common mechanism of injury was fall following by MVC. The patients with TVF had significantly higher rates of increased ISS score (ISS>16, 28.45% vs. 10.42%, p<0.001) and higher mortality rate (3.5% vs. 2%, p<0.0001). Patients with TVF had 2-3 times more intraabdominal organ injuries (p<0.001). The most commonly injured organ was spleen (3.28%); followed by liver (2.64%) and kidney (1.47%). An analysis of non-isolated thoracic spine fractures showed same distribution in age, ISS, mechanisms, patterns of intra-abdominal injury, mortality rate and laparotomy rate. Clinicians should have an elevated suspicion for intra-abdominal injuries when a thoracic spine fracture is identified, which may necessitate further evaluation.

Incidence of fractures in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus-a retrospective study with 4420 patients.

The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of fracture in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This study is based on the German Disease Analyzer database and included 4258 adult individuals with a T1DM diagnosis documented between January 2000 and December 2015 in 1203 general practices in Germany. Individual matching of T1DM and non-diabetic patients was performed. The cumulative incidence of new fractures was shown for up to 10years after the index date using Kaplan-Meier curves. Cox proportional hazard models (dependent variable: incident fracture) were used to estimate the effect of T1DM on fracture incidence, as well as the effect of predefined variables on fracture incidence. After 10years of follow-up, the cumulative fracture incidence was 18.4% for T1DM patients and 9.9% for non-diabetic patients (p < 0.001). A strong association between T1DM and fractures was found (HR, 2.01 (95% CI, 1.70-2.38) p < 0.001) in both female and male patients. Significant differences between T1DM and non-diabetes patients were found in lower leg/ankle, foot and toe, shoulder/upper arm, and rib(s), sternum and thoracic spine fractures. A significant association between higher age and fracture incidence was observed in T1DM patients. In summary, we found that patients with T1DM have a twofold increased fracture rate compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, fractures were associated with increased age and high HbA1c values.

Thoracic Spine Fractures Are Rarely Identified by Chest Radiographs

To better understand the rate and sequelae of thoracic spine fractures identified in the modern era of liberal computed tomography (CT) scanning of