Impact Of Third Parties Research Articles

Cyberbullying as a way of causing suicide in the digital age

The fundamental basis of legal systems based on common law is that people have free will and are accountable for their actions. Particularly difficult and controversial issues of criminal liability arise when one person instigates another to commit suicide, and, accordingly, issues of free will, causality, and responsibility become increasingly important. The reasons for committing suicide are primarily socio-economic in nature. A certain proportion of suicides are those that occur due to the negative impact of third parties on the victims. In this case, the investigative action must establish that the perpetrator displayed intent in his or her actions in such a way as to expose the victim to a high risk of serious psychological harm. In the era of digital transformation, special attention must be paid to the relationship of the criminal with the victim, carefully studying the social networks of both, taking into account the fact that a typical participant in Internet communication leading to suicide is emotionally unstable, subordinate, insecure, secretive, unassertive teenager, and this category is represented to a greater extent by a female audience. The scalability of digital interventions allows to penetrate populations beyond the reach of conventional mental health care. Thus, there is a need for the use of digital Internet interventions, including to assist in the work of law enforcement agencies in the detection of Internet communities that instigate and incline people to commit suicide. It is concluded that the era of digital transformations is constantly evolving, social networks are becoming more accessible for both criminals and their victims, as a result of which the corresponding requirements for the investigation and subsequent prosecution for incitement to suicide become more complicated. The scientific proposals of legal scholars presented in the study are aimed at solving the corresponding problems

Tarihsel Bir Perspektiften Türk-Yunan İlişkileri Üzerinde Üçüncü Aktörlerin Etkisi

Bu çalışma, Türk-Yunan ilişkileri üzerinde üçüncü aktörlerin etkisini tarihsel bir perspektiften değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Süreç takibi yönteminden yararlanılarak; Yunanistan’ın bağımsızlığı, Kurtuluş Savaşı, iki dünya savaşı arası dönem ve İkinci Dünya Savaşı süreçleri incelenmektedir. Bu kısımlarda sunulan tartışmalarla, 1821 Mora Ayaklanması’ndan İkinci Dünya Savaşı’na kadar uzanan bir zaman diliminde iki ülkenin dış politikasını ortak bir şekilde etkileyen olaylara ilişkin kapsamlı bir bakış açısının sunulması amaçlanmakladır. İncelenen dört farklı dönemdeki özgül uluslararası siyasi dinamikler göz önüne alınarak, Türk-Yunan ilişkilerinde üçüncü aktörlerin etkisi ve bu etkinin mahiyeti esas inceleme konusudur. Bu husus değerlendirilirken, yöntemsel ve kavramsal bir açıdan “etki” kavramı interaktif bir ilişki biçimi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu husus şu anlama gelmektedir: üçüncü aktörlerin Türk-Yunan ilişkilerine etki etmesi kadar, Türkiye ve Yunanistan da birbirleriyle olan ilişkilerinde dönemsel olarak üçüncü aktörlerle temas kurmaya çalışmışlar ve bu temaslar, ilişkiler üzerinde kaçınılmaz olarak yansımalara neden olmuştur. Üçüncü aktörlerin Türk-Yunan ilişkilerine bazen destek bazen baskı unsuru olarak müdahil oldukları tespiti ışığında bu çalışma şu sonuçlara ulaşmıştır: uluslararası sistemde revizyonist bir hareketlenme meydana geldiğinde ve üçüncü aktörlerden ortak tehdit hissedildiğinde, Türkiye ve Yunanistan iş birliği geliştirme yönünde bir eğilim ortaya koymaktadır. Uluslararası sistem istikrarlı bir görüntü arz ettiğinde ve ortak tehdit algısı zayıfladığında ise Türk-Yunan ilişkileri rekabet odaklı bir mahiyet kazanmakta ve bu sefer iki ülke bizzat üçüncü aktörlere yönelerek, birbirleriyle olan etkileşimlerinde destek elde etmeye çalışmaktadır.

Third-Party Impact of Dual Sensory Loss on Neuropsychiatric Symptom-Related Distress among Friends and Family

Background: Vision loss and hearing loss are common in later life and are associated with cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric symptoms. There is a need to better understand how individual characteristics, such as poor sensory functioning, are linked with familial well-being. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether, among persons with neuropsychiatric symptoms, age-related sensory loss is related to increased emotional distress reported by their family and friends. Methods: The sample comprised 537 participant-informant dyads from the Personality and Total Health through Life (PATH) study, a community-based cohort. Participants were aged between 72 and 79 years (56% men), and all were reported to exhibit at least 1 neuropsychiatric symptom. Informants were participants’ spouse (50%), child (35%), friend (7%), or other relatives (7%). Neuropsychiatric symptom-related distress of friends and family was assessed with the distress subscale of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Sensory functioning in participants was assessed by visual acuity and self-reported hearing difficulties. Ordinal logistic regression analyses estimated the association between sensory problems and NPI distress. Results: In models adjusted for informant dyadic relationship and socio-demographics, both lower visual acuity (B = 0.23, SE = 0.10) and self-reported hearing difficulty (B = 0.15, SE = 0.06) were associated with increased levels of distress. The increased informant distress associated with poor visual acuity was attenuated after adjusting for neurocognitive disorder and health conditions (p = 0.069). A significant interaction between vision and hearing remained after multivariable adjustment (χ²(1) = 6.73, p = 0.010). Conclusions: Friends and family of persons with poor visual acuity and perceived hearing difficulties report elevated levels of neuropsychiatric symptom-related distress relative to friends and family of persons with poor sensory functioning in only 1 sensory domain or unimpaired levels of vision and hearing. These findings provide evidence of the third-party effects of sensory loss in the context of neuropsychiatric symptoms, and in particular show how dual sensory loss can confer additional challenges over and above the effects of a single sensory loss.

An Alternative Market Framework for Water Transfers When Third Party Externalities Dominate

Economic studies have argued that transaction costs and third-party impact of water transfers can reduce the potential of water markets in allocating water efficiently across users. The main objective of this study is to design and empirically simulate a market structure, which can overcome the transaction costs and some of the third-party externalities in surface water trading. An important characteristic of this market is trading conducted within a centralized framework by a market manager. Once the bidding rounds are closed, the market manager formulates the market model as a linear programming problem to find the market equilibrium for the bids submitted. The market manager then determines net trades on the basis of each participant’s initial permit allocation. Empirical simulations of the above market design demonstrate that the marginal cost price paid by each participant internalizes the third party impacts of water transfers. Prices are recalculated based upon binding flow constraints in each round of trade and hence additional transaction costs are avoided.

Technical development in networks. The importance of third parties

A number of recent studies have emphasised the importance of inter-organisational relationships with regard to technical development. Drawing on the recognition that neither single firms nor individual relationships can be analysed in isolation, we focus in this paper on the importance of third parties for the development of a relationship. That is, every relationship is assumed to be connected to other relationships and thus to various third parties. The analysis is based on a case study and focused on interdependency among resource entities. These resource entities are categorised into products, facilities, business units and relationships. The conclusions are twofold. Firstly, the characteristics of third party impact have been found to be partial, un-symmetrical and non-proportional. Secondly, we show that the value of a relationship for the involved companies is highly dependent upon connections to third parties.

Analysis of the positioning and reform direction of public hospitals regulatory system in China

Following an analysis of the problems and challenges of hospitals regulation in China and a comparative study of situations at home and abroad, this paper presented six policy proposals for the reform of public hospitals regulatory system in China. The policy suggestions included definite regulatory objectives, defined relationship between public hospitals and government, strengthening both economic regulation and social regulation, establishing multivariate regulatory system, introducing flexible regulatory methods and full utilization of the third-party impact, which met the requirements of public hospital in healthcare reform in China and propelled the reform forward. Key words: Public hospitals; Regulation; Reform

A Complaint Mechanism for the Equator Principles—And Why Equator Members Should Urgently Want It

This paper argues that the Equator Principles, in their 11th year of existence, face a severe credibility problem and hence do little to improve member bank reputation. Overcoming this credibility problem is a challenge because it requires addressing the collective action or free-rider problem at the associational level, the principal–agent or compliance problem in the relations between Equator Principles Financial Institutions (EPFIs) and their clients, and a ‘third-party impact problem’ implicating project sponsors and project-affected communities. The paper suggests that an EP complaint mechanism would be an effective and cost-efficient solution to address all three problems simultaneously. In comparison to other private regulatory initiatives that already rely on complaint mechanisms, the paper will show that there are no feasibility hurdles to installing such a mechanism, aside from a lack of political will on the part of the EPFIs. It will also outline how the mechanism should be designed in order to most effectively address Equator's credibility problem.

Pandering to the Audience: Understanding Third Party Influence on Compliance with World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Decisions

Do third parties have an impact on the compliance observed with rulings of the Dispute Settlement Body of the World Trade Organization? I demonstrate that third parties can impact the cost-benefit calculations of the respondent in its decision to comply with the rulings issued in a World Trade Organization dispute. I argue that different kinds of third parties impact compliance differently because of, first, the third party’s preferences to monitor a respondent and, secondly, the impact they have on a respondent’s considerations in its decision to comply. To test the impact of third parties on compliance with rulings of the Dispute Settlement Body, I examine data on compliance with rulings of the World Trade Organization’s Dispute Settlement Body from 1995 to 2006. Using a Heckman probit selection model that accounts for the fact that the disputes and third parties present during the compliance phase are not randomly selected, I find the third party’s relationship with the complainant and respondent results in varying effects on the likelihood of compliance.

Third-party threat and the dimensionality of major-party roll call voting

This paper assesses the influence of the electoral threat of third parties on major-party roll call voting in the US House. Although low-dimensionality of voting is a feature of strong two-party politics, which describes the contemporary era, there is significant variation across members. I hypothesize that major-party incumbents in districts under a high threat from third-party House candidates cast votes that do not fit neatly onto the dominant ideological dimension. This hypothesis is driven by (1) third party interests in orthogonal issues, and (2) incumbents accounting for those interests when casting votes in order to minimize the impact of third parties. An empirical test using data from the 105th to 109th Congresses provides evidence of this effect.

She Said, He Said, They Said

Since concerns about privacy are paramount for most survey organizations, it is standard practice to instruct interviewers to question respondents alone, especially on sensitive attitudes and behaviors. Despite these guidelines, third parties-specially spouses and children-frequently are present in interviews. Although most research has found little impact of third parties, we contend that conceptual and methodological weaknesses may be masking these effects. Using interviews from both husbands and wives in the British Household Panel Study, we have several key findings. First, spousal presence during an interview leads to greater agreement between husbands and wives on a variety of attitudinal and behavioral items: class identification, party affiliation, economic liberalism, postmaterialism, and the division of household labor. Second, the presence of a spouse does not make one more likely to report a particular ideological (e.g., the government should guarantee jobs to everyone who needs them) or socially desirable position (e.g., women do less ironing). Finally, the source of this increased agreement is different for men and women

Killing Time: The World Politics of Civil War Duration, 1820-1992

Policymakers often trumpet the potential for third parties to stop the killing associated with civil wars, yet third parties as strategic actors also have incentives to encourage longer civil wars. We argue that in order to assess the influence of third parties on civil war duration, it is necessary to consider the interdependent nature of third party interventions as they are distributed across the set of civil war combatants. We also argue that it is important to consider the geopolitical context in which civil wars occur, rather than focusing solely on characteristics internal to these conflicts. To test our hypotheses about the impact of third parties and geopolitical factors on civil war duration, we rely on event history analysis and a sample of 152 civil wars for the period 1820–1992. We find empirical support for the idea that extremely long civil wars correspond to the equitable distribution of third party interventions—stalemates prolong wars. The analysis also indicates that separatist civil wars and ongoing civil wars in states proximate to the civil war state result in civil wars of longer duration. Finally, we find that when third parties raise the stakes of the conflict by engaging in the use of militarized force against the civil war state, the duration of these conflicts is reduced. In general, our analysis underscores the importance of modeling the interdependent and dynamic aspects of third party intervention as well as the world politics of civil wars when forecasting their duration and formulating policy.

The Frequency of Third-Party Involvement in Incidents of Barroom Aggression

This paper examines the frequency and nature of third-party involvement in aggressive incidents occurring in young people's bars and the effects of third parties on incident outcomes. Observational data were collected in 12 bars frequented by young people, and telephone interviews were conducted with 31 young people who responded to advertisements posted at the university campus. In total, 154 incidents of barroom aggression were analyzed. Overall, 49% (76) of incidents included third-party involvement by other patrons. About 40% (n=31) of third-party incidents involved nonaggressive third parties, 22% (n=17) involved aggressive third parties, and 38% (n=29) involved both aggressive and nonaggressive third-party participants. Nonaggressive interventions were more likely to decrease aggression, while aggressive interventions were more likely to increase aggression (χ2=65.5, p<.0001). Females appeared to be somewhat more likely than males to intervene nonaggressively (χ2=11.3, p<.1). The intoxication levels of participants were highest in incidents involving both nonaggressive and aggressive third parties (F-ratio=4.6, p<.01). These findings suggest that third parties play a significant role in the outcome of barroom aggression among young people, and that further research is needed on the role and impact of third parties.

The impact of third parties on strategic decision making

Proposes that previous discussions of strategic decision making in the strategic management literature have not effectively addressed the role of third parties including consultants. Offers three roles of third parties, including the consultant as provocateur, legitimizer and expert. Propositions are developed suggesting a contingency approach to the timing and role of third parties in the strategic decision‐making process.

Protest as a Political Resource

The frequent resort to protest activity by relatively powerless groups in recent American politics suggests that protest represents an important aspect of minority group and low income group politics. At the same time that Negro civil rights strategists have recognized the problem of using protest as a meaningful political instrument, groups associated with the “war on poverty” have increasingly received publicity for protest activity. Saul Alinsky's Industrial Areas Foundation, for example, continues to receive invitations to help organize low income communities because of its ability to mobilize poor people around the tactic of protest. The riots which dominated urban affairs in the summer of 1967 appear not to have diminished the dependence of some groups on protest as a mode of political activity.This article provides a theoretical perspective on protest activity as a political resource. The discussion is concentrated on the limitations inherent in protest which occur because of the need of protest leaders to appeal to four constituencies at the same time. As the concept of protest is developed here, it will be argued that protest leaders must nurture and sustain an organization comprised of people with whom they may or may not share common values. They must articulate goals and choose strategies so as to maximize their public exposure through communications media. They must maximize the impact of third parties in the political conflict. Finally, they must try to maximize chances of success among those capable of granting goals.