Third-order Nonlinear Optical Parameters Research Articles

Structural, magnetic, and nonlinear optical properties of calcium doped Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by co-precipitation method

Ni0.5Zn0.45Ca0.05Fe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation technique, and its structural, spectroscopic, magnetic, linear, and third-order nonlinear optical characteristics were studied using XRD, Raman, and FTIR spectroscopy, VSM, UV–visible DRS spectroscopy, and z scan technique respectively. The XRD results revealed the inverse cubic (Fd3m) spinel structure and an average crystallite size of 36 nm. X-ray density, specific surface area were calculated, and the Rietveld refined parameters almost agree with the estimated structural parameters. FESEM images show spherical morphology and EDX analysis gives the chemical composition of the sample. A bandgap of 1.85 eV is found from the UV–Vis-DRS spectrum. The third-order nonlinear optical parameters such as nonlinear refractive index (n2), nonlinear absorption coefficient (β), third-order susceptibility (χ(3), second-order hyperpolarizability, and optical limiting response were studied with 532 nm 5 ns laser pulses. The synthesized nano compound had significant optical limiting property.

Crystal growth and vibrational spectroscopic studies on the novel nlo active piperazine-1,4-diium 3-phenyl-2-propenoate single crystal by experimental and computational technique

An organic nonlinear optical (NLO) single crystal of piperazine-1,4-diium 3-phenyl-2-propenoate (PAPP) is synthesized and delineated by spectroscopic techniques in association with quantum chemical computation. The quantum chemical calculation is performed utilizing density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP/6-311 G(d,p) basis set. The FT-IR and FT-Raman techniques are adopted to point out the presence of various functional groups in PAPP molecule. The natural bond orbital (NBO), natural charge, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and HOMO-LUMO analyses are performed to spot hydrogen bonds and charge transfer interaction present in the molecule. Hole-electron analysis is performed to identify the types of interaction present in the molecule. Interaction region indicator analysis is performed to identify the steric effect, van der Waals force and hydrogen bonds. The optical quality of PAPP single crystal and the band gap energy is found out using UV–visible analysis. The nonlinear optical behaviour of the PAPP molecule is established by evaluating dipole moment, polarizability and hyperpolarizability. The third-order NLO parameters of PAPP crystal are estimated by employing the Z-scan technique.

Influence of Eu3+ dopant on the third order nonlinear optical properties of PbO/PMMA nanocomposites

ABSTRACT PbO/PMMA, 3 and 6 mol% ion-doped PbO/PMMA nanocomposites were synthesised using an easy chemical precipitation method. For all of the nanocomposites, the XRD pattern confirms the orthorhombic structure of PbO. The morphology of PbO nanoparticles in PMMA is revealed by the SEM graph. The formation of nanocomposites containing Eu3+ doped PbO nanoparticles in PMMA is confirmed by FTIR. When Eu3+ doped PbO nanoparticles in PMMA are compared to bulk PbO, UV–Vis optical absorption findings demonstrate a blue shift on the absorption band. The optical band gap energy decreases with increasing Eu3+ dopant concentration and is related to red-shifted phenomena. The PL spectra reveal an emission peak associated with blue emission caused by a synthesis defect. For 6 mol% Eu3+ ion doped PbO/PMMA nanocomposites, third-order nonlinear optical parameters such as nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ(3)), nonlinear optical refractive index (n2), and nonlinear optical absorption coefficient (β) are determined by Z-scan technique, and the values are found to be 4.468 × 10−6 esu, 1.257 × 10−7cm2/W, and 9.837 × 10−3 cm/W, respectively. The strong nonlinearity in the current Eu3+ ion-doped PbO/PMMA nanocomposites empowers its promising applications in third-order nonlinear optical devices.

A New Non-linear Stilbazolium Derivative Crystal of 4-[2-(3 Methoxy-phenyl)-vinyl]-1-methyl-pyridinium+ Iodide− (MMPI): Analysis of Its Structural, Surface, Optical and NLO Properties

New organic stilbazolium family of 4-[2-(3 methoxy-phenyl)-vinyl]-1-methyl-pyridinium+ iodide− (MMPI) was successfully synthesized using the condensation reaction method. The recrystallization process was carried out to improve the purity of the synthesized material, and MMPI and grown into a single crystal by the solvent evaporation method. The solubility of the (MMPI) material was taken at different temperatures with a mixture of solvent Methanol: Acetonitrile (1:1). The grown MMPI crystal structure and cell parameters were solved via single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The structural formation of the title material was also confirmed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopic (NMR) studies. The experimental vibrational bands in the synthesized material have been assigned by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrum analysis. From the optical analysis, the grown crystal’s lower cut-off wavelength, transmittance range, and optical band gap were calculated. Chemical etching analysis was carried out on the grown crystal surface (MMPI) to study the surface property of the grown MMPI crystal. Along with etching, atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were also used to analyses the grown MMPI crystal surface. Hirshfeld surface analysis was used to analyses the intermolecular interactions. HOMO and LUMO energies were calculated theoretically using the Gaussian View 6 programmer. The chemical activity was evaluated via the molecular electrostatic potential using the density functional theory (DFT) method. The third-order nonlinear optical parameters of the title crystal were evaluated at He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) source with the single beam Z-scan technique. In addition, it shows significant reverse saturable absorption and self-defocusing.

Studies on the growth and characterization of a new organic nonlinear optical single crystal: 2-amino 5-methyl-pyridinium 4-methoxybenzoate for optoelectronic and photonic devices

Single crystals of an efficient nonlinear optical material 2-amino 5-methylp yridinium 4-methoxybenzoate (2A5MP4MB) have been grown successfully from the aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique. Single crystal XRD reveals that the crystal belongs to monoclinic system with the space group P21/c. The various functional groups present in the material were ascertained by FT-IR spectral studies. The UV–Visible NIR spectrum of 2A5MP4MB shows excellent transmittance in the entire UV visible and near IR region with a lower cut off wavelength of 269 nm. The photoluminescence spectrum confirms the photon excitation process and wide band gap of the 2A5MP4MB crystal. The dielectric study on 2A5MP4MB crystal reveals normal dielectric behavior and the optical quality of the grown crystal for device applications. The laser damage threshold value of 2A5MP4MB crystal was estimated to be 4.11 GW/cm2. The third-order nonlinear optical parameters were calculated by Z-scan technique using 532 nm diode pumped CW Nd: YAG Laser and the results of the studies are discussed detail in this paper.

Improvement of third-order NLO properties of vacuum deposited Cd1-xPbxS nanostructured thin films for optoelectronic device applications

A polycrystalline nanostructured cadmium lead sulfide thin film was deposited using the thermal evaporation (PVD) technique (Cd1-xPbxS with x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 wt.% of Pb). Structural parameters of as-prepared Cd1-xPbxS thin films have been studied through X-ray diffraction. The optical investigation demonstrates that Cd1-xPbxS film's optical band gap (Eg) may be adjusted from the visible to the near-infrared region. (2.64 - 2.42 eV). The film is substantially more appropriate for absorbing layers in solar cells and optoelectronic applications due to the large decrease in ‘Eg.’ The enhanced Pb doping was found to have altered the surface morphology, verified by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) images. The doped films also showed a significant red shift in the band edge and increased transmittance in the visible and NIR regions. The third-order nonlinear optical (TONLO) parameters of the samples were determined from the Q-switched Nd: YAG laser with 65-ps pulse duration at 1064 nm. The investigated TONLO components such as nonlinear absorption coefficient (β), nonlinear refractive index (n2) and the susceptibility χ(3)were found to be in the range from 1.16 × 10−3 to 4.12 × 10−3 (cmW−1), 1.06 × 10−8 to 3.32 × 10−8 (cm2 W−1) and 1.23 × 10−4 to 5.62 × 10−4 (esu) respectively. The results indicate that Pb-doping on CdS nanostructures on surface morphology can be used to modify NLO characteristics.Cd1-xPbxS thin film is a potential and able material for optoelectronic device applications, as seen by these encouraging NLO results.

Biosynthesis, characterization and nonlinear optical response of spherical flake-shaped copper oxide nanostructures

The copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized via solution combustion approach with Bengal gram powder as a fuel. The XRD analysis confirms the monoclinic structure of CuO NPs. FT-IR spectrum reveals the formation of CuO NPs. SEM studies show that the NPs are nearly spherical, and the elemental composition was confirmed by EDAX. The absorption spectra revealed a direct optical band gap of 1.50[Formula: see text]eV. DFT calculations were performed to determine the HOMO–LUMO energy bandgap and found to be 1.72[Formula: see text]eV, which is in good agreement with the experimental value. The Z-scan technique was used to investigate the third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics using DPSS continuous wave laser (532[Formula: see text]nm, 200[Formula: see text]mW). A high reverse saturation absorption and negative nonlinear refractions were observed. Third-order NLO parameters [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] were found to be [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm/W, [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm2/W and [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]esu, respectively. The CuO NPs also displayed strong optical limiting behavior with a limiting threshold of 2.11[Formula: see text]kW/cm2.

Concentration effects on optical properties, DFT, crystal characterization and α-glucosidase activity studies: Novel Zn(II) complex

A novel Zn(II) complex of 6-ClpicH and picH was synthesized and its structure was determined by XRD technique. The detailed experimental optical susceptibility and band gap, refractive index, linear polarizability, optical and electrical conductivity parameters in various concentrations were investigated by means of the UV–Vis spectroscopic data. The optical band gap, refractive index (n), linear optical susceptibility (χ(1)), third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ(3)), second- and third-order nonlinear optical (β and γ) parameters were examined by using DFT/M06-L and ωB97XD/6–311++G(d,p) levels. The IC50 value of Zn(II) complex against α-glucosidase was also obtained at 0.44 mM. The experimental band gap of the Zn(II) complex at 13, 33, 44 and 94 µM concentrations in ethanol were found to be 4.38, 4.37, 4.35 and 4.28 eV, respectively. The third-order NLO susceptibility χ(3) parameter at 94 µM concentration corresponding to the photon energies of 4.6 and 5.7 eV in the UV–Vis region were observed at 206.6 × 10-13 and 294.3 × 10-13 esu, respectively. Besides, the theoretical χ(3) values were obtained at 50.58 × 10−13 and 20.37 × 10−13 esu by using M06-L level. These results indicate that Zn(II) complex could be an effective third-order NLO candidate material. In brief, the detailed theoretical and experimental structural, spectral and optical properties of the Zn(II) complex were presented comparatively.

Discussion on structural, optical, thermal, mechanical, dielectric and third-order NLO properties of 3-Nitroanilinium chloride single crystals for optoelectronic applications

Preferable, third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) single crystal, 3-Nitroanilinium chloride (3NACL) was auspiciously synthesised by slow evaporation technique. The crystal system of the synthesised 3NACL crystal was triclinic with centrosymmetric space group \({\text{P}}\bar{1}\) was identified by single-crystal XRD studies. All the functional groups present in the sample and its respective vibrations were analysed through FTIR analysis. UV–Vis transmittance spectrum revealed that the synthesised material showed 83% transmittance and its cut-off wavelength was 281 nm. The mechanical stability and thermal property of the grown 3NACL crystals were ascertained by Vickers microhardness analysis and TG/DTA analysis. The intermolecular interaction of the 3NACL was scrutinized by Hirshfeld surface analysis. Dielectric studies revealed that dielectric constant and dielectric loss were high at lower frequency region due to the space charge polarization. Inclusion-free 3NACL crystal was used to analyse the Laser damage threshold (LDT) studies and its calculated LDT value was 4.3 GW/cm2. The third-order NLO parameters (β = 7.5472 × 10–12 m/W, η2 = 5.6931 × 10–19 m2/W, χ3 = 2.9491 × 10–13 esu) of the 3NACL material were statutorily evaluated by Z-scan studies. Here, β and η2 were positive, due to the saturated absorption and self-focusing effect as observed in open and closed aperture z-scan curve. Above all these findings, 3NACL was a suitable material for NLO and optoelectronic applications.

Near-Infrared Spatial Self-Phase Modulation in Ultrathin Niobium Carbide Nanosheets

Spatial self-phase modulation (SSPM) as a purely coherent non-linear optical effect (also known as Kerr effect) can support strong broadband phase modulation, which is essential for all-optical applications. Besides this, the increasing use of two-dimensional (2D) materials opens up new prospects in this field of research. In this work, we report a broadband SSPM response from 2D transition metal carbonitrides (MXenes) and Nb2C, arising in the near-infrared (1,550 nm) range. Based on the SSPM measurements of few-layer Nb2C nanosheets, the third-order non-linear optical parameters of Nb2C, including the non-linear refractive index n2 and susceptibility χ(3), were determined at 400, 800, 1,300, and 1,550 nm. Moreover, the physics mechanism of the dynamic formation process of SSPM diffraction rings was exploited. The formation time of SSPM diffraction rings can be divided into two typical parts which correspond to the polarization and reorientation of 2D Nb2C nanosheets. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the nonreciprocal light propagation at wavelengths of 1,300 and 1,550 nm by constructing an Nb2C/water hybrid structure. Our results reveal strong optical phase modulation of Nb2C in the infrared region, thus showing the great potential of MXene materials for use in passive photonic devices.

Thermo-optic effects mediated self focusing mechanism and optical power limiting studies of ZnO thin films deposited on ITO coated PET substrates by RF magnetron sputtering under continuous wave laser regime

In this work, ZnO thin films are deposited on ITO coated PET substrates employing RF magnetron sputtering technique. The evolution of crystallites orientation on (002) plane with increasing thickness of the films is unveiled from XRD patterns. Further, the appearance of (103) plane in the highest thickness film (183 nm) is attributed to the formation of surface layer during sputtering process. The smooth and homogenous natures of the films are displayed by the interference pattern in transmittance spectra. The presence of defect level emission in the luminescence spectra is ascribed to compressive stress in the films. The exhibition of orange-red emission confirms the excess oxygen in the sputtered films (89 nm and 183 nm). The dominance of thickness on the third-order nonlinear optical parameters is revealed by single beam Z-scan measurements. The lower thickness ZnO film (42 nm) shows an interesting self focusing behavior under closed aperture Z-scan measurements. A transition from self focusing to self defocusing behavior is noticed with increasing thickness values from 42 nm to 183 nm. The self focusing property is attributed to the combination of presence of large dipole moments at the substrate-film interface as result of large energy gap gradients and thermo-optic effects.

Investigation on single crystal by tartaric acid–barium chloride: growth and characterization of novel NLO materials

The progress of single crystal followed by C4H6O6 (tartaric acid) and BaCl2 (barium chloride) (TABC; third-order nonlinear optics semi-organic) was synthesized with slow evaporation method using distilled water at room temperature. TABC single crystal was introduced into various characterizations like X-ray diffraction to determine inter atomic cell parameter values. The samples are crystalline structure of monoclinic, which have space group of P2. The functional groups of the current material are identified using FT-IR spectrum. Optical parameters like transparency, energy bandgap and Urbach energy have been determined using UV–vis–NIR spectrum. The thermal stability of the material was investigated by differential scanning calorimeter analysis. The mechanical property was studied using Vickers microhardness test. The surface morphology of the material was determined by scanning electron microscope technique. The change in dielectric behaviour of TABC with respect to the function of frequency at various temperatures has been keenly absorbed and discussed. The third-order nonlinear optical parameters were measured using Z-scan analyses.

Synthesis, spectral properties, α-glucosidase inhibition, second-order and third-order NLO parameters and DFT calculations of Cr(III) and V(IV) complexes of 3-methylpicolinic acid

The Cr(III) and V(IV) complexes of 3-methylpicolinic acid (3-mpaH) were synthesized. The XRD and LC-MS/MS were performed to determine experimental geometric structure of the synthesized complexes. Their experimental spectral analyses were carried out by FT–IR and UV–Vis spectra. Their α-glucosidase activities were also evaluated. The synthesized Cr(III) and V(IV) complexes exhibited α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with the IC50 values of >600 μM. Furthermore, the optimal molecular structure geometries, vibrational frequencies, electronic spectral properties, refractive index, band gap, second- and third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) parameters of these complexes were obtained by using DFT/HSEh1PBE/6–311G (d,p)/LanL2DZ level. NLO results demonstrate that the complex 1 is a promising candidate to materials with the high first- and second-order hyperpolarizability values obtained at 55.3 × 10−30 and 251.0 × 10−36 esu in ethanol solvent. The experimental refractive index and band gap parameters were comparatively presented. Lastly, NBO analysis was fulfilled to investigate inter- and intra-molecular bonding and the definition of coordination geometries around the central metal ions, as well as the electronic charge transfer interactions in the Cr(III) and V(IV) complexes.

Investigation of structural, physical, linear, and nonlinear optical properties of two novel thiophene centred D-π-A type push-pull organic derivatives for nonlinear optical applications

The aim of the present study is to investigate the different key parameters of two novel thiophene based D-π-A type push-pull organic chalcone derivatives; 3-(4-nіtrоphenyl)- 3-hydrоxy-1-(thіоphen-2-yl) prоpan-1-оne (2ATN) and 3-(4-nіtrоphenyl) -3-hydrоxy -1-(thіоphen-3-yl) prоpan-1-оne (3ATN) through various experimental techniques. The 2ATN and 3ATN single crystal are grown at ambient temperature by the slow evaporation solution growth technique. The single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that both the title compounds 3ATN and 2ATN are crystallized in the triclinic crystal system under centrosymmetric structure with space group P-1. The 2ATN and 3ATN crystals are thermally stable up to 147.68 °C and 197.4 °C respectively. The linear optical properties of grown crystals are characterized by photoluminescence and UV–visible spectroscopic technique. The Vicker’s microhardness test confirms the crystal’s hardness and the Vicker’s hardness number 19 kg/mm2 and 13 kg/mm2 of 2ATN and 3ATN respectively, which are indicates the physical stability of the crystals. The third-order nonlinear optical parameters are determined using Z-Scan technique under continuous wave laser source at 532 nm wavelength. Using the Kurtz-Perry method SHG efficiency was tested for both the crystals and the 3ATN crystal shows about 0.61 times the efficiency of urea crystal. The nitro substituted effects are described in the enhancement of NLO activity using structure-property relationship. The reported crystals can therefore be used for non-linear optical applications due to its excellent optical properties.

Growth and Study of Piperazine Doped Succinic Acid Single Crystals for NLO Applications

Single crystals of piperazine-doped succinic acid (PSA) were grown and harvested successfully at room temperature through the slow-evaporation technique. Powder X-ray diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction were carried out to confirm the phase and crystal structure, and it was found that the crystals belong to the orthorhombic system with space group P222. The vibrational frequencies assigned from Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis confirm the presence of various functional groups. The transmittance and absorbance of electromagnetic radiation were studied through ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared analysis. The cut-off wavelength and energy bandgap values were found to be 255 nm and 4·82 eV, respectively. Measurement of the dielectric permittivity (ε r) and dielectric loss (tan δ) of the compound was also carried out as a function of frequency to understand the electrical response. The impedance analysis indicated that the grown PSA single crystals have a negative temperature coefficient resistance nature. Thermogravimetric–differential thermal analysis/differential scanning calorimetry analysis was used to investigate thermal stability, and it was found that the grown crystals are stable up to 228°C. The mechanical strength and third-order non-linear optical (NLO) susceptibility of the grown crystal were measured by using the Vickers microhardness test and Z-scan technique, respectively. The third-order NLO parameters were derived by Z-scan analysis.

Physicochemical and non-linear optical studies of mixed ligand Cu(I), Fe(II) and Ru(II) complexes containing triphenylphosphine and a Schiff base derived from furfural and hydrazine hydrate

Abstract Mixed ligand complexes of Copper, Iron and Ruthenium containing triphenylphosphine and a simple Schiff base made up of furfural and hydrazine hydrate have been synthesized and characterized by their UV, IR, NMR, elemental analysis and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The characterization techniques suggest that the copper complex exhibits four coordinated square planar geometry, the iron complex exhibits a five coordinated square pyramidal geometry and the ruthenium complex exhibits a six coordinated octahedral geometry. The monomeric nature of the complex is assessed from their magnetic susceptibility values. The third-order nonlinear optical parameters of the complex were investigated by Z-scan technique. Nonlinear transmission measurements carried out using nanosecond laser pulses at 532 nm show that the complexes can be used as potential optical limiters.

Structure, morphology and opto-nonlinear behaviors of Nd:PbI2/FTO thin film system for optoelectronics

Device grade PbI2 nanostructured thin films were developed by a cost effective sol-gel spin coating method with different (0,1,3 and 5 wt%) Nd doping concentrations on FTO substrates. Films revealed excellent structural, vibrational, electronic structure, and nonlinear optical properties on Nd doping concentrations. X-ray diffraction and vibrational spectroscopy of the specimen demonstrated an excellent crystalline quality and growth along (001) planes. Surface morphological studies of the films showed the compact and uniform distribution of particles throughout the surfaces. Also, the transformation in morphology was noticed from nanorods to nanoparticle by Nd doping content. The transmittance of the films were noticed to be ~ 70–75% in the visible region of the solar spectrum. The bandgap of the films were obtained in the range of 2.36–2.45 eV. Refractive indices n, extinction coefficient k, real and imaginary part of dielectric constant ε1 and ε2 were also analyzed. Third-order nonlinear optical parameters such as third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ(3) and second-order refractive index n(2) were obtained in range 2.10 × 10−11 – 1.54 × 10−8 esu and 5.10 × 10−10 - 9.18 × 10−8 esu over the plotted energy region.

Optical and nonlinear optical properties of Zn0.96Cu0.04Al2O4 nanocomposites prepared by combustion method

Nano - sized Zn0.96Cu0.04Al2O4 powder was synthesized by microwave- assisted combustion technique. The structural and morphological properties of the title compound were characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and High-Resolution Transition Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). XRD results enunciate that the nanoparticle crystallizes in cubic spinel structure with average crystallite size (17.18 nm) and specific surface area 75.2866 (m2/g). In the HRTEM image shows spherical shape in nature. From the luminescence spectrum, the energy bandgap value was calculated as 2.973 eV. The nonlinearity studies of Zn/Cu/Al2O4 nanoparticles were measured by Z-scan technique. This technique was used to calculate the third-order nonlinear optical parameters such as nonlinear absorption coefficient (β), nonlinear refractive index (n2) and third-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ(3)).

Investigations on solid-state parameters of third-order nonlinear optical Ni1−xZnxFe2O4 nanoparticles synthesized by microwave-assisted combustion method

In this study, Ni1−xZnxFe2O4 (x = 0, 0.25, and 0.5) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via microwave-assisted combustion method and characterized by XRD, FTIR, and SEM–EDAX. XRD results enunciate that the nanoparticle crystallizes in cubic spinel structure with an average crystallite size (40.2, 37.2, 35.1 nm), and also, the lattice strain, specific surface area, X-ray density were evaluated. The morphology and chemical compositions of Ni, Zn, Fe, and O elements were confirmed by the SEM–EDAX studies. For all the samples, vibrational stretching modes of Mtetra–O site (597 (S1), 593 (S2), 583 (S3) cm−1) and Moctra–O site (416 (S1), 421 (S2), 422 (S3) cm−1) were related to the distribution of the cation Ni2+/Zn2+ and Fe3+ ions among the octahedral and tetrahedral sites. From the UV–Vis–DRS spectra, the optical energy band gap has been estimated to be 1.75–2.01 eV. The dielectric constant and loss were measured by varying the applied frequency (50 Hz to 200 kHz) at room temperature. The electronic polarizability (α) was calculated using Penn analysis, Clausius–Mossotti equation, and energy band gap value. Third-order nonlinear optical parameters such as the nonlinear absorption coefficients (10−5 cm/W), refractive index (10−9 cm2/W) and the third-order nonlinear susceptibilities (10−6 esu) were determined by Z-scan technique. The antibacterial studies were tested against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigalla flexneri and Klebsiella pneumonia bacterial strains. The existing results point out that the synthesized Ni/Zn/Fe2O4 nanoparticles are possible candidates for photonic devices, optical switches, optical limiting and also for pharmaceutical applications.

Growth and characterization of organic nonlinear optical material: hemikis (piperazine) 4-hydroxybenzoic acid monohydrate single crystal

Hemikis (piperazine) 4-hydroxybenzoic acid monohydrate (P4HBA) was successfully synthesized, and single crystal was grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. It crystallized in monoclinic system with centrosymmetric space group P21/c. The grown crystal was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction analysis. High-resolution X-ray diffraction rocking curve was recorded to assess the perfection of the grown crystal. UV–visible and photoluminescence studies were performed to explore its optical transmission and emission properties, respectively. Thermal stability and decomposition of P4HBA was illustrated through TG/DSC analysis. The laser-induced damage threshold measurements were performed by using Nd:YAG laser. Third-order nonlinear optical parameters of P4HBA crystal were estimated by Z-scan technique using He–Ne laser of wavelength 632.8 nm.