Third-party Intervention Research Articles

Preference for relationship help and emotional help from third parties across cultures

PurposeIn this paper, the authors examine the role of idiocentric and allocentric cultural orientations in employees’ preference for relationship help and for emotional help from third parties in two cross-cultural samples. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the psychological dynamics of cultural dimensions in relation to cross-cultural conflict intervention.Design/methodology/approachThe authors tested the theoretical assumptions by using questionnaire survey in two cross-cultural samples. Study 1 is a cross-cultural comparison within a country, including 83 Dutch employees and 106 Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands. Study 2 is a comparison between countries, including 123 Germany-based German employees and 101 Pakistan-based Pakistani employees.FindingsThe results show that employees’ allocentric orientation, but not idiocentric orientation, explains the differences in preference for relationship help in both the within-country comparison (Study 1: individualistic Dutch culture vs collectivistic Turkish culture) and the between-country comparison (Study 2: individualistic German culture vs collectivistic Pakistani culture). However, only in the between-country comparison (Study 2), the findings reveal that the difference in preference for emotional help between individualistic German culture and collectivistic Pakistani culture is mediated by idiocentric orientation (not by allocentric orientation).Research limitations/implicationsThe study confirms that the extent to which disputants’ preference for third-party help regarding social and personal aspects does differ across national cultures, and supports that the argument that social relationship is one of the paramount concerns in conflict handling in the collectivistic cultures. In addition, the study signals an alternative way of conducting two culture comparisons and expands our view on the cultural dimension of individualism-collectivism.Practical implicationsThe findings have practical implications both for third-party intervention and for managing cultural diversity in the workplace.Social implicationsIn general, this study contributes to our understanding on how culture influences conflict handling and provides suggestions for third parties to be culturally adaptive.Originality/valueThe research demonstrates that culture plays an important role in determining the extent to which disputants favour relationship help and emotional help from third parties. The research is also valuable in terms of reliability. The authors tested the hypotheses in two cross-cultural samples both within a country and between countries.

Telehealth electronic monitoring to reduce postdischarge complications and surgical site infections after arterial revascularization with groin incision

It is intuitive that postdischarge surgical complications are associated with increased patient dissatisfaction, and are directly associated with an increase in medical expenditures. It is also easy to make the connection that many post-hospital discharge surgical complications, including surgical site infections (SSIs), could be influenced or exacerbated by patient comorbidities. The authors of a recent study reported that female gender, obesity, diabetes, smoking, hypertension, coronary artery disease, critical limb ischemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dyspnea, and neurologic disease were significant predictors of SSIs after vascular reconstruction was performed. The main concern for optimal patient care, especially in geographically isolated areas of West Virginia, is to have early, expeditious, and prompt diagnosis of complications and SSI. This adjunct to existing approaches could lead to improved outcomes and patient satisfaction, minimizing third-party interventions and decreasing the total cost of care. It seems reasonable to believe that monitoring using telehealth technology and managing the general health care of patients after a hospital vascular intervention will improve overall health and reduce 30-day readmissions and SSIs.

Resources in the Conflict Region and Third-Party Intervention

기존 연구는 천연자원과 제3자 개입이 내전에 중요한 부문이라고 주장하고 있다. 그러나 많은 현실 사례들에도 불구하고 천연자원의 제3자 내전 개입에 대한 연구는 상대적으로 적게 이루어지고 있다. 천연자원의 제3자 내전 개입에 대한 일부 기존 연구는 탐욕스러운 제3자 또는 탐욕스러운 내전 당사자 (정부 및 반군)에 초점을 맞추고 있는 탐욕 이론 (the greed theory)만을 주장하고 있다. 그러나 제3자들은 새로운 경제적 이익이 아닌 단순히 그들의 자원에 대한 권리와 재산을 보호하기 위해 내전에 개입할 수 있음에도 불구하고, 탐욕이론은 자원의 제3자 개입에 대한 영향력의 일부만을 설명하고 있다. 본 연구는 보다 정확히 자원의 제3자 내전 개입에 대한 영향력을 설명하기 위해 보호 이론 (the protection theory)를 제시하고, 제3자 내전 개입 유형 및 제3자 유형을 분류하여 여섯 개의 가설들을 제시한다. 이 가설들은 향후 연구가 보다 정확히 제3자 내전 개입에 대한 자원의 영향력을 분석하는데 중요한 시작점을 제시할 것이다.

Supplemental Material for Within-Individual Associations Among Third-Party Intervention Strategies: Third-Party Helpers, But Not Punishers, Reward Generosity

Supplemental Material for Within-Individual Associations Among Third-Party Intervention Strategies: Third-Party Helpers, But Not Punishers, Reward Generosity

Witnessing wrongdoing: The effects of observer power on incivility intervention in the workplace

Research often paints a dark portrait of power. Previous work underscores the links between power and self-interested, antisocial behavior. In this paper, we identify a potential bright side to power—namely, that the powerful are more likely to intervene when they witness workplace incivility. In experimental (Studies 1 and 3) and field (Study 2) settings, we find evidence suggesting that power can shape how, why, and when the powerful respond to observed incivility against others. We begin by drawing on research linking power and action orientation. In Study 1, we demonstrate that the powerful respond with agency to witnessed incivility. They are more likely to directly confront perpetrators, and less likely to avoid the perpetrator and offer social support to targets. We explain the motivation that leads the powerful to act by integrating theory on responsibility construals of power and hierarchy maintenance. Study 2 shows that felt responsibility mediates the effect of power on increased confrontation and decreased avoidance. Study 3 demonstrates that incivility leads the powerful to perceive a status challenge, which then triggers feelings of responsibility. In Studies 2 and 3, we also reveal an interesting nuance to the effect of power on supporting the target. While the powerful support targets less as a direct effect, we reveal countervailing indirect effects: To the extent that incivility is seen as a status challenge and triggers felt responsibility, power indirectly increases support toward the target. Together, these results enrich the literature on third-party intervention and incivility, showing how power may free bystanders to intervene in response to observed incivility.

Exploring the Threshold between Conflict Management and Joining in Biased Interventions

Recent research emphasizes the effectiveness of biased third parties and their use of leverage in resolving conflicts. However, scholars fail to explore systematically the conditions under which conflict management strategies straddle the confines between mediatory techniques and approaches more commonly associated with joining behavior. This article examines the threshold between neutral conflict management and overt joining by offering a model of third-party intervention based on the notion of international social proximity and situated within the familiar opportunity–willingness framework. Our arguments are tested with a novel combination of data on biased joining from Corbetta and Dixon and data on neutral mediatory efforts from Frazier and Dixon. Our findings reveal that the application of biased leverage and mediation is rare but salient, and asymmetrical ties between third parties and combatants explain their occurrence.

The Management of Third-party Amicus Participation before International Criminal Tribunals: Juggling Efficiency and Legitimacy

Our article examines the practice of third-party amicus participation before international criminal tribunals (icts) and considers its impact on the efficiency and legitimacy of the international criminal process. Our review focuses on the provenance of third-party interventions, their nature and their impact (if any) on the reasoning of the ict in a given case. We note that a significant proportion of the amicus submissions are from western non-governmental organizations and individuals, rather than from the communities most directly affected by the work of icts. We consider the implications of this finding in the context of the well-documented ‘image problems’ that plague icts. We find that icts tend to manage the participation of third-party amici fairly judiciously, and conclude with some suggestions regarding how the engagement between icts and amici could be improved to enhance both the efficiency and the legitimacy of international criminal proceedings.

Conflict Management in Illicit Drug Cryptomarkets

Illegal drug markets have been described as “stateless” systems. Drug dealers, moreover, are commonly considered to have a predilection toward the use of violence to resolve disputes arising from dealing activities. While some studies have undermined this popular perception, new trends surrounding the distribution of illegal drugs via online channels (drug cryptomarkets) have shifted the transactional setting from the physical to virtual realm, thus decreasing the likelihood of violent resolution outcomes even further. This article examines conflict management strategies within cryptomarkets by coding discussion forums between vendors and buyers. Violence, as expected, is absent. Strategies more likely reflect alternatives that have been recognized in conflict management research within and beyond illegal market settings: tolerance, avoidance, ostracism, third-party intervention, negotiation, and threats. The overall setting from which such resolutions emerge is clearly not subject to formal regulations, but our analyses illustrate the multitude of informal social control mechanisms that are consistently at play and which underlie the self-regulatory and communal processes that are firmly in place.

Misbehavioral Law and Economics: Separating and Pooling in Responses to Consumer Financial Mistakes

This paper examines policy responses to mistakes individuals make in financial decisions like payday loans and day-trading. One goal of policy is to match the choices we make to what we really want — our preferences. This is difficult because a mistaken and a non-mistaken chooser have different preferences despite their identical choices, and their actual preferences cannot be measured directly.Preferences are informed by subjective tastes and by objective circumstances, and both vary from person to person. Consider two investors who each choose to day-trade, which will almost certainly lose them money. The two may differ from each other in their tastes — how much they enjoy the thrill of a gambling-like activity — and in their circumstances — the degree to which a loss will damage their financial health. Consumers usually know best when it comes to subjective tastes, while third-party interventions can often account for objective circumstances in guiding choices. Circumstance-focused policies can employ proxies — rules that are tailored around observable traits that are proxies for the relevant circumstances, such as minimum income requirements in some parts of the securities law. By contrast, for making outcomes sensitive to taste, policymakers should employ elicitation strategies, that get consumers to reveal more information about private tastes. This paper describes both options, and discusses how to assess the costs of residual mismatching.

Ṣuwar al-ḥaḍānah ba‘da al-ṭalāq fī Aceh al-Wusṭá

The divorce rate occurred in post-tsunami Aceh have increased sharply, especially in Central Aceh district by 2015. This research was conducted in order to figure out the causes of divorce, the patterns of ḥaḍānah (child custody) and the parent’s attention towards their children after the divorce. The selection of Central Aceh as the object of research was because this district has been occupying the highest position of divorce rate when compared to other districts/cities. The results of this study explain that divorce occurs due to love affairs, economic problems, third-party intervention, early marriage, lack of communication, having no trust and different views of life principles. Meanwhile the pattern of ḥaḍānah happened was mostly carried out by their mother, and the rest was taken care of by their father and the third party like their grandparents. The relationship between the cause of divorce and ḥaḍānah is that when divorce is caused by a spouse’s bickering usually has a negative effect on the pattern of ḥaḍānah, if the divorce happened due to disagreement in the life principles or a certain principle it would have a positive impact. This negative impact on certain conditions requires that older children bear the needs of their younger siblings.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v24i1.4189

Interim third-party selection in bargaining

Third-party intervention can reduce the risk of conflict in situations where the bargaining failure is due to asymmetric information. In this paper, I consider the selection of a third party in a two-person bargaining problem where each disputant has private information about its relative strength or weakness. For a class of problems, I find that the disputants choose the third party that is best for the strong type but worst for the weak type due to the incentive of each disputant to avoid seeming weak to their adversary. The selected third party's intervention entails a higher ex ante chance of conflict than intervention by any other alternative. This paper shows how the process of interim third-party selection can have important consequences for the outcome of a third-party intervention in bargaining.

Rule 24 Notwithstanding: Why Article III Should Not Limit Intervention of Right

Federal judges often confront cases asking them to set precedent with less-than-complete information. Given the function of stare decisis in the federal judiciary, these judgments often have far-reaching and functionally permanent consequences. At the trial level, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide a partial remedy to this problem. Rule 24(a)(2) provides a party the right to intervene in ongoing litigation provided it meet three conditions. Although the text of Rule 24(a) lays out only three requirements, several circuits have engrafted the standing requirements of Article III onto the Rule, creating an additional hurdle to third-party intervention. As a result, federal courts in these circuits are denied potentially relevant information from parties not immediately bound by a given case. Those same parties are denied the ability to represent their interests in precedent-setting litigation. And because lower federal courts adhere rigidly to stare decisis, these parties are effectively prevented from challenging precedents once set. Because the purely legal debate over whether Article III standing applies to Rule 24(a)(2) is at a stalemate, this article considers a different line of argument. With the Article III debate yet unresolved, I argue that the quasi-legislative character of judicial decisions and decision-making militates against imposing Article III standing on Rule 24(a)(2) intervenors. Specifically, I argue that when judicial decision-making creates a quasi-legislative rule, as is the case with most opinions, courts’ use of Article III standing to exclude other parties from this process raises two interrelated concerns. First, excluding additional parties decreases the volume and, potentially, the quality of information entering the process, increasing the probability that the court will generate bad precedent. This is especially true when the original party’s representation is inadequate, a possibility the text of Rule 24(a)(2) openly acknowledges. Second, a court’s ruling effectively binds all future litigants within its jurisdiction. To varying extents, future litigants are thus denied the opportunity to be heard on the merits of their claims and defenses. While this denial does not violate procedural due process, it does undermine the principles underlying the doctrine.

Preverbal infants affirm third-party interventions that protect victims from aggressors

Protective interventions by a third party on the behalf of others are generally admired, and as such are associated with our notions of morality, justice and heroism1–4. Indeed, stories involving such third-party interventions have pervaded popular culture throughout recorded human history, in myths, books and movies. The current developmental picture is that we begin to engage in this type of intervention by preschool age. For instance, 3-year-old children intervene in harmful interactions to protect victims from bullies5, and furthermore, not only punish wrongdoers but also give priority to helping the victim6. It remains unknown, however, when we begin to affirm such interventions performed by others. Here we reveal these developmental origins in 6- and 10-month old infants (N = 132). After watching aggressive interactions involving a third-party agent who either interfered or did not, 6-month-old infants preferred the former. Subsequent experiments confirmed the psychological processes underlying such choices: 6-month-olds regarded the interfering agent to be protecting the victim from the aggressor, but only older infants affirmed such an intervention after considering the intentions of the interfering agent. These findings shed light upon the developmental trajectory of perceiving, understanding and performing protective third-party interventions, suggesting that our admiration for and emphasis upon such acts — so prevalent in thousands of stories across human cultures — is rooted within the preverbal infant’s mind. Over six experiments, Kanakogi et al. show that infants as young as 6 months support third-party interventions that protect victims from aggressors. This suggests that human emphasis upon such acts is rooted within the preverbal infant’s mind.

Consequences of Third-Party Intervention in History Issues: Genocide Recognition of the Armenian Massacre

Consequences of Third-Party Intervention in History Issues: Genocide Recognition of the Armenian Massacre

Refrigeration and the Reduction of the Takeoff Rate of Bushmeat

Rising incomes in the developing world has led to increased consumption of bushmeat as a luxury good with a mounting risk of species extirpation. In a two-period model with stochastic supply, this article shows that the simple expedient of introducing refrigeration to the bushmeat markets can lead to the reduction of harvest rates. In the absence of refrigeration, all bushmeat brought to the market must be sold immediately, putting downward pressure on price and sending the incorrect signal to hunters that everything they kill can and will be sold. With refrigeration, it is possible to carry over inventory from one period to the next, which in turn limits harvests. Although harvest rates fall unequivocally, there may be no incentive for market participants to introduce refrigeration. This last result is explained through the use of the economists’ notion of economic welfare as measured by consumer and producer surplus. Achieving the socially desirable goal of lower harvest rates may require third-party intervention in the market.

Cooperation Via Intimidation: An Emergent System of Mutual Threats can Maintain Social Order

Can human aggressiveness promote peaceful cooperation? Despite the seeming contradiction of these phenomena, our study suggests the answer is yes. We develop two agent-based models of cooperative interactions among aggressive agents threatening each other. In Model 1, we show that aggressive displays performed by dominance-seeking individuals create a system of mutual threats that effectively enforces cooperation and inhibits agents from escalating conflicts. This happens because agents observe each other fighting, which deters them from attacking each other due to aggressive reputations. In Model 2 we extend this effect to third-party interventions showing that forming alliances makes attacks more efficient and promotes the emergence of common rules determining whom to fight against. In such a state, social order is maintained by the existence of moral alliances – groups of agents willing to fight against norm violators. In summary, we argue that reputation for toughness and the aggressive predisposition of humans could have played an important role in the evolution of cooperation and moral systems.

Civil Conflict and Third-Party Intervention in the Asia-Pacific

This paper overviews the recent pattern of civil conflict in the Asia-Pacific region and the reaction of regional powers and intergovernmental organizations to each of the conflicts. The Asia-Pacific is a region that has experienced many incidents of armed internal conflict. While the region was involved in massive violence caused by the dynamics of international relations since the end of World War II, domestic conflicts also swept the area and caused enormous damage to human life and its socioeconomic infrastructure. In the Cold War period, many cases of conflict were fought as proxy wars between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, both of which actively intervened in the disputes. Beyond these super powers, regional actors also played a central role as interveners in civil conflicts even into the post-Cold War period; regional powers, including India, Pakistan, and China, have pursued strategic interests in civil conflict through their unilateral operations. Although multilateralism in the management of civil conflict has not been cultivated in the Asia-Pacific for a long time, some efforts were recently made toward the development of a regional scheme. This paper discusses the current perspective on regional cooperation in conflict management as well.

Collective Bargaining and Trade Union: A Decision Imbroglio at UPSRTC

Any fundamental change in structures, processes or business operations is bound to trigger reactions from stakeholders’ perception about the intention to change. These reactions need to be addressed with due consideration to the stakeholders’ interest or else may prove detrimental to all. Resolving disputes and trade unions roles are crucial in establishing peace and safeguarding the interest of employees. Trade unions initiate dialogues, organize collective actions and use the dispute machinery for resolving conflicts to bring an agreeable solution satisfying all. Collective bargaining is a major tool towards a mutual consensus and agreement through bipartite measures. Continuous efforts at arriving at a mutual agreement may fail and resorting to the third-party intervention may hold the key to arriving at an agreeable and a peaceful end to problems. This has been demonstrated in the given case. Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (UPSRTC) is a major player in roadways transportation with very low competition from private transporters. The corporation provides comfortable and economical services to the passengers and holds a monopoly position with the private operators relying heavily on infrastructure support of the corporation. The state government decided to introduce public–private partnership (PPP) model on which UPSRTC model would work. Such a move by the government was not acceptable to the unions and the employees. Major agitations and intervention of the court forced the government to withdraw some of its decisions perceived as a threat and detrimental to the corporation.

A sequential game of endowment effect and natural property rights

This study develops a sequential game between the incumbent and the intruder to examine how endowment effect decides natural property rights of a territory without third-party intervention.

Investigating variation in third-party intervention behavior during a fallow deer (Dama dama) rut

Investigating variation in third-party intervention behavior during a fallow deer (<i>Dama dama</i>) rut