Third Of Tube Research Articles

Role of dynamic slow motion video endoscopy in etiological correlation between eustachian dysfunction and chronic otitis media: A case-control study

Objective: To assess the role of dynamic slow motion video endoscopy (DSVE) for diagnosing eustachian tube (ET) dysfunction in the cases of middle ear disorders and to classify eustachian dysfunction into mechanical and functional for the purpose of systematic management of middle ear disorders. Materials and Methods: A prospective, case-control study was carried out on total 84 patients (168 ears) of whom 64 patients with ear complaints (total 95 ears) having middle ear disease was taken as cases. Remaining 20 patients without any ear and nasal complaints (40 ears) and the normal ears among the case group (33 ears) were taken as controls (total 73 ears). DSVE was performed in cases and controls to compare the incidence of eustachian dysfunction in the two groups. Tubal movements were classified into four grades depending on: (1) Appearance of tubal mucosa, (2) movements of medial and lateral cartilaginous lamina, (3) lateral excursion and dilatory waves of the lateral pharyngeal wall, (4) whether tubal lumen opened well or not and (5) presence of patulous tubes (concavity in the superior third of tube). Results: On correlating the DSVE findings of ET in both case and control group, 4 times higher incidence of abnormal ET dysfunction was obtained in cases of middle ear disorders as compared to controls (P = 0.001, odds ratio of 4.0852). We found that 29 tubes had mechanical type of dysfunction (Grades 2A and 3A), whereas 30 tubes had functional type of dysfunction (Grades 2B and 3B and patulous). Conclusion: There is a positive etiological correlation between eustachian dysfunction and chronic otitis media by DSVE. It provides valuable information regarding the structural and functional status of the pharyngeal end of the ET and in classifying the type of eustachian dysfunction into mechanical or functional, which has management implications.

Ceropegia striata, a New Species of Asclepiadaceae in Central Madagascar

A new species of Asclepiadaceae-Stapelieae from central Madagascar, Ceropegia striata Meve & Masinde, is described and illustrated. The delicate, tuberous twiner is characterized by linear corolla lobes and purplish, adaxially bulging vascular bundles resulting in the conspicuous striation of the completely whitish-greenish corolla. Due to similarities in vegetative growth and corona morphology, C. striata is probably nearest to C. madagascariensis Decaisne. In the conspectus of the Malagasy Ceropegia L., Meve and Liede (1994) listed 16 species in four sections, including section Dimorpha, which was formally established. Except for two varieties, all new Malagasy Ceropegia species described since Huber's (1957) revision belong to the section Dimorpha-a section consisting of several groups of highly variable and seemingly closely related species. Formally, C. striata would belong to the section Janthina of which C. madagascariensis is the type species. However, this section sensu Huber (1957) is an assemblage of not always closely related species and is therefore in urgent need of recircumscription. On Madagascar, C. striata is to be grouped with other twining species having a root tuber, thin and herbaceous stems, and membranous leaves, namely, C. humbertii H. Huber, C. madagascariensis Decaisne, C. saxatilis Jumelle & H. Perrier, and C. scabra Jumelle & H. Perrier. Ceropegia striata Meve & Masinde, sp. nov. TYPE: Madagascar. Central highlands, Vavavato Massif, ca. 22 km W Antsirabe, Betafo, 19045'S, 46?55'E, 1800 m a.s.l., 21 Dec. 1995, Grubenmann s.n. (holotype, ZSS; isotype, MSUN, in spirit). Figure 1. Affinis C. madagascariense Decaisne sed corolla albaviridi cum striis purpureis longistrorsis, lobis corollae angustis atropurpureis, ciliatis densis praeter margines, tubo corollae basaliter globuloso, corona glabra, lobis coronae staminalis spathiformibus planis, albis sed basaliter purpureis differt. Plant delicate, geophytic climber, herbaceous. Rootstock roundish, flattened tuber, ca. 20-28 mm diam., smooth, light brown. Stems herbaceous, deciduous, rarely branching, 1.0-2.5 mm diam., green with reddish tinge when exposed to direct sunlight, twining, glabrous. Leaves shortly petiolate, petiole 1-2 mm long, less than 1 mm wide, ?straight, canaliculate above, stipules minute, subulate, short-lived; leaf blades linear-elliptic to small lanceolate, acute, 10-30 x 5-8 mm, membranous, green, glabrous except for few recurved hairs along margins. Inflorescence extra-axillary, usually 1-flowered, subsessile with peduncle less than 1 mm long, 1 accompanying bract lanceolate-subulate, acute, ca. 1 mm long, pedicel + 5 mm long. Sepals lanceolate, flattened and appressed to corolla tube, ? 1 mm long. Corolla 25-35 mm long, abaxially glabrous; basal third of tube forming globoid inflation, ca. 7 x 6 mm, merging into narrow, cylindrical, ascending upper half of tube with conical mouth, ca. 12-15 mm long, basally 1-2 mm wide, apically 6-8 mm wide. Tube abaxially and adaxially whitish-greenish, with purplish adaxially bulging bundles, tube segments and each lobe contain 3 anthocyanin-pigmented bundles, each with central bundle strongest, pigmentation of each bundle restricted to outer phloem parenchyma plus an additional subcuticular stripe of parenchyma, tube glabrous except for ring of weak, descending hairs around mouth of tube; corolla lobes linear, ca. 10 x 0.7 mm, erect, joined at apex, margins only slightly recurved, abaxially green, adaxially blackpurple, margins densely lined with purplish (only basally whitish) trichomes, trichomes slightly vibratile, +1 mm long, somewhat moniliform in outline. Gynostegial corona in total +3.5 x 3.5 mm, cupshaped; staminal corona lobes connivent-erect, spathulate, abaxially slightly convex, adaxially slightly concave, 2-2.5 x 0.6-0.7 mm, glabrous, whitish NovoN 8: 38-40. 1998. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.77 on Mon, 23 May 2016 06:10:20 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Volume 8, Number 1 1998 Meve & Masinde Ceropegia striata from Madagascar 39