Third-grade Nanofluid Research Articles

Impinging flow of a special third-grade nanofluid streaming over a porous receding sheet using the tri-temperature model

Impinging flow of a special third-grade nanofluid streaming over a porous receding sheet using the tri-temperature model

Computational study of homogeneous–heterogeneous reactions in bioconvective third-grade material flow

The flow of third-grade nanofluid over a stretched surface is analyzed with a particular focus on the transport of heat due to melting by taking into account both homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. To account for various effects, the energy equation incorporating viscous dissipation, Joule heating and radiation is considered, as well as the influence of thermophoresis and Brownian motion. A similarity transformation is used to simplify the expressions such that the model is analyzable. Utilizing the homotopic technique, series solutions are obtained, and a convergence result is established. Our investigation based on this series solution explores the impact of different factors on the flow model, and demonstrates that increasing the melting parameter leads to a decrease in temperature, entropy rate and concentration, while to an increase in velocity.

Radiation-influenced magnetohydrodynamic third-grade nanofluid flow around non-linearly stretched cylinder

Abstract This analysis considers the magnetized third-grade fluid stream and microorganisms over a non-linear stretchy cylinder. The radiation impacts are taken into consideration. The effects of the governing flow at the cylinder are represented in the form of PDEs employing boundary layer approximations. The system of the PDEs is further reduced in dimensionless form after applying the similarity transformations. The dimensionless system of non-linear ODEs is solved through the numerical technique bvp4c. The effects of radiation and magnetism on the third-grade liquid over a non-linear extending cylinder are highlighted in graphs and numerically in tabular form. The influence of fluid variables on the velocity curve, such as third-grade parameters, second-grade coefficients, and Reynolds number, is illustrated and explored. Suitable ranges for the parameters $( {1 \le \eta \le 10,\ 0.2 \le {{\alpha }_1} \le 0.5,\ 0 \le {{\alpha }_1} \le 1.5,\ 0.1 \le \beta \le 0.3,\ 0.1 \le \gamma \le 1.6,\ 0.05 \le M \le 0.15,\ 0.5 \le \delta \le 2.0,\ 0.7 \le Pr \le 1.3,\ 0.1 \le Rd \le 0.4,0.1 \le}$ ${e \le 0.4} )$ are chosen depending upon the convergence of the numerical method. The widths of the velocity and momentum boundary layers are revealed to be increasing functions of the curvature parameter. The temperature curve declines when boosting third-grade parameters, thermal stratification, and Hartmann number while boosting up for curvature and radiation parameters.

Study of Radiative Heat Transfer of Third-Grade Nanofluid Flow with Variable Viscosity in PostTreatment Analysis of the Wire Coating Process

Wire coating technology plays a pivotal role in ensuring the efficiency, safety, and sustainability of mining operations. Its contributions go beyond the surface, impacting various aspects of mining activities, from safety compliance to energy efficiency and environmental responsibility. To attain maximum efficiency in the wire/cable coating process, the foremost concern of any scientists, experts and technologists is to consider the concept of wall shear stress, heat, and mass transfer phenomenon in the interior of dyes. The fundamental requirement of the coating process is to improve the rate of heat transfer. Therefore, the purpose of the current work is to ascertain how suspended nanoparticles influence the phenomenon of heat and mass transfer rate during the post-treatment of the coating process in the presence of third-grade liquid. The Buongiorno model is employed to examine the thermophoresis and Brownian features of nano-liquid. The governing equations are formulated and simplified using suitable non-dimensional parameters. Solutions for the non-linear differential equations are obtained numerically. The outcome of various pertinent parameters on momentum, thermal, and nanoparticle concentration profiles are delineated graphically. Further, regression analysis has been carried out to understand the importance of the correlation between heat transfer rate and flow control parameters.

Bioconvective gyrotactic microorganisms in third-grade nanofluid flow over a Riga surface with stratification: An approach to entropy minimization

Abstract Interest in the thermal effects of nanofluid (NF) has increased recently due to the use of nanocomposites to magnify the thermal conductivity of conventional liquids and so boost the heat transit phenomena. Based on this fundamental concept, the current study inspects the thermal advanced third-grade fluid flow with nanocomposites with an extended surface and the inclusion of stratification, non-Fourier heat flux, mass flux, and radiation. Buongiorno’s NF model is employed to observe the thermophoresis and Brownian motion properties. The gyrotactic microorganisms, which are connected to the bioconvection phenomenon that intrigues most, are also considered to be present in the nanoparticles. The governing models are composed of partial differential equations; thereafter, the relevant transformations are applied to these equations to convert the structure into an ordinary differential model. These resultant models are solved by implementing the homotopy analysis method. It is explained in detail how the pertinent parameters are affecting the motion, temperature of fluid, nanocomposite volume, dynamic microbe density, skin friction rates, local Nusselt, and local Sherwood numbers. Applications for the flow of nanoparticles carrying gyrotactic microorganisms include enzyme biosensors, microfluidic devices, microbial fuel cells, and biotechnology.

Thermodynamic irreversibility effects with Marangoni convection for third grade nanofluid flow

In this study, an analysis was performed to investigate the thermal and mass transport of radiative flow of a third-grade nanofluid with magnetohydrodynamic. The analysis concerns two-dimensional flow around an infinite disk. Heat transport is studied via heat generation/absorption, thermal radiation and Joule heating. Chemical reaction with activation energy is also considered. The nanofluid characteristics, including Brownian motion and thermophoretic diffusion, are explored via the Buongiorno model. Entropy analysis is also conducted. Moreover, the surface tension is assumed to be a linear function of concentration and temperature. Through adequate dimensionless variables, governed PDEs are non-dimensionlized and then tackled by ND-solve (a numerical method in Mathematica) for solutions purposes. Entropy generation, concentration, velocity, Bejan number and temperature are plotted as functions of the involved physical parameters. It is noticed that higher Marangoni number intensify velocity however it causes a decrease in the temperature. Entropy rate and Bejan number boost for large value of diffusion parameter.

Melting rheology in thermally stratified graphene-mineral oil reservoir (third-grade nanofluid) with slip condition

Abstract More effective and lengthy energy storage systems have been highly desired by researchers. Waste heat recovery, renewable energy, and combined heating and power reactors all utilize energy storage technologies. There are three techniques that are more effective for storing thermal energy: Latent heat storage is one type of energy storage, along with sensible heat storage and chemical heat storage. Latent thermal energy storage is far more efficient and affordable with these methods. A method of storing heat energy in a substance is melting. The substance is frozen to release the heat energy it had been storing. A ground-based pump’s heat exchanger coils around the soil freezing, tundra melting, magma solidification, and semiconducting processes are examples of melting phenomenon. Due to the above importance, the present study scrutinizes the behavior of third-grade nanofluid in a stagnation point deformed by the Riga plate. The Riga plate, an electromagnetic actuator, is made up of alternating electrodes and a permanent magnet that is positioned on a flat surface. Graphene nanoparticles are put in the base fluid (Mineral oil) to make a homogenous mixture. Mathematical modeling is acquired in the presence of melting phenomenon, quadratic stratification, viscous dissipation, and slippage velocity. Suitable transformations are utilized to get the highly non-linear system of ODEs. The remedy of temperature and velocity is acquired via the homotopic approach. Graphical sketches of various pertinent parameters are obtained through Mathematica software. The range of various pertinent parameters is 1 ≤ B 1 ≤ 4 , B 2 = 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , B 3 = 0.1 , 0.5 , 0.9 , 1.3 , 0.8 ≤ A ≤ 1.2 , Re = 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , S 1 = 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , M 1 = 1 , 6 , 11 , 16 , 0.1 ≤ ϑ ≤ 0.4 , 0.1 ≤ Q ≤ 0.4 , Ec = 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 0.1 ≤ S ≤ 0.4 and Nr = 1 , 6 , 11 , 16 1\le {B}_{1}\le 4,\hspace{.5em}{B}_{2}=1,3,5,7,{B}_{3}=0.1,0.5,0.9,1.3,\hspace{.5em}0.8\le A\le 1.2,\mathrm{Re}=1,3,5,7,\hspace{.2em}{S}_{1}=1,3,5,7,\hspace{.5em}{M}_{1}=1,6,11,16,\hspace{.25em}0.1\le {\vartheta }\le 0.4,\hspace{.33em}0.1\le Q\le 0.4,\text{Ec}=1,3,5,7,\hspace{.5em}0.1\le S\le 0.4\hspace{.65em}\text{and}\hspace{.65em}\text{Nr}=1,6,11,16 . Skin friction (drag forces) and Nusselt number (rate of heat transfer) are explained via graphs. The velocity is enhancing the function against melting parameter while temperature is the decelerating function as melting factor is amplified. The temperature field reduces with the accelerating estimations of stratified parameter. The energy and velocity profiles de-escalate with intensifying values of volume fraction parameter.

Analysis of Joule heating and Hall effects on the electro-osmotic flow of third-grade nanofluid regulated by peristaltic waves through a porous medium with double diffusion

The current analysis is based on the third-grade nanofluid flow triggered by the combined effects of peristaltic pumping and an external electric field. The effects of double diffusion convection and viscous dissipation in nanofluids across a porous symmetric channel were explored. Thermal radiation, the Hall effect and Joule heating are the key phenomena discussed in the flow problem. The governing model is modified by using the Lubrication theory and Debye-Hückel linearization. A highly non-linear system of equations was solved by Mathematica software to scrutinize the effects of Joule heating, Hall effect, electro-osmotic velocity, Grashof numbers, thermophoresis, and Brownian motion on the flow characteristics. Brinkman number and the thermal radiation show opposite characteristics on the temperature profile.

Xue and Maxwell numerical simulations for improved heat transmission in cylindrical film flow: A solar energy application

Solar power plays a significant role in fulfilling industrial and household energy needs. A hypothetical analysis is accomplished to scrutinize the practical usage of solar power by enhancing the heat diffusion rate of the conventional liquid. Third-grade cylindrical film flow is considered in the existence of hydrodynamics (MHD), radiation, Ohmic heating, and Cattaneo–Christov heat flux. Water is a base liquid suspended with graphene oxide nanoparticles. An exact model is established and solved computationally by relating suitable comparisons. The considered flow model directly uses parabolic trough solar collector. A comparative analysis is performed on Xue and Maxwell nanomodels, and the results are explored with computational outcomes. It is found that the Xue nanomodel is actively enhancing the third-grade nanofluid temperature while the Maxwell nanomodel appreciates the heat transmission rate of the same.

ANALYZING ACTIVATION ENERGY AND BINARY CHEMICAL REACTION EFFECTS WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPROACH IN AXISYMMETRIC FLOW OF THIRD GRADE NANOFLUID SUBJECT TO SORET AND DUFOUR EFFECTS

ANALYZING ACTIVATION ENERGY AND BINARY CHEMICAL REACTION EFFECTS WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPROACH IN AXISYMMETRIC FLOW OF THIRD GRADE NANOFLUID SUBJECT TO SORET AND DUFOUR EFFECTS

Unsteady Squeezing Flow and Heat Transfer Analysis of Magnetohydrodynamic Third-grade Nanofluid between Two Disks Embedded in a Porous Medium subjected to Thermal Radiation using Homotopy Perturbation Method

The non-linear behaviours of non-Newtonian fluids under various flow conditions continue to arouse research interests in recent times. In this work, nonlinear analysis of unsteady squeezing flow and heat transfer of a third-grade nanofluid between two parallel disks embedded in a porous medium under the influences of thermal radiation and temperature jump boundary conditions is studied using homotopy perturbation method. The parametric studies from the series solutions show that for a suction parameter greater than zero, the lower disc's radial velocity increases while that of the upper disc decreases as a result of a corresponding increase in the viscosity of the fluid from the lower squeezing disc to the upper disc. An increasing magnetic field parameter and the radial velocity of the lower disc decrease while that of the upper disc increases. There is a recorded decrease in the fluid temperature profile as the Prandtl number increases due to a decrease in the third-grade fluid's thermal diffusivity. The results of this work can be used to advance the analysis and study of third-grade nanofluid flow behavior and heat transfer processes.

Thermal scrutinization of magetohydrodynamics CuO engine oil nanofluid flow across a horizontal surface via Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li modeling: A thermal case study

The current investigation aims to investigate the effects of ohmic heating, heat source, and adhesive dispersion in third-grade nanofluid flowing magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) boundary layer heat transmission using the Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li (KKL) model. As a basic fluid, copper oxide nano molecules are suspended in engine oil. The controlling formulas that regulate the fields of flow and heat conduction are partial differential equations (PDEs) which are then converted into models of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that use the necessary similarity conversions. The resulting ODEs are numerically resolved using the Keller-Box approach. The effects of different common liquids, nano molecule sizes, magnetic parameter, Prandtl, material constant, and Eckert numbers are described using diagrams and tables for the field of motion, the field of temperature, the rate of heat transfer, and the drag force factor. The results show that the speed, drag force, and nozzle number for copper oxide engine oil nanofluids are lower than that of the basic liquid, while the addition of nanoparticles raises the temperature. The drag force factor and the rate of heat transfer are both found to increase when the material constant rises.

Galerkin Finite Element Process for Entropy Production and Thermal Evaluation of Third-Grade Fluid Flow: A Thermal Case Study

A fluid’s moving class improves its heat transmission capability, as well as its rigidity, owing to multivariate molecule suspension. In this way, nanofluids are superior to common fluids. In this study, we evaluated the features of ease and heat transfer. Furthermore, we investigated permeable media, heat source, variable heat conductivity, and warm irradiation results. A mathematical technique known as the Galerkin finite element (G-FEM) approach was used to solve the supervising conditions. Third-grade nanofluid (TGNF), which consists of two types of nanoparticles (NPs), single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) distributed in a base liquid of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) water, was used for this examination. The main conclusion of this study is that MWCNT-CMC nanofluid has a higher heat transfer velocity than SWCNT-CMC nanofluid. The entropy of the framework can be increased by adjusting the thermal conductivity. Additionally, we found that increasing the main volume section decreases the speed but increases the dispersion of atomic energy. In order to separately account for the development properties of inertial forces and shallow heat dispersion forces, Reynolds and Brinkman values can be used to accelerate the entropy rate of the heating framework.

Magnetized supercritical third-grade nanofluid flow from a vertical cylinder using a Crank–Nicolson implicit scheme

The current study investigates the supercritical convective radiative buoyancy-driven flow and heat transfer in external coating flow of an electrically conducting viscoelastic third-grade nanofluid from hotmoving/stationary cylinder under constant radial magnetic field. A new computational thermodynamic model has been proposed to study the supercritical behavior of third-grade aqueous nanofluid in terms of supercritical water. The Redlich–Kwong equation of state (RK-EOS) has been deployed to calculate thermal expansion coefficient for free convective flow of supercritical nanofluid in terms of temperature, compressibility factor and pressure. A validation test has been conducted for RK-EOS with available experimental results. A well-tested unconditionally stable Crank–Nicolson scheme has been implemented to obtain numerical solutions. Graphical results for flow variables, heat transfer and skin-friction coefficient distributions are presented for variation of nanoscale, rheological, magnetic, radiative and thermodynamic parameters. Transient velocity is reduced whereas temperature is elevated with amplified values of third-grade fluid parameter, reduced pressure, reduced temperature, and decreased values of volume fraction of nanofluid for a stationary cylinder under supercritical conditions. Special cases of the current model validated against previously published results. Important applications of the current study include nuclear reactor vessels, deposition of smart (functional magnetic) nano-coatings and solar collector energy systems.

Quasi-linearization analysis for heat and mass transfer of magnetically driven 3rd-grade (Cu-TiO2/engine oil) nanofluid via a convectively heated surface

The features of heat transferral capability between metallic (Cu) and non-metallic (TiO2) nanoparticles suspended in the engine-oil (EO) third-grade base-liquid has been analysed under the influence of strong magnetic field. The numerical investigation of system of coupled differential equations for third-grade nanofluid flow model is accomplished via Quasi-linearization method (QLM). The stretching horizontal sheet is heated through convective heat process assuming the special effects of thermal radiation, joule heating, heat generation and viscous dissipation in the energy equation. The mass suction and slip velocity at the boundary of the sheet has been taken into account to enhance fluidity of the engine-oil nanofluid. The prominent non-dimensional parameters controlling the flow and heat transfer characteristics of Cu-TiO2/ Engine-Oil nanofluid are estimated through graphical and tabular data. A novel graphical analysis for entropy generation versus magnetic retardation is projected for various parameters. Entropy generation is reduced by the velocity slip parameter but it is increased by the Reynolds number and Brinkman number. The enhanced lubricating properties of engine oil with mixing of TiO2-nanoparticles might be a useful industrial lubricant for magnetic refrigeration applications.

Analysis of temperature-dependent viscosity effect on wire coating using MHD flow of incompressible third-grade nanofluid filled in cylindrical coating die

The convective heat and mass propagation inside dies are used to determine the characteristics of coated wire products. As a result, comprehending the properties of polymerization mobility, heat mass transport, and wall stress concentration is crucial. The wire coating procedure necessitates an increase in thermal performance. As a result, this research aims to find out how floating nanoparticles affect the mass and heat transport mechanisms of third-grade fluid in the posttreatment for cable coating processes in presence of a magnetic field with time-dependent viscosity. For nanofluids, the Buongiorno model is used. The model equations are developed using continuity, momentum, and energy in the presence of nanoparticle and time-dependent variable viscosity. We propose a few nondimensional transformations that are relevant. The numerical technique Runge-Kutta fourth method is used to generate numerical solutions for nonlinear systems. Pictorial depictions are used to examine the effects of various factors in the nondimensional flow. Furthermore, the numerical results are also verified analytically using Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM). The analytical findings of this investigation reveal that within the Reynolds modeling, the stress on the whole wire surface combined shear forces at the surface predominate the Vogel model. The contribution of nanomaterials on force on the entire surface of wire and shear forces at the surface appears positive. A non-Newtonian feature can increase the capping substance’s velocity. This research could aid in the advancement of wire coating technologies. For the very first instance, the significance of nanotechnology during wire coating evaluation is explored utilizing time-dependent variable viscosity regarding the magnetic field. For time-dependent viscosity, two alternative models are useful. The Lorentzian strength (a resistive form of force) increases in magnetic strength increases. As a result of the increased magnetic field, the motion of the polymerization in a die decreases. It is clear that increasing the intensity of Nb increases the heat transfer. The innovative fragment of the present study is to scrutinize the magnetized third-grade nanofluid for wire coating with variable viscosity inside the pressurized coating die, which still not has been elaborated in the available works to date. Consequently, in the restrictive sense, the existing work is associated with available work and originated in exceptional agreement.

Intelligent computing through neural networks for entropy generation in MHD third-grade nanofluid under chemical reaction and viscous dissipation

This study explores Artificial Neural Network with Back Propagated Levenberg Marquardt (ANN-BPLM) for entropy generation in magnetohydrodynamic third-grade nanofluid flow model (MHD-TGNFM) with chemical reaction and heat sink/source effect. The nonlinear ODE system for MHD-TGNFM is obtained after simplifying the presented mathematical model in PDEs through a suitable transformation system. The dataset was constructed from the effective modifications in the physical parameters of MHD-TGNFM with the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM). To interpret the approximated solution testing, validation and training sets are used in ANN-BPLM. The comparison with a standard solution is investigated by the performance of MSE convergence, Error histogram and regression studies. Moreover, the impacts of physical variants on temperature, Entropy production rate, velocity, Bejan number and concentration are also analyzed. The result reveals that velocity gradient inclines for rising values of and whereas the converse behaviour is seen for magnetic parameters. Increment in values of enhances the temperature gradient . Concentration gradient increases, whereas the opposite behaviour is seen for and . is elevated for increasing values of , whereas declines for greater values of . Entropy and Bejan number are increased for L.

Numerical framework for unsteady bioconvection flow of third-grade nanofluid over a porous Riga surface with convective Nield approach

The ultra-high significances of thermal radiation, magnetic field and activation energy in thermal enhancement processes allow significant applications in chemical and mechanical engineering, modern technology and various thermal engineering eras. The improvement in energy resources and production became one of the major challenges for researchers and scientists for sustained development in industrial growths. Beside this, the bioconvection assessment in nanomaterials conveys prestigious applications in biotechnology like bio-sensors, enzymes, petroleum industry, bio-fuels and many more. In view of such renewable applications, present exploration discloses unsteady two-dimensional flow of third-grade nanomaterial accommodating gyrotactic microorganisms induced by unsteady stretched Riga sheet in porous medium. The formulated flow problem is further scrutinized by utilizing the chemical reaction, activation energy, thermal radiation and magnetic aspects. The convective Nield constraints are further subjected in the current investigation. Apposite transformations are used to condense the nonlinear developed problem into dimensionless ordinary form. The numerical solution of such similar flow problem is presented via shooting technique. The detailed graphical illustrations of the dimensionless temperature, nanoparticles concentration, velocity and motile microorganisms for physical significance of diverse relevant parameters are deliberated. Furthermore, numerical data of local Sherwood, Nusselt and motile density numbers is designated in tabular form. Study accentuated that velocity increases for higher modified Hartmann and material constants, while the effects of buoyancy ratio and bioconvected Rayleigh numbers are rather opposite. The temperature, microorganism and concentration distributions were enhanced for unsteady parameter. It is also acknowledged that the concentration distribution is enhanced for activating the energy number. Moreover, the microorganism distribution enhances for concentration difference and magneto-porous constants, while bioconvected Lewis and Peclet numbers show conflicting trend.

A bioconvection model for viscoelastic nanofluid confined by tapered asymmetric channel: implicit finite difference simulations.

As part of the growing evolution in nanotechnology and thermal sciences, nanoparticles are considered as an alternative solution for the energy depletion due to their ultra-high thermal effectives. Nanofluids reflect inclusive and broad-spectrum significances in engineering, industrial and bio-engineering like power plants, energy source, air conditioning systems, surface coatings, evaporators, power consumptions, nano-medicine, cancer treatment, etc. The present study describes the bio-convective peristaltic flow of a third-grade nanofluid in a tapered asymmetric channel. Basic conservation laws of mass, momentum, energy, and concentration as well as the microorganism diffusion equation are utilized to model the problem. The simplified form of the modeled expressions is accounted with long wavelength assumptions. For solving the resulting coupled and nonlinear equations, a well-known numerical method implicit finite difference scheme has been utilized. The graphical results describe the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles, and the density of motile microorganisms at the nanoscale. Furthermore, microorganism concentration lines are analyzed.

Intelligent Computing with Levenberg-Marquardt Backpropagation Neural Networks for Third-Grade Nanofluid Over a Stretched Sheet with Convective Conditions.

This article discussed the influence of activation energy on MHD flow of third-grade nanofluid model (MHD-TGNFM) along with the convective conditions and used the technique of backpropagation in artificial neural network using Levenberg–Marquardt technique (BANN-LMT). The PDEs representing (MHD-TGNFM) transformed into the system of ODEs. The dataset for BANN-LMT is computed for the six scenarios by using the Adam numerical method by varying the local Hartman number (Ha), Prandtl number (Pr), local chemical reaction parameter (σ), Schmidt number (Sc), concentration Biot number (γ2) and thermal Biot number (γ1). By testing, validation and training process of (BANN-LMT), the estimated solutions are interpreted for (MHD-TGNFM). The validation of the performance of (BANN-LMT) is done through the MSE, error histogram and regression analysis. The concentration profile increases when there is an increase in Biot number and the local Hartmann number; meanwhile, it decreases for the higher values of Schmidt number and the local chemical reaction parameter.