Third Decade Of Life Research Articles

Childhood Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm of the Pancreas: Acute Presentation of an Uncommon Tumor

AbstractSolid pseudopapillary tumor is a mixed solid and cystic neoplasm of the pancreas which occurs most commonly in females in second or third decade of life with few reported pediatric cases. It has a low malignancy potential with good prognosis after surgical resection.We present a case of an 11-year-old male child with solid pseudopapillary tumor of pancreas who presented with clinical features of acute pancreatitis. He was initially evaluated with ultrasound, followed by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Solid pseudopapillary tumor of pancreas presenting as acute pancreatitis is rarely reported in literature. This case is a unique presentation of a pancreatic tumor and highlights the value of multiphase CT imaging and MRI in the diagnosis.

Characteristics Of Pleomorphic Adenoma at Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung Period 2017-2022

Introduction: Pleomorphic adenoma (benign mixed tumors) is the most common neoplasm affecting both major and minor salivary glands, slow growing, asymptomatic, and unilateral. The most affected location of the tumor is major salivary glands namely parotid glands and in minor salivary glands, it manifests in the intraoral, namely the palate region. This study aims to obtain information about the characteristics of patients with pleomorphic adenoma at the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung. Methods: This study is a retrospective descriptive analysis method based on the medical data record of a patient who was diagnosed with pleomorphic adenoma and undergoing treatment at Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung period 2017 to 2022. The data obtained include age, gender, patient domicile, tumor predilection location, supporting examination, and definitive treatment. Results: The total participants in this study were 27 patients, with women 8 (70%), range at the age of 31-50 years old (30%). The majority of patients were from Bandung City (56%). Most of the lesion were found in major salivary glands was at parotid gland with 3 patient (10%) and in minor salivary was at the palate region with 18 patients (77%). Most common supporting examination used in this study were fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), panoramic x-ray, and CT scan, with definitive treatment received by the respondent were surgical excision. Conclusion: Pleomorphic adenomas are often occurred in women during third decade of life. The majority of the lesion occurred in minor salivary gland at the palate region. Surgical excision is most definitive treatment were performed. Keywords: Patient characteristics, pleomorphic Adenoma, salivary gland

Nlrp2 deletion ameliorates kidney damage in a mouse model of cystinosis.

Cystinosis is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CTNS gene that encodes cystinosin, a ubiquitous lysosomal cystine/H+ antiporter. The hallmark of the disease is progressive accumulation of cystine and cystine crystals in virtually all tissues. At the kidney level, human cystinosis is characterized by the development of renal Fanconi syndrome and progressive glomerular and interstitial damage leading to end-stage kidney disease in the second or third decade of life. The exact molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of renal disease in cystinosis are incompletely elucidated. We have previously shown upregulation of NLRP2 in human cystinotic proximal tubular epithelial cells and its role in promoting inflammatory and profibrotic responses. Herein, we have investigated the role of NLRP2 in vivo using a mouse model of cystinosis in which we have confirmed upregulation of Nlrp2 in the renal parenchyma. Our studies show that double knock out Ctns-/- Nlrp2-/- animals exhibit delayed development of Fanconi syndrome and kidney tissue damage. Specifically, we observed at 4-6 months of age that animals had less glucosuria and calciuria and markedly preserved renal tissue, as assessed by significantly lower levels of inflammatory cell infiltration, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis. Also, the mRNA expression of some inflammatory mediators (Cxcl1 and Saa1) and the rate of apoptosis were significantly decreased in 4-6-month old kidneys harvested from Ctns-/- Nlrp2-/- mice compared to those obtained from Ctns-/-mice. At 12-14 months of age, renal histological was markedly altered in both genetic models, although double KO animals had lower degree of polyuria and low molecular weight proteinuria and decreased mRNA expression levels of Il6 and Mcp1. Altogether, these data indicate that Nlrp2 is a potential pharmacological target for delaying progression of kidney disease in cystinosis.

The Surgical Management of a Cystic Lesion in the Same Cystic Follicle Related to Lateral Incisor and Impacted Permanent Maxillary Canine: (A Case Study)

The most common kind of developing odontogenic cysts are dentigerous cysts. They frequently push impacted teeth into ectopic locations by encircling the crown of the tooth. The mandibular third molar, maxillary canine, mandibular premolar, and maxillary third molar are the teeth that are most commonly afflicted, in decreasing order. Although these cysts are more prevalent in men, they can also occur in children and teenagers, especially in the second and third decades of life. Dentigerous cyst-related teeth in the maxilla frequently cause root dilatation in the mandibular area, permanent tooth bud displacement close to the sinus, and cortical bone enlargement, sometimes, even up to the level of the orbit or floor of the nose. Clinically, these cysts do not cause any symptoms and are frequently found by chance during radiographs done to look into cases of primary teeth that are retained, teeth that are missing, teeth that erupt slowly, or orthodontic issues. Cone-beam computed tomography’s advent has just made it possible to shed fresh, extensively documented light on diagnostic and treatment approaches. Protocol for management: Surgery is typically used to treat dentigerous cysts. In this instance, the affected tooth underwent endodontic therapy, after which the cyst was curettaged, a further apicoectomy was performed, and canine impaction was completed. In the end, a bone graft and platelet-rich fibrin were implanted for rehabilitation.

Hearing Rehabilitation in a Pediatric Patient with Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Abstract Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a cluster of genetically determined disorders of the connective tissue. Among the complications associated with this disease, hearing loss is a common complaint that usually begins in the second or third decade of life and worsens with age. Herein, we present the case of a 16-year-old female diagnosed with OI, who presented with decreased hearing over the past 4 years and had a positive family history of OI. Pure tone audiometry revealed mild-to-moderate bilateral conductive hearing loss. This patient’s age illustrates the importance of identifying the best technique for hearing restoration in younger populations.

Alkaptonuria.

Alkaptonuria is a rare inborn error of metabolism caused by the deficiency of homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase activity. The consequent homogentisic acid (HGA) accumulation in body fluids and tissues leads to a multisystemic and highly debilitating disease whose main features are dark urine, ochronosis (HGA-derived pigment in collagen-rich connective tissues), and a painful and severe form of osteoarthropathy. Other clinical manifestations are extremely variable and include kidney and prostate stones, aortic stenosis, bone fractures, and tendon, ligament and/or muscle ruptures. As an autosomal recessive disorder, alkaptonuria affects men and women equally. Debilitating symptoms appear around the third decade of life, but a proper and timely diagnosis is often delayed due to their non-specific nature and a lack of knowledge among physicians. In later stages, patients' quality of life might be seriously compromised and further complicated by comorbidities. Thus, appropriate management of alkaptonuria requires a multidisciplinary approach, and periodic clinical evaluation is advised to monitor disease progression, complications and/or comorbidities, and to enable prompt intervention. Treatment options are patient-tailored and include a combination of medications, physical therapy and surgery. Current basic and clinical research focuses on improving patient management and developing innovative therapies and implementing precision medicine strategies.

Clinical and Immunological Profile of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A 5-year Retrospective Analysis from Northeast India.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease with a wide range of clinical manifestations having considerable variation in clinical features that are influenced by ethnic, sociocultural, and geographical factors. This disease primarily affects young women aged between 18 and 35 years. The aim of this present study was to delineate the clinical manifestations and immunological patterns of SLE patients from the Northeastern (NE) region of India. The study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital from January 2016 to January 2021. Adult patients of age >18 years fulfilling systemic lupus international collaborating clinic criteria (SLICC) for classification of SLE were included in this study. Immunology such as antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) were also performed followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Over a period of 5 years, 142 patients were recruited for the study, with an overall female-to-male ratio was 9.9:1, a median age at onset of 25 years (interquartile range age 21-32 years) and a mean disease duration was 15.25 months (range 2-60 months). Our study revealed that ANA was positive in 97.18% of patients while anti-dsDNA was positive in 78.68%, indicating that women from this region have higher positivity rates. Our findings support the notion that SLE is a multisystem disorder that predominantly affects young females, especially during the second and third decades of life. Hematological, mucocutaneous, and renal manifestations are common in our patients. Moreover, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations were understudied in other cohorts, which is one of our study's strengths.

Real-world experience of full-thickness traumatic macular hole among young patients

ObjectiveTo describe the demographics, clinical, and imaging characteristics, and visual outcomes in young patients with full-thickness traumatic macular hole (TMH).MethodsThis retrospective hospital-based study included patients with full-thickness TMH who presented between August 2010 and June 2021. Demographic data, clinical findings, and imaging characteristics were extracted from an electronic medical record system. Regression analyses were performed to determine significant associations among variables and to identify predictors of visual outcomes.Results144 (0.005%) patients among 2,834,616 were diagnosed with Full thickness TMH. The majority of them were male (89.58%; odds ratio [OR] = 6.71) and the holes were unilateral. The mean age at presentation was 23.37 ± 8.19 years. Ball were the most common cause of injuries (22.22%), followed by stick (14.58%) and firecracker (12.50%). The mean LogMAR visual acuity (VA) at presentation was 1.18 ± 0.72, with 25.69% of eyes having VA < 20/400. The mean minimum hole diameter was 619.34 ± 336.16 μm. Sub-retinal fluid was present in 44.44%, followed by intraretinal fluid in 34.03% of eyes. Macular holes closed after vitrectomy in 66.67% of eyes, with mean final VA of 1.07 ± 0.85. Baseline VA was a strong predictor of final VA (R2 = 0.677; p = 0.000168).ConclusionTraumatic macular hole is a unilateral condition with significant visual impairment that is mainly seen in males during the third decade of life. Surgery is successful in most cases but improvements in VA are modest.

Does non-operative treatment of appendicitis can replace surgery? - literature overview

Introduction and purpose Acute appendicitis, a common surgical abdominal ailment, mostly affects individuals in their second or third decade of life, with an annual incidence of about 100 cases per 100,000 persons. This literature review aims to synthesize evidence from diverse sources, summarizing optimal practices for clinical implementation. Surgical intervention, achieving almost 100% cure rates, remains the gold standard, emphasizing challenges in patient qualification for non-surgical approachesNon-operative treatment, considered safe for uncomplicated cases, involves antibiotic therapy, with concerns about antibiotic resistance. Summarizing the current understanding of antibiotic therapy of appendicitis seeks to enhance its effective use, decrease adverse incidents in patients, and contribute to the overall safety of both patients and healthcare providers. Material and methods The following review of studies was based on articles obtained from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Key search terms included acute appendicitis, acute appendicitis conservative treatment, appendectomy, surgical abdominal diaseases, antibiothic therapy. ConclusionsThe literature review highlights the existing challenges in the management of acute appendicitis, acknowledging the efficacy of both methods. While surgical intervention with high cure rates, the increasing popularity of non-operative therapy encourages optimism for comprehensive research in the future. The need for large, randomized studies comparing long-term clinical effectiveness is emphasized, aiming to inform decision-making and optimize patient outcomes.

Spectrum, Pattern and Outcome of Trauma patients admitted to Tertiary care hospital in North India

Introduction: Trauma is foremost reason behind the mortality and morbidity worldwide among all age groups. Trauma remains the vital public health issues worldwide and is independent of socioeconomic condition of a country. Incidence of trauma is still increasing with increase in incidence of violence, road traffic accident, assault and violence. Trauma will still remain if all medical and surgical diseases are overcome. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objective of our study was to evaluate the spectrum, pattern, mechanism and outcome of trauma patient presenting at tertiary care hospital. Results: Trauma patient visited to tertiary care hospital were 1926 (with 73% male and 27% female). Most common age group was 21-30 years. Most common mechanism of trauma was RTA which include 60% patient followed by fall. Most common site of injury was extremities followed by head and neck injuries. 28% of trauma patient were hospitalized. 66% of hospitalized patients were managed conservatively while 34% of the were managed surgically. 92% of the trauma patients were survived while mortality was only 8%. Conclusions: RTA is most common form of trauma affecting most commonly young male in their third decade of life. Health education and behaviour change among the youngster about trauma may reduce the trauma injuries.

(225) Hard-flaccid Syndrome: A Survey of Sexual Medicine Practitioners’ Knowledge and Experience

Abstract Introduction Hard-flaccid syndrome (HFS) is a condition of male sexual dysfunction (MSD) that has become a relatively new focus in online forums and urologic conferences. It is a poorly understood syndrome characterized by chronic pain, a partially rigid penis while in a flaccid state, and erectile dysfunction. HFS primarily affects men in their second and third decade of life, but its exact pathophysiology remains uncertain, with hypotheses suggesting a combination of physical and psychological factors. Consequently, an evidence-based understanding of HFS is lacking within the sexual medicine community. Objective Identify and quantify the current level of understanding of HFS in the sexual medicine academic society. Methods A survey was provided to sexual medicine practitioners at the 2023 American Urological Association (AUA) who attended a plenary focusing on sexual medicine. Each survey form included a screening question to determine familiarity with HFS. If they were familiar with HFS, there were multiple additional questions querying experience with HFS in their patients, modalities of diagnosis, preferred therapy options, in addition to others. These answers were then extracted onto a spreadsheet and analyzed. Results According to the registration reports from the 2023 AUA conference, there were 37 attendees at the sexual medicine plenary. A total of 36 survey responses were submitted. Of these, 35 were urologists and 1 responder was a mental health professional. Among the respondents, 8 (35%) acquired knowledge about HFS through colleagues, 6 (26%) mentioned medical journals, 4 (17%) mentioned conferences, 4 (17%) mentioned patients, and 1 (5%) stated that they first heard about it from an online pelvic floor therapist. Regarding the diagnostic approach for HFS in their practice, 17 responders considered clinical history, 16 relied on patient self-diagnosis, and 1 utilized imaging, although the specific imaging modality was not specified. Most respondents (74%) indicated that they had seen 1-10 patients with HFS, with 4 and 2 respondents reporting 11-20 and 21-50 patients, respectively. In terms of their beliefs about HFS as a legitimate condition, 12 responders expressed confidence in its existence, while 7 remained uncertain. Most respondents (11) suggested pelvic floor therapy as the optimal approach, with 10 recommending combination therapy. Conclusions This analysis highlights the ongoing lack of familiarity with HFS among professionals. This project provides valuable insights into the current understanding of this complex condition. The outcome emphasizes the critical need for continued education and research on HFS to improve diagnostic accuracy, enhance patient care, and develop effective treatment strategies. Disclosure No.

Onychocryptosis: A review of epidemiology, risk factors, classification, complications and effective therapeutic strategies.

Abstract: Ingrown toenails, clinically known as onychocryptosis, represent a prevalent nail pathology. The clinical manifestation involves symptoms typical for a foreign body reaction and in severe cases, tissue hypertrophy with complications may occur. Key risk factors include improper nail care, trauma, obesity, tight footwear, poor foot hygiene, and genetic predisposition. The condition predominantly affects individuals between the first and the third decades of life and older adults, with a predilection for the great toe, especially the lateral skin fold. The Heifetz and Scholz classifications delineate the stages of ingrown toenails based on severity. Therapeutic approaches range from conservative procedures, such as taping, dental floss, gutter treatment, cotton nail cast, braces and super elastic wire to surgical interventions like partial or total nail avulsion, matricectomy and advanced techniques like the Vandebos procedure or the Winograd procedure. Although many studies have analysed available treatment methods, there is no consensus among specialists regarding the best therapeutic strategy. Complications include paronychia, infection, and scarring. A comprehensive therapeutic approach should consider clinical severity, patient preferences, and both conservative and surgical interventions, emphasizing the importance of larger randomized clinical trials to establish definitive guidelines.

Outcome and predictors of failure of abdominal surgical repair of high vesico-vaginal and vesico-uterine fistulae at Gezira Hospital for Renal Disease and Surgery

BackgroundUrogenital fistula can arise from various causes, leading to the development of diverse surgical procedures. The prevention and treatment of obstetric fistula continue to pose challenges in low-income countries.AimTo assess the outcomes and predictors of failure of surgical repair for urogenital fistulas, specifically high vesico-vaginal fistula (VVF) and vesico-uterine fistula (VUF), within our context.MethodsConducted a prospective hospital-based study involving 100 female patients with urogenital fistula (95 VVF and 5 VUF) who underwent abdominal surgical repair at Gezira Hospital for Renal Diseases and Surgery from 2018 to 2023. Collected data encompassing demographics, obstetric history, fistula etiologies, Swab test, cystoscopy findings, urine diversion, ureteric re-implantation, and repair outcomes.ResultsThe majority of women were aged 20–29 years (39%), illiterate (62%), and had a low socio-economic status (87%). Lack of antenatal care was noted in 77% of patients. Fistula etiologies were predominantly obstetric (70%), mainly due to spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD), with the remaining 30% attributed to gynecological causes (hysterectomy). In terms of fistula characteristics, all patients had a high-level fistula, 95% had a single fistula, and 69% had a posterior wall fistula. Successful closure was achieved in 84% of cases, with 11% experiencing ureteric involvements. The analysis of failures pointed to recurrent fistulae (50%), larger fistula size (31%), and the presence of multiple fistulae (19%) as notable predictors of unsuccessful repair.ConclusionVVF was the prevalent type of urogenital fistula in our population. Risk factors included being in the third decade of life, illiteracy, low socioeconomic status, and a lack of prenatal care. Obstetric causes, particularly prolonged and obstructed labor through SVD, dominated the etiology. Surgical procedures resulted in successful closure in 84% of cases. Recurrent fistulae, larger size, and multiple occurrences emerged as predictors of surgical repair failure.

Exertional Angina in a Young Woman Caused by Large Cardiac Paraganglioma

Coronary ischemia is uncommon in patients in their third decade of life. We present a 21-year-old woman with classic exertional angina secondary to a large cardiac paraganglioma. Cardiac paragangliomas are rare extra-adrenal neuroendocrine tumors that arise from chromaffin cells. Cardiac symptoms can be related to catecholamine excess or anatomical compression.

Age- and sex-specific normative values for muscle mass parameters in 18,625 Brazilian adults.

The present study aimed to provide age- and sex-specific normative values for muscle mass parameters in Brazilian adults. Data pertaining to Brazilian adults (18+ years) who attended a nutritional clinical between January 2018 and July 2022 were analyzed. Muscle mass parameters were assessed using a bioimpedance digital scale (InBody 230, GBC BioMed NZ). Assessments were conducted under standard conditions, with participants refraining from physical exercise for 96 h and from eating or drinking (including water) for 8 h before evaluations. A total of 18,625 Brazilian adults were analyzed. Normative values for absolute and relative (height, m2) muscle mass and appendicular muscle mass (ASM) were calculated. In addition, specific age-related changes in muscle mass parameters were observed. In women, muscle mass peaked between the ages of 40-49 before gradually declining at an average rate of 5.7% per decade from the sixth decade of life onwards. ASM reached its peak earlier, during the third decade of life, and started to decline later, from 50 to 59 years. In contrast, absolute and ASM peaked at 40-49 years and declined from the sixth decade of life in men. Both sexes displayed a slightly greater decline in ASM than in muscle mass (13 vs. 12%). The present study provides normative values for absolute and relative muscle mass and ASM in Brazilian adults. Furthermore, important specific age-related changes in muscle mass parameters were observed. These data have public health implications and might serve as a reference tool to guide health professionals.

Odontogenic lesions associated with impacted teeth: A 5-year retrospective institutional study

Introduction: Odontogenic lesions related to impacted teeth are common findings in routine dental exams, with the potential to cause tooth pain, displacement, bone expansion, or even bone erosion. Thus, their early detection is important. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of such lesions based on patient age, gender, and location at the Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Dentistry, over five years.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: This retrospective study evaluated records from the Oral Pathology Department, covering a five-year period. The association of odontogenic lesions with impacted teeth was assessed. Data on lesion type, patient age and gender, involved jaw, lesion location, and affected teeth were extracted from patient records. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 24.&#x0D; Results: Out of 815 odontogenic lesions, 44.4% were associated with impacted teeth. The patient distribution was 52.48% male and 47.52% female. Lesions were most prevalent in the third decade of life (24.58%), and third molars (59.39%) were frequently involved. The posterior mandible (68.5%) and mandibular third molar (55%) were common sites. Dentigerous cysts had the highest frequency (35.4%), with odontogenic cysts (developmental) occurring more frequently (70.7%) than odontogenic tumors.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study underscores a significant association between odontogenic lesions and impacted or unerupted teeth. Periodic follow-ups are crucial for retaining impacted teeth based on these findings.

Odontogenıc Keratocyst: A Case Report

Odontogenic keratocyst was first mentioned in the literature by Mikulicz in 1876, and described by Philipsen in 1956. These cysts are developmental odontogenic cysts arising from dental laminate remnants. Generally, these cysts can be seen in the second or third decade of life, in both mandibular and maxillary jaws; but most often they are localized in the mandibular jaw. A 23-year-old male patient who came to our clinic complaining of swelling in the lower jaw and did not have a systemic disease had a radiolucent lesion measuring about 4 * 2 cm in the mandible and lateral tooth area in the maxilla. Enucleation of radiolucent lesions which are localized in maxillary and mandibular jaws was performed. Both lesions were sent to the pathology laboratory for detailed examination. Extraction of the impacted right mandibular canine was made. According to the pathology report, a diagnosis of odontogenic keratocyst was made to both lesions. In this case keratocysts were seen as multiocular, and it was suspected that there could be Gorlin Goltz syndrome. According to the medical genetic report of the patient, who does not have any systemic diseases, Multilocular Odontogenic Keratocysts could not be associated with Gorlin Goltz syndrome.

A case of primary adrenal insufficiency unfolding itself as a genetic syndrome

ABSTRACT Addison disease can occur at any age but most often presents during the second or third decades of life. An 11-year-old male child presented to us with complaints of pigmentation of the skin, decreased appetite, and weight loss from the last 1 year. He also had visual disturbances and learning disabilities from last 6 months. Investigations revealed the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency and neuroimaging done was suggestive of diffuse demyelination. For further confirmation, a blood sample was sent for determination of very long chain fatty acids, which revealed accumulation of C26 fatty acids, thus confirming the diagnosis of adrenoleukodystrophy. He was treated with hydrocortisone, fludrocortisone, and anti-oxidants and was referred for bone marrow transplantation. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is a genetic disease, so a high index of suspicion is required to diagnose it in cases presenting primarily with non-neurological symptoms.

Very Young Onset Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia: A Case Series

ABSTRACT Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a clinical syndrome characterized by progressive changes in personality, behavior, and/or language with relative sparing of memory/learning. The behavioral variant of FTD (bvFTD) typically presents with insidious onset of changes in personality and behavior with a gradually progressive course. Such presentation can be easily attributed to other psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder, or mood disorders. The most common age of presentation of bvFTD is in the fifth or sixth decades of life. However, in this case series, we present two rare cases of very early onset bvFTD with the onset of symptoms as early as third decade of life who were misdiagnosed as other psychiatric disorders.

Heterogeneity of gut microbiome compositions in the third decade of life in Japanese women: insights from a comparative analysis.

The reasons for sex-associated gut microbiota differences have not been determined, and although sex hormones, diet, and other factors are considered to contribute to them, many of these factors are age related. To shed light on this complex interplay, our study aimed to investigate and compare the gut microbial compositions of males and females across a broad range of ages, aiming to identify sex-associated disparities and potential causal factors. Our study encompassed a comprehensive analysis of gut microbiota data obtained from 444 Japanese individuals, ranging from newborns to centenarians, sourced from the DNA Data Bank of Japan. We categorized the subjects into 13 distinct age groups and examined their relative microbial abundances, as well as alpha and beta diversities, in relation to sex and age. No difference was observed between gut microbiota relative abundances or alpha diversities between men and women at any age. However, the study showed that the heterogeneity of gut microbiota among women in their 20s was greater than in men. To confirm the general occurrence of this difference, we conducted additional analyses using seven datasets: three from Japan and four from other countries. Interestingly, this variance was particularly noticeable within Japanese women. We also showed a potential link between the observed heterogeneity and dietary fiber intake. It is hoped this study will provide clues that aid in the identification of factors responsible for sex-associated differences in gut microbiota compositions.