Third Of Twentieth Century Research Articles

Ewish center of lacemaking in Sasov of Eastern Galicia of the second half of the 19th - the first third of the 20th century: history and artistic features

Jewish center of lacemaking in Sasov, founded in the mid-nineteenth century by Marcus Leib Margulis. In process of research were used archive materials, sources of the first third of twentieth century, particular works of Peter Kontny, publications in periodicals and works of leading researchers of Jewish textiles. The sources of research are art objects of Jewish lacemaking from museum and private collections. It was founded that in village of Sasiv in period of the heyday of production in the second half of nineteenth century, was working near 250 masters, who made elements of ritual costumes. The main assortment of products was Atara for Thales, men's kippah, women's shabbat hats and bibs. Technique of making lace of the Sasov center is called “Spanier Arbeit”. The origin of the term is quite controversial today; it also is associated with the definition of “Spanish Work” and with Yiddish terminology “wickerwork”. Lace of Sasov belongs to the braded type of silver threads with flat cross section – tinsel. The article analyzes the artistic features of Atara – rectangular “crown”, “collar" which was sewn to the prayers veil of the thallas in the part which covered the head. The tradition of performing atars has a long history that is confirmed by different miniatures of medieval books, portraits of Jews in ritual costumes, as well as saved samples. The decoration of atara is dominated by plant ornament, usually in Baroque style. The images of roses, sunflowers, pomegranates, rosettes have a deep symbolic meaning in Jewish culture and appeals to biblical and Talmudic texts as well as oral tradition. High skills of making the lace and their artistic features indicate the professionalism of cell masters. Preserved monuments are unique examples of decorative art of Galician Jews.

Las nuevas tendencias en el teatro español a finales del siglo XX

New Trends of Spanish Theater at End of Twentieth Century The current research starts with explaining importance of topic being addressed, as well as a discussion of problems that will result from handling this topic while studying and analyzing new trends of Spanish theatre in twentieth century. Thus, present research illustrates aim of this study at beginning. Then, it attempts to explore of scientific approach of induction or projection on new trends. Hence, research clarifies features of new trends. However, this study focuses mainly on a new presentation of this topic that deals with a systematic sequential analysis of new trends of contemporary Spanish theatre in recent times. In order to achieve aim of this study, it was necessary to apply a methodological criterion which differs from traditional descriptive methods and it is built on visions consistent with the theory of social mediation and motives for authorship. In this context, it was also essential to address two problems inherent in issue of trends: The first problem lies in classification of trends while second one is related to assigning selected works chosen for this study. Though at end, we find that we have developed a brief model that combines between two main topics namely; periods of time and theatrical movements as follows: The first topic analyzed tends of theatre in post-war period or final years of Franco's rule, where innovative and invisible, opposing or reactionary, real or imaginative theatrical patterns appeared that paved way for emergence of new theatrical trends or modern dramatic techniques in last third of twentieth century. The second topic highlighted theatrical trends that developed experimental theatrical work by using modern realistic themes that attracted attention of Spanish society beginning in eighties and early nineties where a positive shift took place towards search for new theatrical patterns that led to emergence of period of the post-transitional stage in Spain- new theatrical trends that are called postmodernism or so-called post-merging text with theatrical performance, which were characterized in their entirety by pluralism. These works were presented by incorporating new modern methods such as audiovisual methods that did not stop their constant search for providing theatre with new theatrical alternatives, whether they are themes or other alternatives, which in turn contributed to facing new challenges that faced and are still facing Spanish society. The present study resulted in several conclusions that are not only limited to results that were reached through applying mechanisms of analysis to new trends according to plan of study that outlined two main issues, but study also provided some recommendations for further studies that will be conducted on same topic in future. Finally, study illustrated specialized sources and references that are related to subject of study.

CULTURAL RESILIENCE THEORY AS AN INSTRUMENT OF MODELING HUMAN RESPONSE TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE. A CASE STUDY IN THE NORTH-WESTERN BLACK SEA REGION ON THE PLEISTOCENE-HOLOCENE BOUNDARY.

Resilience theory was first introduced in natural sciences during the last third of twentieth century and soon gains transdiciplinary significance having demonstrated its high cognitive potential in frames of ecology, psychology, cultural studies and many other neighboring sciences dealing with studies of human response do the external challenge. Concept of cultural resilience was introduces for studies of past human response to the global climate change only during the last decade and, in spite of relatively restricted number of case studies for its verification allows to highlight many important aspect of human behavior which traditionally were underestimated in frames of other theories (as theory of adaptation, environmental stress and others). Subject of current contribution is to demonstrate of cultural resilience concept application in the context of studies of human response to the global climate change in the Northwestern Black Sea region on the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary.

El mito del zombi en la actualidad: desmembramiento sacrificial colectivo

For several decades the zombie myth maintained the same symbolic structure as literature and cinematography regarding the perverse use of animal magnetism and hypnosis, the genealogy from which it descends. In the last third of twentieth century the myth underwent a profound transformation, which nevertheless represented a continuation of its previous unconscious meaning. The analysis of the new archetypal elements that it included, closely related to a nuclear aspect of the spirit of twentieth century art, enables us to develop an interpretive approach to a mythical framework and its underlying psychological process currently running through the collective psyche: respectively, the initiation death and the solvent and disintegrative dynamic of the soul. It will be based in the analytical psychology theoretical framework and we will use the historical-comparative method.

Vygotsky’s Hamlet: the dialectic method and personality psychology

topicality of L. S. Vygotsky's research in sphere of psychology of art is connected to methodological potential of his works, in which a special role belongs to his work on Hamlet. historical context for creation of art psychology by Vygotsky during twenty years of last century has been associated with active philosophical discussion on topic of interaction between people and world. idea of birth of personality and self-identity through resistance and creativity was main line of theoretical thought of those years; Frank (1971) called this line the problem of need for personal selfrealization through creativity was at heart of Russian philosophy in first third of twentieth century, and, in my opinion, spokesperson for that idea was philosopher N. A. Berdyaev, who formulated concept of existential dialectic:Self-realization of individual suggests resistance, requires struggle against enslaving power of against conformity with world. Rejection of identity, disagreement with dissolution in surrounding may reduce pain, and a person can easily go that way. Consent to slavery reduces pain, disagreement increases pain. (Berdyaev, 2000, p. 23)For Berdyaev, a person is born into resistance for sake of creativity: Personality is essentially rebellious and disobedient; it is resistance, a continuous creative act (Berdyaev, 2000, p. 37). dialectics of personality's birth through art are shown in works of Russian philosopher and psychologist M. Rubinstein, who is, unfortunately, almost forgotten. One of my articles is devoted to his oeuvre (Bayanova, 2009).In beginning problem of interaction between people and arose in Russian philosophy from opposition of subject and object. analysis of this opposition began in epistemology. The human is in or thrown into world, wrote Berdyaev. stands before as before a mystery, requiring permission. existence of a human depends on and he dies in and because of world (Berdyaev,2000, p. 241) object confronts subject, but objectivity is in subject, in dominant purpose of subject, in existence of object in name of subject. Berdyaev describes two views of world: cosmocentric view and anthropocentric view. According to cosmocentric view, people, as part of located in space, experience and at limit of knowledge they turn to an object. According to anthropocentric view, people are located not in space but in time, and they create while overcoming limits of space.The problem of interaction of people and initiated by historical context, acquired a dramatic character as a problem of personal survival within culture. This problem has been presented by art theorist, literary critic, and philosopher M. M. Bakhtin. From general issues of human existence in culture, Bakhtin comes to problem of human existence in historical and cultural situation. For Bakhtin an individual being is a life event. He understands the as an event (not as existence in its readiness) (Bakhtin, 1979, p. 364).Rubinstein in On Meaning of Life (1927) expresses following thought: Each animal is what it is; only a person is initially nothing. What he may be, he has to make himself... and to make by his freedom. I can only be what I make from myself. At this height... new perspectives have been opened by themselves, and as a logical consequence man-person stands before us as main creative force, creator of essence of (Rubinstein, p. 72).Finding essence of people in their involvement in creation of culture, Rubenstein shows this fact as a turning point of cosmic significance. It opens up a new kind of freedom that is different from natural one. …

Taking Haiti Seriously

In October 1929, Helen Miller, a junior high school teacher in Pennsylvania, assigned her students to write to Faustin Wirkus, a Marine sergeant serving in Haitian Gendarmerie. would like to know how you like it down there king, a student named Donald Pifer asked Wirkus. think that you would get very lonesome down there without any white people to talk to but I guess you are used to that by this time (p. 5). Mary A. Renda's Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and Culture of Imperialism, 1915-1940 explores both experiences of soldiers, like Faustin Wirkus, and cultural understandings of Haiti that prompted Donald Pifer to consider a solitary white marine to be a king. Renda argues that historians have incorrectly considered 1915-1934 Haitian occupation to be a trivial distraction, like letter of a Pennsylvania schoolboy. Rather than being a sideshow, Haitian engagement one of several important arenas in which United States was remade through overseas imperial ventures in first third of twentieth century. (p. 12) Renda contends that Haitian occupation, more than other contemporary overseas military actions, facilitated domestic renegotiation of racial and gender issues because people in United States generally perceived Haiti as a distinctly black nation that was geographically near but culturally distant from its northern neighbor (p. 36). To explain why and how United States was remade, Renda focuses on culture, particularly paternalism at heart of culture. In eyes of many U.S. Americans (Renda's term), Haiti in 1915 was a miserable orphan. Haiti's French father had abandoned her long ago, and her African single mother had nothing of value to offer. Haiti's generous Uncle Sam, then, had little choice but to become, in words of General Smedley Butler, the trustees of a huge estate that belongs to minors (p. 13). The image of a benevolent father, however, masked domination and violence inherent in

Theoretical Work in History in American University Curricula

In summer of 1967 an investigation of instruction offered in American colleges and universities in various areas of historical scholarship was commenced. By such instruction was meant courses in fields variously entitled Philosophy of History, Theory of History, Historiography, History of Historical Scholarship, Historical Methodology and Research, and other similar or related designations. For purposes of convenience this report will refer to the theory of or to theoretical work or courses in history; unless otherwise stated, these terms apply to full sweep of courses ranging from The Philosophy of History to Methods of Historical Research, in either departments of history or departments of philosophy. The investigation was begun in conviction that it would aid historians and others interested in historical scholarship to gain some notion, however sketchy and superficial, of what students of history are being taught today of concerns of their own discipline, and thus help to define degree and form of self-consciousness that American historical profession has attained today. This investigation, then, should complement answers suggested by studies of presidential addresses of such bodies as American Historical Association or Organization of American Historians, and by books, monographs, and essays of individual scholars concerned with status of history in America today. Of course, unlike writings of individual scholars, this report cannot propose, defend, or attack particular methods, theories, or philosophies of history, but must speak of types of courses, regardless of their specific or philosophical content, and must speak of them in quantitative rather than qualitative terms. By itself alone, this report cannot speak directly and fully to major question that prompted it. It can but offer information necessary to an eventual answer. As investigation of courses in history stands now, it is without benefit of comparative data from previous surveys, in United States or elsewhere. It cannot, therefore, identify changes and trends, but must confine itself to an account of present scene. Nevertheless, it is obvious that great changes have occurred in American higher education during second third of twentieth century, that number of students has increased dramatically, and that these facts and others have led to spirited debates and to experiments in curricular reform. What implications have these changes held for teaching

Honduras: A Case Study of United States Support of Free Elections in Central America

N ICARAGUA AFFORDS best known example of American intervention in domestic politics of Central America during first third of twentieth century.' But neighboring Honduras also provides us with a valuable case study of policy of supporting free elections abroad. William S. Stokes has related story on basis of Honduran sources.2 The attempts of United States to cope with political instability there remain to be told. From our experience in Central America we may learn where efforts to police elections could lead us in other parts of world. American concern with purity of elections in both Nicaragua and Honduras stemmed not, as so often assumed, from idealism of Woodrow Wilson, but from Central American Treaty of 1907. The Additional Convention to that treaty required nonrecognition of any government in Central America which came into power by a coup d'etat or revolution until the freely elected representatives of people . .. lhave . . . constitutionally reorganized country. 3 United States Secretary of State Elihu Root sponsored conference of 1907 with purpose of reducing constant wars, revolutions, and international intrigues which convulsed region and threatened to provoke European intervention dangerously near to vital Panama Canal site. The particular method chosen by conference delegates was, however, of Latin American origin. The traditional