Thoracic Limb Research Articles

Diagnostic accuracy of Point Of Care UltraSound (POCUS) in clinical practice: A retrospective, emergency department based study.

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is the acquisition and interpretation of ultrasound imaging at the bedside to solve specific clinical questions based on signs and symptoms of presentation. While several studies evaluated POCUS diagnostic accuracy for a variety of clinical pictures in the emergency department (ED), only a few data are available on POCUS diagnostic accuracy performed by physicians with different POCUS skills. The objective of this research was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of POCUS compared to standard diagnostic imaging in the ED. This was a retrospective study conducted in the ED of a third-level university hospital. Patients who underwent cardiac, thoracic, abdominal, or venous lower limb POCUS and a standard imaging examination between June 2021 and January 2022 were included. 1047 patients were screened, and 844 patients included. A total of 933 POCUS was included (102, 12.09%, cardiac; 466, 55.21%, thoracic; 336, 39.8%, abdominal; 29, 3.44%, lower limb venous POCUS), accounting for 2029 examinations. POCUS demonstrated 96.6% (95% CI 95.72-97.34) accuracy, 47.73 (95% CI 33.64-67.72) +LR, 0.09 (95% CI 0.06-0.12) -LR. +LR was greater than 10 for all investigations but for hydronephrosis (5.8), and -LR never exceeded 0.4. POCUS exhibited high diagnostic accuracy for virtually all conditions when performed by emergency department physicians.

Acute and chronic effects of triclosan on the behavior, physiology, and multigenerational characteristics of the water flea Moina macrocopa

Triclosan, a chlorinated biphenyl ether is widely used in industrial products and cosmetics due to its antibiotic activity. Although relatively levels of triclosan have been detected in aquatic ecosystems, limited information is available regarding the acute and chronic impacts of triclosan on aquatic invertebrates, especially planktonic crustaceans. In this study, we analyzed the acute (24 h) and chronic (14 days exposure across three generations) effects of different concentrations of triclosan [1/10 of the no observed effect concentration (NOEC), the NOEC, and 1/10 of the LC50] calculated from the 24 h acute toxicity value, on the water flea Moina macrocopa. In the acute exposure experiment, the 1/10 LC50 value of triclosan significantly reduced survival, feeding rate, thoracic limb activity, heart activity, and acetylcholinesterase activity. In response to the 1/10 LC50 value, intracellular reactive oxygen species increased along with elevated levels of malondialdehyde and glutathione. Enzymatic activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were significantly increased by the 1/10 LC50 value, suggesting active protection of the antioxidant defense system against oxidative stress. Chronic exposure to the 1/10 NOEC and NOEC values revealed multigenerational adverse impacts of triclosan. The second generation was found to be the most sensitive to triclosan, as the NOEC value significantly reduced the survival rate, body length, and the number of neonates per brood, along with a delayed hatching period. Taken together, these results indicate that even sublethal levels of triclosan can have detrimental effects on the water flea population's maintenance through intergenerational toxicity.

Polioencephalopathy in Eurasier dogs.

Polioencephalopathies secondary to inborn errors of metabolism have been described in dogs, but few genetically characterized. Clinically and genetically characterize polioencephalopathy in a family of Eurasier dogs. Three Eurasier dogs (littermates) presented with early onset movement disorders (9 weeks in 2, 4-6 months in 1). Progressive gait abnormalities were detected in 2 of the dogs, persistent divergent strabismus in 1, whereas consciousness and behavior remained intact in all dogs. One dog was euthanized at 25 months. Video footage was assessed in all dogs, and Dogs 1 and 2 had examinations and investigations performed. Whole genome sequencing of Dog 1 and further genetic analyses in the family were performed. A cohort of 115 Eurasier controls was genotyped for specific variants. Episodes were characterized by generalized ataxia, as well as a hypermetric thoracic limb gait, dystonia, and irregular flexion and extension movements of the thoracic limbs. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in Dogs 1 and 2 identified symmetrical, bilateral T2 and fluid attenuated inversion recovery hyperintense, T1 hypo to isointense, nonenhancing lesions of the caudate nucleus, lateral and medial geniculate nuclei, thalamus, hippocampus, rostral colliculus and mild generalized brain atrophy. Genetic analyses identified a homozygous mitochondrial trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (MECR) missense variant in all 3 dogs, and a homozygous autophagy-related gene 4D (ATG4D) missense variant in Dogs 1 and 2. We describe a presumed hereditary and progressive polioencephalopathy in a family of Eurasier dogs. Further research is needed to establish the role of the MECR gene in dogs and the pathogenic effects of the detected variants.

Comparison of Subcutaneous versus Intramuscular Dexmedetomidine–Midazolam–Ketamine–Morphine (DMKM) Mixture as Chemical Restraint for Endoscopic Sex Determination in Aldabra Giant Tortoises (Aldabrachelys gigantea)

Sex identification through coelioscopy is a minimally invasive surgical technique used to determine the sex of chelonians by directly visualizing their internal reproductive organs. An adequate anaesthesiologic plan is essential to guarantee patient immobilization and proper analgesia during the entire surgical procedure. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a combination of dexmedetomidine (0.05 mg/kg), midazolam (1 mg/kg), ketamine (8 mg/kg), and morphine (1 mg/kg) (DMKM) randomly delivered intramuscularly (IM) or subcutaneously (SC) in twenty-one Aldabra giant tortoise (Aldabrachelys gigantea) into the right antebrachium for celioscopic sex identification. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and body temperature (BT) were measured, along with the skeletal muscle tone of the thoracic and pelvic limbs, neck retraction reflex, palpebral reflex, and jaw tone every 15 min. The anaesthesiologic plan was considered to be adequate at the loss of the thoracic and pelvic limb retraction reflexes. After a 45 min interval, if the anaesthetic plan was deemed insufficient for the celioscopic procedure, a 5 mg/kg dose of propofol was administered intravenously into the subcarapacial venous plexus. At the end of the procedure, atipamezole (0.5 mg/kg) and flumazenil (0.05 mg/kg) were administered intramuscularly into the left antebrachium as reversal agents. Both HR and RR decreased from baseline to both 15 and 30 min. Due to the persistence of thoracic and pelvic limb retraction reflexes 45 min after DMKM administration, 6/11 (55%) cases in the SC group required the additional administration of propofol, in contrast to only 1/10 (10%) cases in the IM group (p = 0.05). The recovery times were comparable between the successfully induced animals in the IM and SC groups. In this study, the intramuscular administration of a DMKM combination quickly produced chemical restraint, suitable for celioscopic sex determination.

Influence of Wearing a Tactical Harness on Three-Dimensional Thoracic Limb Kinematics.

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a tactical harness on three-dimensional motion of the thoracic limb in dogs. Five adult mixed-breed dogs (age: 4-6 years, weight: 25-35 kg) were used in this study. Custom-fit tactical harnesses were applied to each dog and 19 retroreflective skin markers were used to determine three-dimensional joint motion during dynamic motion, with and without the harness. Sagittal plane (flexion-extension), transverse plane (internal-external rotation), and frontal plane (abduction-adduction) kinematics were created for the shoulder, elbow, and carpus from motion capture data, with and without the harness. Kinematic waveforms were analysed using statistical parametric mapping paired t-tests (a = 0.05). Angular displacements were determined, and total joint range of motion was compared using paired t-tests (a = 0.05). Wearing a tactical harness increased sagittal angular displacement in the elbow but decreased it in the shoulder and carpus. Significant differences were found in the kinematic waveforms in almost all joints at both a walk and trot. Dogs wearing the tactical harness had reduced flexion and increased abduction of the shoulder joint at a walk. The elbow joint had increased extension, reduced external rotation and increased abduction at both walk and trot. The carpus had reduced flexion at a trot and walk, as well as increased internal rotation and abduction at a walk. Wearing a tactical harness affected kinematic gait data of all joints of the forelimb. The elbow was affected in all three planes at both a walk and trot, while the shoulder joint was only affected at a walk when wearing a tactical harness. The clinical impact of wearing a tactical harness is unknown at this time, particularly when dogs are performing their duties while wearing harnesses.

Association between physical activity status and musculoskeletal pain in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2: Sulcovid-19 survey.

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the association of physical activity (PA) before SARS-Cov-2 infection with Musculoskeletal (MSK) pain after infection. Methods: We used data from the Sulcovid-19, a longitudinal study. This study was carried out in the city of Rio Grande, in the extreme south of Brazil with individuals who were infected by SARS-Cov-2 between December/2020 and March/2021. Participants were asked on MSK pain in the cervical, thoracic, low back, upper and lower limbs. Three PA variables were built, as follows: 1) any PA (yes or no), 2) sufficient PA (based on WHO recommendations), and 3) PA status before and after COVID-19 (i.e., remained inactive, became inactive, and remained active). Results: Participants reporting sufficient PA levels were less likely to experience pain in the cervical (PR 0.70, 0.53–0.92 95% CI) after COVID-19. Those who remained active were less likely to experience pain in the cervical spine and in at least one body site. Becoming inactive increased the likelihood of experiencing pain in the lower limbs after infection by 30%. Conclusions: Continuous PA practice regardless SARS-Cov-2 infection showed important protection effect for MSK as a consequence of infection.

Cardio- and neuro-toxic effects of four parabens on Daphnia magna

Parabens can potentially disrupt the hormonal regulation of energy metabolism, leading to issues related to obesity, metabolic health, and the cardiovascular and nervous systems. However, the health effects of parabens have yielded conflicting research results. The impact of these substances on aquatic organisms, specifically their neuro- and cardio-toxic effects, has been insufficiently investigated. Hence, the primary goal of our research was to investigate and comprehensively assess the neuro- and cardio-toxic effects of four distinct parabens using the Daphnia magna model. After 48 h of exposure to various concentrations (0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L) of four parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and butyl-paraben), along with a solvent control, we conducted a series of physiological tests, behavioral observations, and gene transcription analyses, focusing on cardiomyopathy, serotonin, glutamate, dopamine, GABA, acetylcholine receptors, and ion flux. From a physiological perspective, the heart rate and thoracic limb activity of the exposed daphnids showed substantial time- and dose-dependent inhibitions. Notably, among the parabens tested, butylparaben exhibited the most potent inhibition, with significant alterations in cardiomyopathy-related gene transcription. In the context of neurotoxicity, all the parabens had a significant impact on gene expression, with methylparaben having the most pronounced effect. Additionally, significant changes were observed in parameters such as distance moved, the distance between individuals, and the extent of body contact among the daphnids. In summary, our findings indicate that each paraben has the capacity to induce neurobehavioral and cardiotoxic disorders in Daphnia magna. The effects of butylparaben on the cardiovascular and nervous systems were found to be the most pronounced. These discoveries showed the potential ecological implications of paraben exposure in aquatic ecosystems, particularly regarding the predator avoidance abilities of Daphnia magna.

Activity reconstruction of Rangifer tarandus feet in Fennoscandian -archaeology: Methodological considerations and application to archaeological material from two Sámi habitation sites

ObjectiveThis study explores the presence and prevalence of working Rangifer tarandus tarandus (domestic reindeer) through entheseal changes present in Rangifer tarandus phalanges at the Sámi habitation sites of Juikenttä and Nukkumajoki, located in Finland and dating from the 14th to the 18th centuries. MaterialsModern samples (n = 23 phalanges, Rangifer tarandus fennicus; n = 60 phalanges, Rangifer tarandus tarandus non-working; n = 72 phalanges, Rangifer tarandus tarandus working) with known life histories. Archaeological samples (n = 22 phalanges, Juikenttä; n = 118 phalanges, Nukkumajoki). MethodsWe analysed entheseal changes on the first and second phalanges of both the thoracic and pelvic limbs. The minute movements of reindeer feet create entheseal changes which are specific to different activity patterns. This analysis was compared to the results obtained from long-bone analysis. ResultsOur results show the presence of working reindeer at both sites and are consistent with previous analysis of the long bones found at the site. ConclusionsThis archaeological application of phalangeal entheseal changes suggests that reindeer phalanges may be used to assess both the presence and proportion of working animals in an assemblage. SignificanceThis study provides more evidence for the use of working reindeer as early as the 14th century in Northern Finland. This work also helps to provide archaeological evidence for Sámi subsistence patterns, as well as proving new tools for zooarchaeological assessment. LimitationsSmall sample size and taphonomy may affect assessment. Additionally, entheseal changes take time to envelope and may under-represent the number of working reindeer. Suggestions for further researchAssessment of additional modern and archaeological samples.

Clinical and ultrasonographic correlation of changes in the equine axial skeleton with thoracic and pelvic lameness detected by objective evaluation

Cervical and thoracolumbar changes are commonly found in sports animals and may be related to biomechanical alterations, driving movement, and the type of saddle used. The objective of this study was to characterize the correlation between clinical and ultrasonographic findings of the equine axial skeleton with objective evaluation lameness in the thoracic or pelvic limbs. A total of 76 horses of the mounted cavalry with an average of ten years of age, divided between castrated males and females of indeterminate breeds, were submitted to clinical, ultrasonographic and objective evaluations. The evaluated variables were classified in scores from 0 to 4, for later statistical analysis spearman correlation through the RStudio® software. The animals were classified into six groups according to the objective, clinical and ultrasonographic changes. A weak positive correlation was observed between the objective evaluation variable in relation to the clinical (r = 0.1, p > 0,05) and ultrasonographic (r = 0.1, p > 0,05) evaluation variables. In the present study, it was impossible to consider the correlations statistically significant since the p-value was higher than the significance level of 5%. Therefore, the associated evaluation of the axial and appendicular skeleton is of fundamental importance in the clinical routine to investigate musculoskeletal changes. This was demonstrated in the present study, where 68.42% (n=52) presented both clinical and ultrasonographic changes of the axial skeleton concomitantly with thoracic and/or pelvic lameness.

Epidural vs. systemic analgesia in the Intensive Care Unit: retrospective study of patient outcomes.

Patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) often experience acute pain. Causes include major surgery, multisystem trauma, and pancreatitis. Most ICU patients who require pain management are treated with systemic analgesia, usually intravenous opioids. This study compared the rate of pain and delirium scores, as well as mortality and morbidity between ICU patients treated with systemic vs. epidural analgesia. This retrospective analysis included patients who were in the ICU from January 2011 to June 2021, admitted due to thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, or lower limb surgery; pancreatitis; multiple rib fractures, or multisystem trauma. Data included demographics, admission parameters and indication, VAS score, Richmond Agitation and Sedation Score, in-hospital morbidity, and mortality, medical history, and medications. There was no significant difference in demographics, chronic medications, and past illness, excluding chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, peripheral vascular disease, and past cerebral vascular disease. ICU length of stay was shorter in the epidural group, but overall hospital length of stay was not. Except for increased need for dialysis in the systemic analgesia group, disease severity was similar in both groups. The epidural group had fewer days on mechanical ventilation and lower 28-day mortality, as well as fewer episodes of delirium, although pain scores were similar. There was no difference between groups in the need for physical restraints or antipsychotics for delirium. Epidural analgesia reduced the number of delirium events and was associated with a shorter ICU stay, fewer ventilation days and a lower mortality rate. Further research is needed to confirm these findings.

Evaluation of a method to measure the ratio of pelvic limb to thoracic limb girth in dogs

Objective To determine if a landmark-incorporated limb girth measurement in sound dogs, utilising the greater trochanter and the acromion process, would be both reliable and have a consistent ratio between pelvic limb (PL) and thoracic limb (TL) muscle measurements. Background To establish a reliable and reproducible reference range for sound dogs. This reference range may help clinicians further evaluate dogs during lameness and musculoskeletal examinations. Evidentiary value Prospective study of 115 sound dogs measured by a single observer. Methods Examinations were performed by one observer, using a Gullick II tape measure for PL to TL ratio (PL:TL) measurements for 115 dogs. Bodyweight, breed, body condition score (BCS), and sex were recorded. Each limb was measured three times. The average PL:TL per dog was calculated. Further statistical analysis was used to calculate intra-observer variance and the correlation of limb girth to body weight, BCS, and sex, with significance set at P < 0.05. Results The average PL:TL of the sample was 1.515 ± 0.049. Fifty-two dogs of the 115 cases (45%) had a PL:TL ratio of 1.500. PL:TL measurements were not related to dog weight, BCS, or sex. The intra-class correlation was reported to be 0.99. Conclusion Our study suggests that a landmark-incorporated measurement in a weight-bearing position can be reproducible. Further investigation is required to determine if this measurement can be reproducible between multiple observers. Application A landmark-incorporated limb girth measurement may guide clinicians in case progression and help pinpoint subclinical musculoskeletal disease in dogs.

MALE HYPERMELANOSIS

INTRODUCTION: Melasma is a dermatosis, acquired from melanocytic hyperactivity. Clinically, it is characterized by asymmetrical brownish macules located preferentially on the face, which can affect the anterior thoracic, cervical and upper limbs. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the pathophysiology of melasma from the perspective of the male population. METHODS: The present study is a literature review, of a descriptive-exploratory nature. The search for the analyzed studies was carried out in the VHL and Google Scholar databases, using the descriptors, inclusion and exclusion criteria in the month of September 2022, the selected articles included in this study. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The etiopathogenesis of melasma in men is similar to that in women, except for hormonal factors. Melasma treatment has successful responses when combined therapies that boost whitening effects, nutricosmetics, dermocosmetics and peelings have their positive effects. CONCLUSION OR FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: Studies focused on the emergence and treatment of Melasma in men, taking into account their biological, mental and social individuality, are scarce, which makes its exploration limiting. Although the etiology is multifactorial, a condition that has not been established solely as one that favors this dermatosis and its aggravation, studies are necessary in order to optimize the management and therapeutic measures in these patients.

Descriptive study of the intrinsic muscles of the shoulder and brachium in kinkajou (Potos flavus) and an evolutionary analysis within the suborder Caniformia

Abstract The kinkajou (Potos flavus) is a carnivoran of the suborder Caniformia and the family Procyonidae, inhabiting regions throughout Central and South America. Potos flavus has arboreal preferences and exhibits unique anatomical adaptations that facilitate movement within trees. Its pelvic limbs enable hindfoot reversal, while its thoracic limbs possess remarkable prehensile capabilities. Previous anatomical studies in Potos flavus have presented discrepancies in the description of the intrinsic shoulder and brachial muscles. Therefore, this study aims to provide a comprehensive anatomical description of these muscles in five specimens. The findings are compared with descriptions reported for other caniforms. The application of the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Application with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm aids in identifying relationships among caniforms based on the presence or absence of specific muscles. Our analysis reveals several key differences, including the presence of a biceps brachii with two capita (longum and breve), two coracobrachiales muscles (longus and brevis), a tensor fasciae antebrachii with two distinct parts (cranialis and caudalis), and an anconeus medialis. The caput breve of the biceps brachii and coracobrachialis longus muscles are absent in some individuals, with prevalence rates of 10% and 20%, respectively. One specimen exhibited an accessory caput laterale of the m. triceps brachii bilaterally. The comparative analysis suggests that the shoulder and brachial muscles of Potos flavus share more similarities with those of Ailurus fulgens and ursids of the genera Ursus and Tremarctos. These findings suggest the retention of muscles that may have been present in the common ancestor of the infraorder Arctoidea.

Intraspecific anatomical variations of the extensor tendons of the carpus and digits with a reexamination of their insertion sites in the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris): a cadaveric study

BackgroundThe aim of the current study was to investigate the frequency of variations of the extensor tendons of the carpus and digits in the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) with a reexamination of their insertions as well as the morphometric measurements of the tendons and the brachioradialis muscle. In total, we investigated 68 paired thoracic limbs of the domestic dog (16 females and 18 males) which were fixed in a 10% formalin solution.ResultsThe extensor carpi radialis (ECR) tendons showed striking variations in both splitting and insertion sites. In 4.4% of dissections, ECR had three tendons. Of these tendons, the extra tendon either attached independently on the fourth metacarpal bone (one right) or joined its counterpart tendon at the distal end (cross-connections) (one bilateral). It is worth mentioning that one of the ECR tendons split into two or three slips which inserted on the first, second, third, or fourth metacarpal bone in 11 (16.2%) of the specimens. In addition, we found a long tendinous slip originating from the ECR tendons to digit II or III in 7.4% of the distal limbs. The most common type of contribution to digit III was a third tendon of the extensor digiti I et II (ED III) joining the extensor digitorum lateralis (EDL III) with a frequency of 17.6%. In other types of variations, the contribution to digit III was incomplete. A part of the abductor pollicis longus (APL) deep to the superficial part of the flexor retinaculum seemed to continue up to the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) tendon.ConclusionsThe rare intraspecific variations of the extensor tendons of the manus described in the current research are valuable from both clinical and phylogenetic perspectives. Nonetheless, their functional importance needs more studies.

Polioencephalomalacia in Buffaloes in the Amazon Biome.

The epidemiological and clinical pathological aspects of polioencephalomalacia (PEM) in five buffaloes in the Amazon biome are described. Epidemiological data were obtained during the clinical visit in which buffalos were submitted to an examination of the nervous system. The diagnosis of PEM was based on epidemiological, clinical-pathological, and histopathological findings, similar to findings in other ruminants. In the clinical examination, all buffaloes had a body score between 2.5 and 3 (scale from 1 to 5), with decreased alertness, postural changes, marked hypermetria when stimulated to move, total or partial blindness demonstrated by colliding with the corral structures, head pressing and circumduction of the hindquarters when supported on the thoracic limbs, opisthotonos, muscle tremors, convulsions, paddling movements, sialorrhea, decrease in palpebral and pupillary reflexes, and eyeball rotation placing the pupillary slit in a vertical position. At necropsy, mild lesions characterized by edema and flattening of the cerebral convolutions were observed. A histopathological examination showed laminar necrosis of the cerebral cortex. The cause of PEM in the studied buffaloes was not established, which indicates the need for further studies to elucidate this disease in the species, particularly in the Amazon region.

Raquitismo associado a hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional em Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus, 1758): Relato de caso

Human beings, monkeys from the Old and New World, make up the mammals belonging to the Primate Order, the latter being exclusive to the American continent and of arboreal habits. With the advances in research in the areas of medicine and biomedicine, the demand for raising primates in captivity has increased significantly, so the well-being of non-human primates has become the target of studies by the scientific community. The skeleton is made up of bones and their joints. It is divided into two portions: the axial portion, formed by the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum, and the appendicular portion, formed by the thoracic and pelvic limbs. The cells responsible for the formation and integration of these matrices are osteoblasts. However, when they are coated by the matrices, they are called osteocytes, which are responsible for maintaining healthy bone tissue and ensuring isocalcemia (calcium balance). Metabolic bone diseases result from the imbalance between some of these elements and can affect human and non-human primates, as well as other species such as birds, reptiles, amphibians and, of course, other mammals. If calcium levels become unbalanced, the body can develop osteodystrophies over time, that is, lesions in bone tissue caused by an exacerbated increase in bone resorption and consequent weakening of the skeleton. The present case report aims to describe a condition of osteodystrophy secondary to failure in nutritional management in a female Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus, 1758).

Condrossarcoma em úmero associado a metástases pulmonares em cão jovem - relato de caso

ABSTRACT Chondrosarcoma, an unusual malignant neoplasm, develops in cartilaginous tissue and presents low rate of metastasis, mainly affecting the axial skeleton from the adult to senile dogs. In the face of unusual occurrence of chondrosarcoma in the long bones of young dogs, the present report aimed to describe it in the right humerus of a two-and-a-half-year-old Siberian Husky, attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Franca, with limping of the right thoracic limb, for 20 days. The radiographic examination of the humerus showed bone lysis and periosteal proliferation. In the incisional biopsy, proliferation of atypical chondrocytes with diffuse distribution, interspersed with compact bone matrix, was observed. The amputation of the limb was performed, and the fragment histopathological analysis showed grade I chondrosarcoma. Periodic returns were made for neoplastic staging, and at 240 days after surgery lung metastases were detected, however, the tutor did not authorize chemotherapy and radiotherapy for financial reasons and due to the absence of respiratory symptoms so far (410 days after surgery). Although uncommon, chondrosarcoma can affect the long bones of young dogs, with clinical signs similar to other bone neoplasms, and, even with the radical limb amputation, can demonstrate systemic metastasis.

Патоморфологічні зміни нирок, печінки та біохімічні показники сироватки крові червоновухих прісноводних черепах (Trachemys scripta elegans) за парентерального введення гентаміцину

Principles of reptile treatment are significantly different from the drug therapy for mammals and birds, which is primarily due to anatomical and physiological peculiarities of reptiles. Gentamicin, which has a nephrotoxic effect, is used for the treatment of reptile infectious diseases. For the purpose of studying the effects of gentamicin of reptiles a serum biochemical analysis was conducted determining aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activity, urea and uric acid concentration. Two research groups of red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) were formed for the study; every 48 hours they received an injection of gentamicin in a dose 10 mg/kg into thoracic limb muscles. The animals of the first research group were withdrawn from the experiment on the 7th day, and the animals of the second group were withdrawn on the 14th day of the research. As a result of parenteral administration of gentamicin in turtles, there is an increase in the concentration of uric acid and urea, as well as the activity of aspartate aminotransferases and alanine aminotransferases in blood serum. In the kidneys, structural changes of the glomeruli were found: alternative changes in podocytes, as well as degenerative and necrotic changes in the renal tubule epithelium. Degenerative changes of nephrocytes were accompanied by the dilation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum tubules, mitochondrial crista destruction, accumulation of autophagolysosomes, cytosomes and lysosomes in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, signs of nephrocyte apoptosis with the formation of apoptotic bodies were detected. A liver examination revealed dystrophic and necrotic changes in hepatocytes, expansion and overflow of the vessels of the venous beds.

Essential neural anatomy for creating a clinically translatable osseointegrated neural interface for prosthetic control in sheep

Aim: Ovine models for osseointegrated prosthetics research are well established, but do not consider neural control of advanced prostheses. The validity of interfacing technologies, such as the Osseointegrated Neural Interface (ONI), in their ability to provide communication between native nerves and advanced prosthetics is required, necessitating a stable, longitudinal large animal model for testing. The objective of this study is to provide a detailed anatomic description of the major nerves distal to the carpal and tarsal joints, informing the creation of a chronic ONI for prosthetic control in sheep. Methods: Six pelvic and six thoracic cadaveric limbs from mature female, non-lactating sheep were utilized. Radiographs were obtained to determine average bone length, medullary canal diameter, and cortical bone thickness. Microsurgical dissection was performed to discern topographical neuroanatomy and average circumferences of the major nerves of the pelvic and thoracic limbs. Histologic analysis was performed. A surgical approach for the creation of ONI was designed. Results: Average metacarpal and metatarsal length was 15.0 cm (± 0.0) and 19.7 cm (± 1.0), respectively. Average intramedullary canal diameter was 12.91 mm (± 3.69) for forelimbs and 12.60 mm (± 3.69) for hindlimbs. The thoracic limb nerves consisted of one dorsal and three ventral nerves, with an average circumference of 5.14 mm (± 2.00) and 5.05 mm (± 1.06), respectively. Pelvic limb nerves consisted of two dorsal and one ventral nerve with an average circumference of 6.27 mm (± 1.79) and 5.40 mm (± 0.53), respectively. Conclusions: These anatomic data inform the surgical approach and manufacture of a sensory ONI for chronic testing in awake, freely ambulating animals for future clinical translation.

Functional Anatomy of the Thoracic Limb of the Komodo Dragon (Varanus komodoensis).

Since the Komodo dragon has been included on The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, it is crucial to know in detail its biology as there is a limited availability of research material on these animals-mainly those who died in zoos or whose remains were found in the wild. Anatomy is essential for understanding physiology, identification of diseases, adaptations in the environment, and behavior. In this dissection study, the relationship of individual anatomical structures was analyzed, the anatomy of the active and passive movement system of the thoracic limb was described, photographs were taken, and a radiographic examination was conducted. This species has its own differences, even within closely related lizard species. Varanus komodoensis possesses triceps muscles with three heads, and the wrist is extended with additional bones for greater flexibility of the hand. The muscles of the forelimb are analogous to the hind limb; however, they differ in the mass of individual muscles, especially those predisposed to perform the most important antigravity and locomotive functions.