Third-party Policing Research Articles

An integrated theory for the practical application of “governance-based policing”

Purpose– This paper aims to reconcile the different theoretical approaches of the next stage of community policing – third-party policing, post-modern policing, community-based policing, public self-policing, community governance and public safety governance – into a cohesive theoretical framework through the integration of the new governance of public administration, systems theory and community development theory.Design/methodology/approach– This paper reviews the existing literature of community-oriented policing (COP) and the concepts of new governance of public administration, then reconciles the two to create a management framework of governance-based policing.Findings– COP falls short in many areas because it represents a natural system orientation and a technical-assistance approach to community development. The next stage of community policing requires an open system founded in the self-help approach to community development and new governance principles.Practical implications– This work addresses the shift from hierarchies to networks as well as detailing the responsibilities of police management to transcend the shortcomings in the current iteration of community policing. It brings a modern public management view (new governance) into policing more cogently and completely than it has been done before.Originality/value– This work is unique to the community policing literature through the application of new governance, systems theory and community development theory to understand the shortfalls of COP and formulate a more cohesive theory of the next evolution of police service delivery.

Responding to organised payment card compromise and subsequent fraud

The global endemic crime problem of payment card compromise and subsequent fraud continues to pose extreme challenges for the payments processing industry and for law enforcement. These challenges include developing strategies to minimise risk, including enhancing the security of cards for consumers, reducing loss for merchants and financial institutions, and enhancing intelligence sharing between industry and law enforcement. Case studies concerning the activities of transnational criminal networks responsible for card fraud show increasing levels of sophistication as well as the magnitude of financial loss. Correspondingly, the evidence suggests wide-ranging gaps in the design and implementation of equally sophisticated responses that can produce risk reduction and prevention. This paper draws on the problem-oriented policing, situ­ational crime prevention and third-party policing theoretical approaches to propose a strengthened preventative response to the problem.

Effective third-party policing partnerships or missed opportunities?

In the last decade, in particular, policing organisations have increasingly been called upon to adapt to rising demands on their resources. These demands have required policing organisations to think more strategically about the way policing business is performed and the types of crime outcomes being achieved. More complex crime challenges particularly in the area of organised crime have influenced police to adopt more proactive methods. This paper examines an innovative policing partnerships response to a serious illicit drug crime problem in Australia. The key objective of the paper is to analyse police perspectives of the operations and functionality of the partnership with community pharmacists, at the state policy level and at the local level in two jurisdictions. This paper highlights the importance of developing a partnership model that alleviates the ‘disconnect’ experienced by police who are translating the partnership at the local level.

Unpolicing the Urban Poor

Recent decades have witnessed a double movement within the field of crime control characterized by the prison boom and intensive policing, on the one hand, and widespread implementation of new approaches that assign policing responsibilities to non-police actors, on the other. The latter development has been accomplished by expansion of third-party policing policies; nuisance property ordinances, which sanction landlords for their tenants’ behavior, are among the most popular. This study, an analysis of every nuisance citation distributed in Milwaukee over a two-year period, is among the first to evaluate empirically the impact of coercive third-party policing on the urban poor. Properties in black neighborhoods disproportionately received citations, and those located in more integrated black neighborhoods had the highest likelihood of being deemed nuisances. Nearly a third of all citations were generated by domestic violence; most property owners abated this “nuisance” by evicting battered women. Landlords also took steps to discourage tenants from calling 911; overrepresented among callers, women were disproportionately affected by these measures. By looking beyond traditional policing, this study reveals previously unforeseen consequences of new crime control strategies for women from inner-city neighborhoods.

지역사회 경찰활동의 통합적 정립

Today`s policing is toward to the Community Policing. Despite its widespread popularity, there exists a lack of common understanding among academics and practitioners alike regarding the scope of the community policing philosophy and of its ability to integrate these complementary ideas within it. These are Problem-oriented policing, broken windows, Compstat, third-party policing, and hot spots. We will present a definition of community policing and demonstrate how these other policing approaches can be incorporated into the overarching community policing philosophy. We will also discuss the potential benefits of taking such a unified approach with the hope of encouraging further integration among policing innovations.

적극적 시민참여활동을 위한 Third Party Policing의 도입방안

A participating civilian in the policing is become very important issue and strongly encouraged since variety and intelligent crimes have occurred. Moreover, necessity of invigorates of Problem-Oriented Policing has been emphasized in Korea because the effects of the Problem-Oriented Policing in the Case-Oriented Policing had been proved. Lastly, practical use of the Third Party Policing (TPP) is a main purpose to deal with spreading of the Gated community, which controls the outside. To utilizing the Third Party Policing in Korea, several solutions are suggested such as making the manual of operation process, organizing task force team for TPP (the Third Party Policing), changing the sense of civilian and police organization and realistic way to motivating.

Police Innovation: Contrasting Perspectives. Edited by David Weisburd and Anthony A. Braga. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. xx+367. $28.00 paper.

Police Innovation: Contrasting Perspectives. Edited by David Weisburd and Anthony A. Braga. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. xx+367. $28.00 paper. Reviewed by Steve Herbert, University of Washington The unrest that plagued American cities in the 1960s led to a crisis of confidence in several institutions, the police not least among them. Many urban riots were touched off by a police-citizen encounter, clear evidence of the symbolic position officers occupied in many communities. This crisis of confidence coincided with the rise of social science as a means to examine and improve organizations such as the police. The U.S. Department of Justice began sponsoring research efforts to determine whether and how the police could be reformed, and many academics lined up to provide their expertise. In the 40 years since, police departments have tried various reforms, and many have invited researchers to examine their efforts. The goal of Police Innovations: Contrasting Perspectives is to assess eight of the most popular of these reforms: community policing, broken-windows policing, problem-oriented policing, pulling-levers policing, third-party policing, hot-spots policing, Compstat, and evidence-based policing. Each of these reforms gets two chapters, one written by an advocate, the other by a critic. Advocates typically assess the empirical record of a given reform positively and urge its continuation, albeit with some amendments. Critics, unsurprisingly, find less cause for celebration and outline the wellsprings of their more pessimistic reading. These detailed pro and con chapters are bracketed by an introduction and conclusion written by the co-editors. The roster of contributors is a virtual who's who of police researchers, almost all of whom live in the United States; names such as Skogan, Mastrofski, Kennedy, Moore, and Kelling grace the table of contents. Each of the authors is engaged in detailed empirical research with police departments, so each speaks from a position of considerable expertise. In many cases, the authors are very closely tied to the reform in question: they have either birthed the innovation (e.g., Kelling and broken-windows policing) or studied it intensively for several years (e.g., Skogan and community policing). The format of the book works well. Each author thoroughly reviews the empirical record and clearly explains the logic of the argument. Each chapter is reasonably concise and well-written. The decision to counterpose advocates and critics leaves the reader well-positioned to reach his or her own conclusion about the sensibility of a particular reform movement. Despite their differences, the authors in these volumes operate from similar assumptions. They believe that the police can reduce crime, and that the police should be evaluated significantly in terms of whether they achieve that goal. The authors share an embrace of detailed research programs that aspire to high scientific standards, the better to determine the precise impact of the adoption of a particular police strategy. …

Drug Law Enforcement

This article describes the results of a systematic review of drug law enforcement evaluations. The authors describe the search procedures and document the results in five main categories: international/national interventions (e.g., interdiction and drug seizure), reactive/ directed interventions (e.g., crackdowns, raids, buy-busts, saturation patrol, etc.), proactive/ partnership interventions (e.g., third-party policing, problem-oriented policing, community policing, drug nuisance abatement, etc.), individualized interventions (e.g., arrest referral and diversion), or interventions that used a combination of reactive/directed and proactive/ partnership strategies. Results indicate that proactive interventions involving partnerships between the police and third parties and/or community entities appear to be more effective at reducing both drug and nondrug problems in drug problem places than are reactive/ directed approaches. But the general quality of research in drug law enforcement is poor, the range of interventions that have been evaluated is limited, and more high-quality research is needed across a greater variety of drug interventions.

Social Structure, Robustness, and Policing Cost in a Cognitively Sophisticated Species

Conflict management is one of the primary requirements for social complexity. Of the many forms of conflict management, one of the rarest and most interesting is third-party policing, or intervening impartially to control conflict. Third-party policing should be hard to evolve because policers personally pay a cost for intervening, while the benefits are diffused over the whole group. In this study we investigate the incidence and costs of policing in a primate society. We report quantitative evidence of non-kin policing in the nonhuman primate, the pigtailed macaque. We find that policing is effective at reducing the intensity of or terminating conflict when performed by the most powerful individuals. We define a measure, social power consensus, that predicts effective low-cost interventions by powerful individuals and ineffective, relatively costly interventions by low-power individuals. Finally, we develop a simple probabilistic model to explore whether the degree to which policing can effectively reduce the societal cost of conflict is dependent on variance in the distribution of power. Our data and simple model suggest that third-party policing effectiveness and cost are dependent on power structure and might emerge only in societies with high variance in power.

Third-party policing: A theoretical analysis of an emerging trend*

“Third-party policing” describes police efforts to persuade or coerce nonoffending persons to take actions which are outside the scope of their routine activities, and which are designed to indirectly minimize disorder caused by other persons or to reduce the possibility that crime may occur. The practice applies formal, noncriminal controls found in civil law as coercive tools against an intermediate class of nonoffending persons who are thought to have some power over offenders' primary environments. The police use coercion to create place guardianship that previously was absent, so as to decrease opportunities for crime and disorder. We link the theoretical bases of crime prevention to the theory of third-party policing, and examine gaps in traditional policing that have led to a formalization of policing through third parties. We examine third-party policing in two location-specific programs: the drug-abatement Beat Health Program in Oakland and the problem-solving RECAP Unit in Minneapolis. We conclude by discussing the potential ramifications of the third-party trend.

Multimarket Oligopoly: Strategic Substitutes and Complements

A firm's actions in one market can change competitors' strategies in a second market by affecting its own marginal costs in that other market. Whether the action provides costs or benefits in the second market depends on (a) whether it increases or decreases marginal costs in the second market and (b) whether competitors' products are strategic substitutes or strategic complements. The latter distinction is determined by whether more "aggressive" play (e.g., lower price or higher quantity) by one firm in a market lowers or raises competing firms' marginal profitabilities in that market. Many recent results in oligopoly theory can be most easily understood in terms of strategic substitutes and complements.