Third-order Nonlinear Optical Characteristics Research Articles

Defect-controlled fabrication of reduced graphene oxide/ZnO/PMMA-based solid-state optical limiting filters with SA/RSA switching property

A solid-state optical limiting filter was fabricated by noncovalently functionalizing a graphene-based nanocomposite with a polymer. Graphene oxide was reduced by varying reducing agent concentration and functionalized with metal oxide nanoparticles to enhance electronic transitions and third-order nonlinear optical characteristics. The nanocomposite was dispersed over the PMMA polymer framework, and thin films with μm-scale thickness were fabricated using the dip coating method. XRD analysis confirmed the wurtzite crystal structure of ZnO nanoparticles and the amorphous nature of PMMA. The carbon structural integrity was analyzed using Raman spectra. Linear optical studies revealed a redshift in the π-π* transition peak in rGO, suggesting enhanced conjugation. Third-order nonlinear refraction and absorption properties were assessed using the Z-scan technique, revealing a switching behavior in nonlinear absorption at different input intensities. An increase in the relative concentration of sp2 domains enhanced the nonlinear absorption. Optical limiting potential, determined using open aperture Z-scan data, yielded a threshold value of 0.066 GW/cm2. This study aims to develop a solid-state optical filter with a high laser damage threshold by adjusting the reduction rate, tuning defect levels, and analyzing its effect on the optical limiting potential.

Investigation on the structural, spectral and third-order nonlinear optical characteristics of cytosinium dihydrogen monophosphate crystal

Investigation on the structural, spectral and third-order nonlinear optical characteristics of cytosinium dihydrogen monophosphate crystal

Augmenting the effect of solvents on optical nonlinearity by spectroscopic, DFT, solvatochromism and z-scan studies of push-pull chalcone: (2E)-1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one

In this article, the structural and nonlinear optical behaviour of a chalcone derivative, (2E)-1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one have been studied. FT-IR, FT-Raman, and NMR spectroscopy were analyzed to validate the molecular structure. To predict the nonlinear optical characteristics of the chalcone, the DFT approach was used and the experimental results were corroborated by the computations. The bathochromic shift is obtained in linear absorbance spectra and is validated using TD-DFT. Also, the broad emission in the blue region demonstrates the blue light emission property of the sample. Using the finite-field method, the dipole moments, polarizability, first-order and second-order hyperpolarizability parameters have been computed. Ground and excited state dipole moments were quantified by solvatochromism. The third-order nonlinear optical characteristics of chalcone in polar and non-polar solvent media were examined using the open/closed-aperture z-scan technique. The chalcone displayed considerable two-photon absorption with a positive nonlinear absorption coefficient and a positive index of refraction due to the self-focussing effect. Furthermore, the optical limiting study manifests that the investigated chalcone might well be favourable for NLO applications.

Third-order nonlinear optical properties of phenothiazine-based imine covalent organic framework films

The manipulation of the chemical structure within covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is emerging as a potent approach to engineering materials with enhanced charge transfer efficiency and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. This study introduces the synthesis of two donor-acceptor (D-A) COF films, PB-TZ and PT-TZ, via solvothermal processing, followed by a detailed examination of their third-order NLO characteristics. Notably, COF films demonstrated Saturation absorption and self-defocusing properties at a 532 nm laser irradiation, indicating their potential utility in optical applications. The third-order nonlinearly polarized magnetic induction (χ(3)) of the PT-TZ film is significantly higher compared with that of the PB-TZ film, reaching 16.05 ± 0.17 × 10−7 esu, which is 2.9 times higher than that of the PB-TZ film. This enhancement can be attributed to the superior acceptor ability of the triazine ring within PT-TZ, which promotes a more efficient electron transfer from the donor to the acceptor units. Consequently, this study provides a new idea for the development of COF films in the field of high-performance NLO.

Synthesis, Physicochemical and Third Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Bis-Chalcone (BBDP) as Donor-pi Acceptor Chromophore in Organize Medium.

Bis-Chalcone (BBDP) has been prepared by condensation of N, N-dimethyl benzaldehyde and 1,1'-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl) di (ethan-1-one), and structure of BBDP was characterized by Mass Spectra, 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, and IR. Physicochemical properties including Dipole-moments, Stoke-Shifts, Oscillator-strength, dielectric constant and quantum-yields of fluorescence of BBDP were investigated by the emission and absorbances in different solvents. Compound (BBDP) displayed bathochromic shift upon increasing the solvent polarity (from n-Hexane to DMSO). Furthermore, we have exploited third-order nonlinear optical characteristics of the bisChalone were invigilated by the Z-scan techniques in Chloroform. The measurements were taken with a continuous-wave (CW) diode laser having a wavelength of 520 nm in CHCl3 solvent. The third-order nonlinear optical properties, such as the nonlinear refractive index (NLRI) n2, nonlinear absorption coefficient (NLAC) β, and nonlinear susceptibility χ(3), were measured at various solution concentrations and laser powers. The obtained values of n2, β, and χ(3) were estimated to be high, of the order of 10-7(cm2/W), 10-3 (cm/W), and 10-6 (esu), respectively. As a result, bis-chalcone (BBDP) is considered as a promising candidate for applications in nonlinear optical (NLO) devices and optical limiting (OL).

Solvent Media on Nonlinear Optical Properties of Triarylmethane Dye via Facile Z-Scan Method.

Solvent environment on third-order nonlinear optical (TNLO) features of triarylmethane dye namely, basic blue 7 in different solvents is reported herein using 650nm diode laser with continuous wave mode. The basic blue 7 dye is dissolved in different solvent media including ethanol, methanol, dimethyl formamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The influence of solvent characteristics such as solvent polarizability and dipole moment on solute molecule is discussed. TNLO characteristics such as nonlinear optical index of refraction, nonlinear optical coefficient of absorption, real and imaginary components of the TNLO susceptibility are measured to be the order of 10‒7 cm2/W, 10‒3cm/W, 10‒6 esu and 10‒7 esu, respectively. The dye exhibits large TNLO susceptibility by dissolving in DMSO. The TNLO susceptibility of basic blue 7 dye is measured to be the order of 10‒6 esu. The overall results revealed that the basic blue 7 dye is suitable material for optoelectronics applications.

Solvent dependent nonlinear optical properties of benzodioxol chalcone: An elucidation of spectroscopic, DFT, solvatochromism and z-scan technique

Novel push–pull chalcone derivative, 3-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-one (BZDP) which can exhibit fascinating third-order nonlinear optical characteristics were probed through experimental cum theoretical simulations. The structural confirmation of the molecule is analysed via spectral studies. Studied chalcone is examined for linear and nonlinear optical studies which revealing molecule's ability as an organic NLO material. The electronic transitions are reflected in the absorption and emission spectra of the examined molecule. The fluorescence quantum yield was found to be 0.12. The experimental results were reinforced by the computational simulations executed using density functional theory method. Ground and excited state dipole moments, in addition to nonlinear optical properties were evaluated by solvatochromism. NLO studies were carried out in polar and non-polar solvent media by z-scan technique. Besides, the optical limiting ability of the compound reveals that it can be used as an optical limiter.

Extraction of Natural Pigment Curcumin from Curcuma Longa: Spectral, DFT, Third-order Nonlinear Optical and Optical Limiting Study.

Herein, we report the extraction of natural pigment curcumin from curcuma longa and their linear and third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics. The characterization techniques viz., UV-Visible absorption, FT-IR, Micro Raman and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrum (GC-MS) are used to study the spectral characteristics of curcumin.Third-order NLO features of curcumin are studied using Z‒scan technique with a semiconductor diode laser working at 405nm wavelength. The natural pigment exhibits negative nonlinear index of refraction resulting from self-defocusing and positive coefficient of absorption is the consequence of reverse saturable absorption (RSA). The order of nonlinear index of refraction (n2) and nonlinear coefficient of absorption (β) is measured to be 10-7 cm2/W and 10-2cm/W, respectively. Third-order NLO susceptibility (χ(3)) and second-order hyperpolarizability (γ) of curcumin is measured to be 2.73 × 10‒7 esu and 1.67 × 10‒31 esu, respectively. A low optical limiting (OL) threshold of 0.71 mW is observed in the extracted pigment. The experimental results are supplemented by quantum mechanical calculations of the NLO parameters. The overall result finding is that curcumin extracted from curcuma longa has the potential to be novel optical candidates for photonics and optoelectronics applications.

Crystal growth, structural, optical, thermal, DFT and Z-scan analyses of Imidazolium 3,4-dinitrobenzoate crystal

The organic crystal of imidazolium 3,4-dinitrobenzoate single crystal was grown by slow evaporation solution method using methanol as a solvent. The grown crystal structure was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) analysis. The chemical characterization including 1H and 13C NMR was performed. The presence of functional groups is confirmed by FTIR and FT-Raman analyses. The intermolecular interactions of the imidazolium 3,4-dinitrobenzoate molecule are determined using Hirshfeld surface analysis. The UV–Vis-NIR absorption spectrum reveals that there is no absorption peak after 360 nm to 1200 nm. The violet and blue emissions were observed in the photoluminescence (PL) study. The thermal stability of the title crystal is determined using TG/DTG analysis. The DFT study on the imidazolium 3,4-dinitrobenzoate crystal provided additional information on geometrical, electrical, and structural characteristics. The HOMO-LUMO, natural bond orbital analysis (NBO), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), the density of states (DOS), the crystal's dipole moment, polarizability, and hyperpolarizability analyses are used to find out structural, electrical, and optical properties of the title crystal. The Z-scan technique was used to find out the crystal's third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics.

An extensive investigation of crystalline, nonlinear, piezoelectric, optical, phase purity and electro-optic properties of doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals

Pure single crystals of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) and crystals containing 1, 3, and 5[Formula: see text]mol% of itaconic acid (ITA) were generated by the slow evaporation of an aqueous solution. With the help of powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, we were able to show that doping puts a lot of stress on crystals. According to the of Vickers microhardness results, the addition of ITA causes the ADP to have a greater degree of abrasiveness. The SHG efficiency of ITA-doped ADP is greater than that of pure ADP. The presence of dopant was established using the energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The [Formula: see text]-scan method was used to investigate the third-order nonlinear optical characteristics of ITA–ADP crystals formed by the slow evaporation method on a variety of planes. A He–Ne laser with a wavelength of 632.8[Formula: see text]nm was used to carry out the investigation. The nonlinear absorption coefficient, nonlinear refractive index, and third-order nonlinear susceptibility of the ITA–ADP crystals were also plotted in detail. The piezoelectric charge coefficient of pure ADP is lower than that of the ITA-doped ADP. Analysis of the electro-optic investigation reveals lesser half-wave voltage of doped ADP.

Structural, magnetic, and nonlinear optical properties of calcium doped Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by co-precipitation method

Ni0.5Zn0.45Ca0.05Fe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation technique, and its structural, spectroscopic, magnetic, linear, and third-order nonlinear optical characteristics were studied using XRD, Raman, and FTIR spectroscopy, VSM, UV–visible DRS spectroscopy, and z scan technique respectively. The XRD results revealed the inverse cubic (Fd3m) spinel structure and an average crystallite size of 36 nm. X-ray density, specific surface area were calculated, and the Rietveld refined parameters almost agree with the estimated structural parameters. FESEM images show spherical morphology and EDX analysis gives the chemical composition of the sample. A bandgap of 1.85 eV is found from the UV–Vis-DRS spectrum. The third-order nonlinear optical parameters such as nonlinear refractive index (n2), nonlinear absorption coefficient (β), third-order susceptibility (χ(3), second-order hyperpolarizability, and optical limiting response were studied with 532 nm 5 ns laser pulses. The synthesized nano compound had significant optical limiting property.

Synthesis of Hexamine (HMTA) derived carbon dots and their optical properties

In this study, we demonstrate the preparation of luminescent carbon dots (CDs) by a simple hydrothermal route using Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) or Hexamine as the carbon source. A detailed investigation of HMTA - derived CDs was carried out using Photoluminescence (PL), UV visible, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and Raman spectroscopy studies. Further, using a continuous-wave (CW) 532 nm laser, the third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics of HMTA derived CDs were studied. From these results, the prepared HMAT - derived CDs will be a perfect candidate for different optical systems.

Biosynthesis, characterization and nonlinear optical response of spherical flake-shaped copper oxide nanostructures

The copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized via solution combustion approach with Bengal gram powder as a fuel. The XRD analysis confirms the monoclinic structure of CuO NPs. FT-IR spectrum reveals the formation of CuO NPs. SEM studies show that the NPs are nearly spherical, and the elemental composition was confirmed by EDAX. The absorption spectra revealed a direct optical band gap of 1.50[Formula: see text]eV. DFT calculations were performed to determine the HOMO–LUMO energy bandgap and found to be 1.72[Formula: see text]eV, which is in good agreement with the experimental value. The Z-scan technique was used to investigate the third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics using DPSS continuous wave laser (532[Formula: see text]nm, 200[Formula: see text]mW). A high reverse saturation absorption and negative nonlinear refractions were observed. Third-order NLO parameters [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] were found to be [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm/W, [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm2/W and [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]esu, respectively. The CuO NPs also displayed strong optical limiting behavior with a limiting threshold of 2.11[Formula: see text]kW/cm2.

Investigation of dielectric, linear, and nonlinear optical properties of synthesized 2D Ruddlesden-Popper-type halide perovskite

Ruddlesden-Popper-type halide perovskites (RPPs) have been widely investigated because of their tunable optical properties. The BA2MAPb2I7 (BA = CH3(CH2)3NH3 and MA = CH3NH3) powder is synthesized by a chemical solution-based method at low temperature and deposited on a glass substrate by spin coating technique. The optical transmission, reflection, and absorption investigations are conducted to determine the optical constants of the nano-powder and thin film of BA2MAPb2I7. The obtained results reveal that the optical band gap energy of BA2MAPb2I7 thin film and BA2MAPb2I7 nanoparticles are ∼ 1.95 and ∼ 2.02 eV, which is close to the photoluminescence (PL) peak at around 2.15 eV (576 nm). The optical indexes such as n, k, ε1, and ε2 are assessed based on reflectance spectra data and the Kramers-Kronig (KK) method. Moreover, the third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics, including nonlinear absorption coefficient (β), nonlinear refractive index (n2), third-order susceptibility (χ(3)) and second-order hyperpolarizability (γ) are investigated at different laser power. The positive signs of the n2 and β reveal that the BA2MAPb2I7 thin film exhibits self-focusing and saturable absorption (SA) properties due to thermal nonlinearity under the continuous wave (CW) laser regime. The magnitude of χ3 is from 20.275 ×10-2 to 29.908 ×10-2esu and the value of γ is from 19.633 ×10-27 to 28.961 ×10-27esu. The superior NLO responses of BA2MAPb2I7 thin-film open the path for the future design and synthesis of desirable and distinct materials for optoelectronic devices.

Surface functionalization of Ta4C3 MXene for broadband ultrafast photonics in the near-infrared region

Recently, MXene has set off a great research boom in the optoelectronic field benefiting from its strong conductivity, eminent broadband absorption, and tailorable electronic/optical properties. In this paper, two-dimensional tantalum carbide (Ta4C3) MXene nanosheets were successfully synthesized based on a two-step liquid exfoliation strategy. Firstly, the role of surface termination with different adsorption structures on the electronic and diverse optical properties of Ta4C3Tx MXene were firstly investigated theoretically via first-principles with density functional theory. Interestingly, the simulation revealed that the oxidized and hydroxylated Ta4C3 MXene featured significantly enhanced optical absorption properties in the near-infrared (NIR) band compared with the pristine bare Ta4C3 nanosheets. Besides, the third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics of the surfaced terminated Ta4C3 nanosheets were measured by the typical Z-scan techniques at 1 μm. The maximum effective nonlinear absorption coefficient was determined to be -0.78 cm/GW, indicating the great potential as a nonlinear material in NIR band. The nonlinear refractive index, real and imaginary parts of the third-order NLO susceptibility were also obtained. Furthermore, the endowment as an excellent broadband optical modulator was strongly acknowledged utilizing Ta4C3 MXene as saturable absorbers for NIR mode-locking operation at 1044 nm and 1557 nm, respectively. Both highly stable dissipative soliton and traditional soliton pulses were generated. Our results demonstrated the excellent broadband nonlinear absorption in NIR regime of terminal functionalized Ta4C3 MXene and might open a new avenue to the Ta4C3-based advanced ultrafast photonic devices.

Experimental and theoretical evaluation of a novel organic proton transfer crystal p-Toluidinium 5‑chloro-2-hydroxybenzoate for third order nonlinear optical applications

In the present work, novel organic p-Toluidinium 5‑chloro-2-hydroxybenzoate (PT5C) single crystal was grown by slow evaporation solution growth method using ethanol as solvent at room temperature. The lattice parameters and crystal system of PT5C were analyzed by single crystal (SCXRD) X-ray diffraction studies. The crystalline nature and phase purity were identified by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis. FT-IR and 1H NMR felicitate to identify the various vibrational and the occurrence of various proton positions in the grown crystal respectively. The cut-off wavelength and bandgap energy value were analyzed by the UV–Vis study. The TG/DSC establishes the thermal nature of the PT5C crystal. The microhardness test was performed to estimate the mechanical nature and third-order nonlinear optical characteristics of PT5C were analyzed by the Z-scan technique. Density functional theory (DFT) computations were performed with the B3LYP method /6–311++G (d,p) basis set. The optimized geometry, Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis, Mulliken population analysis, electrostatic potential (ESP), and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis were computed.

Structural, mechanical, thermal, electrical, second- and third-order nonlinear optical characteristics of MCBT NLO crystal for optoelectronics device and laser applications

Structural, mechanical, thermal, electrical, second- and third-order nonlinear optical characteristics of MCBT NLO crystal for optoelectronics device and laser applications

Third-order nonlinear optical characteristics of Er3+-doped BaMoO4 nanostructures

We report the third order nonlinear optical properties of Er3+-doped BaMoO4 nanostructures, and its dependence on Er-dopant concentration. BaMoO4 nanostructures with different concentration of Er were synthesized by chemical precipitation method and were characterized by UV–Vis absorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fluorescence measurements. The incorporation of Er ions shifted the absorption band of BaMoO4 towards higher wavelength and enhanced the light absorption in the visible region. XRD patterns showed that the powders crystallize in scheelite-type tetragonal structure. The nonlinear optical behavior of the nanostructures was investigated by a Z-scan technique at 532 nm using continuous wave Nd:YAG laser. Experimental results suggested that the addition of Er can considerably enhance the nonlinear absorption coefficient and refractive index of BaMoO4 which could be used as a potential for nonlinear optical device applications.

Notes on linear and non-linear optical characteristics of the nickel and manganese doped zinc oxide nanoparticles

The present study deals with the investigation of the non-linear and linear optical characteristics of the pure, Mn-doped, and Ni-doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). The third-order non-linear optical characteristics of the prepared NPs are examined using reflectance data obtained from diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The obtained values of the nonlinear parameters demonstrate a decrement through doping. The maximum third-order nonlinear susceptibility value is found to be 7.73 × 10−10, 2.24 × 10−10, and 7.25 × 10-11 for pure, Mn-doped, and Ni-doped ZnO NPs, respectively. As a result, the preparation technique which we used in this work concluded a decrement in particle size during the doping with Mn and Ni compared to the pure ZnO. This reduction confirms that a decrement in crystallite size leads to a decrement in the third-order nonlinear susceptibility. The higher values of the non-linear susceptibilities make these synthesized samples a suitable candidate for optoelectronic devices. Moreover, the dependence of the non-linear absorption coefficient on wavelength is evaluated.

Vibrational spectroscopic, linear and nonlinear optical characteristics of Anthocyanin extracted from blueberry

A natural pigment Anthocyanin, extracted from blueberry, has been reported in this paper. The structure of blueberry powder was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and it divulges that the prepared powder seems to be amorphous. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and FT-Raman studies were carried out to recognize the functional groups present in Anthocyanin pigment. Third-order nonlinear optical characteristics of Anthocyanin have been measured using Z-scan technique with a continuous wave diode laser working at the excitation wavelength of 635 nm. Anthocyanin pigment exhibits a negative nonlinear index of refraction and absorption coefficient respectively due to self-defocusing and saturable absorption nature. The nonlinear index of refraction (n2) and nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) of Anthocyanin were measured to be −2.07 × 10−7 cm2/W and −2.19 × 10−3 cm/W respectively. Optical limiting (OL) of Anthocyanin was studied and this exhibits a low limiting threshold of 3.21 × 102 W/cm2. Figure of merit (FOM) conditions were verified for all-optical switching device applications. The present experimental results suggest that the natural pigment Anthocyanin may be a promising material for photonics and optoelectronics applications.