Thiophenic Compounds Research Articles

Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Studies of Indole-Based Heterocyclic Scaffolds as Potential Antibacterial Agents.

Indole-based heterocyclic scaffolds have become increasingly important in medicinal chemistry due to their notable pharmacological and biological properties. Their role in the discovery and development of innovative drugs for treating various diseases highlights their value. This study aimed to synthesize C3-indole derivatives linked to various heterocyclic scaffolds, including thiophenes, thiazolidine-4-ones, and 1,3,4-thiadiazoles, via the reaction of ethylthioacetanilide 2 with different α-haloketones.The structures of the target compounds were established using 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity against different microbes: S. aureus ATCC 6538 (Gram-positive bacteria), E. coli ATCC 25933 (Gram-negative bacteria), C. albicans ATCC 10231 (yeast), and fungi (A. niger NRRL-A326). Thiophene 6a, thiazolidine-4-one 8, and compound 10d exhibited the highest antimicrobial activities. The molecular docking study showed that compounds 2, 4, 6a, and 6c had good binding energy and favorable binding modes of interactions with the DNA gyrase B enzymes (PDB: 3 U2D) and (PDB: 1S14). The results showed that the NH group of the indole in compounds 2 and 4, together with the nitrile group (CN), played an important role in inhibiting DNA gyrase B of S. aureus, PDB: 3 U2D. Furthermore, the NH of the indole ring, together with the ethylamino group of compound 2, was crucial in inhibiting DNA gyrase B of E. coli, PDB: 1S14. These findings may encourage researchers to develop more effective C3-indole derivatives in their search for antimicrobial drugs.

Designing ferrocenyl thiophene chalcones as light harvester candidates for dye-sensitized solar cells

In dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), the dye (or photosensitizer) plays a crucial role. It absorbs light and generates electrons, which affects the efficiency of converting sunlight into electricity. While Ru(II)-based dyes are common in DSSCs, their scarcity, susceptibility to degradation, and limited absorption range pose challenges for wider adoption. Three new ferrocenyl-thiophene compounds have been synthesized, all sharing the same core structure, but the distinctive difference is the existence of methyl group (CH3) and bromine (Br) substituents attached to the thiophene ring. Using the structures obtained from spectroscopic and X-ray crystallography analyzes, the chemical reactivity of these compounds is theoretically evaluated. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to investigate the redox properties and electron transport mechanisms of the material. The bromination process demonstrates its efficacy for dye applications, while the methyl attachment to the thiophene ring enhances anchoring toward TiO₂, contributing to improved performance in DSSCs. Overall, the compound featuring bromine exhibited a lower band gap compared to the others, resulting in higher efficiency in solar simulation analysis, nearly double that of the methyl-containing compound, and significantly surpassing the plain thiophene compound. EIS analysis revealed that, among the three ferrocenyl chalcone dyes, the bromine-containing compound exhibited the highest charge recombination resistance and longest electron lifetime.

Genomic analysis and biodesulfurization potential of a new carbon-sulfur bond cleaving Tsukamurella sp. 3OW.

Direct combustion of sulfur-enriched liquid fuel oil causes sulfur oxide emission, which is one of the main contributors to air pollution. Biodesulfurization is a promising and eco-friendly method to desulfurize a wide range of thiophenic compounds present in fuel oil. Previously, numerous bacterial strains from genera such as Rhodococcus, Corynebacterium, Gordonia, Nocardia, Mycobacterium, Mycolicibacterium, Paenibacillus, Shewanella, Sphingomonas, Halothiobacillus, and Bacillus have been reported to be capable of desulfurizing model thiophenic compounds or fossil fuels. In the present study, we report a new desulfurizing bacterium, Tsukamurella sp. 3OW, capable of desulfurization of dibenzothiophene through the carbon-sulfur bond cleavage 4S pathway. The bacterium showed a high affinity for the hydrocarbon phase and broad substrate specificity towards various thiophenic compounds. The overall genome-related index analysis revealed that the bacterium is closely related to Tsukamurella paurometabola species. The genomic pool of strain 3OW contains 57 genes related to sulfur metabolism, including the key dszABC genes responsible for dibenzothiophene desulfurization. The DBT-adapted cells of the strain 3OW displayed significant resilience and viability in elevated concentrations of crude oil. The bacterium showed a 19 and 37% reduction in the total sulfur present in crude and diesel oil, respectively. Furthermore, FTIR analysis indicates that the oil's overall chemistry remained unaltered following biodesulfurization. This study implies that Tsukamurella paurometabola species, previously undocumented in the context of biodesulfurization, has good potential for application in the biodesulfurization of petroleum oils.

The GaCl3-Catalyzed Knoevenagel Condensation To Achieve Acceptor-Donor-Acceptor Small-Molecule Acceptors: A DFT Mechanistic Study.

Herein, the reaction mechanism for the GaCl3-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of 2-formylindacenodithieno[3,2-b]thiophene (ITIC-CHO) and active methylene compound 1,1-dicyanomethylene-3-indanone (IC) to synthesize ITIC in the presence of acetic anhydride was investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) method. The calculated results indicate that this reaction follows a bimolecular GaCl3 catalytic mechanism. The free energy span for the monomolecular GaCl3 catalytic mechanism is the highest (31.8 kcal/mol), followed by the trimolecular GaCl3 catalytic mechanism (26.4 kcal/mol) and the bimolecular GaCl3 catalytic mechanism (26.3 kcal/mol). The trimolecular GaCl3 path and bimolecular GaCl3 path are competitive, but the former path is limited by the concentration of GaCl3. The inclusion of GaCl3 could stabilize the transition states of C-H activation. Compared to the GaCl3-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation, that catalyzed by pyridine is not advantageous, owning a high energy span of 31.7 kcal/mol. These agree well with experimental results. This work could provide a novel theoretical understanding of the Knoevenagel condensation, which could inspire the development of a synthesis strategy for electron acceptor materials.

Exploring Thiophene Compounds: Pioneering Applications in Organic Electronics

Exploring Thiophene Compounds: Pioneering Applications in Organic Electronics

Dual COF functionalized magnetic MXene composite for enhancing magnetic solid phase extraction of thiophene compounds from oilfield produced waters prior to GC-MS/MS analysis

In this study, a novel COFTABT@COFTATp modified magnetic MXene composite (CoFe2O4 @Ti3C2 @COFTABT@COFTATp) was synthesized by Schiff base reaction and irre-versible enol-keto tautomerization, and employed to establish a sensitive monitoring method for six thiophene compounds in oilfield produced water samples based on magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) prior to gas chromatography coupled with a triple quadruple mass spectrometer (GC-MS/MS). The designed magnetic materials exhibited unexpected enrichment ability to target thiophene compounds and achieved good extraction efficiencies ranging from 83 % to 98 %. The developed MSPE/GC-MS/MS method exhibited good linearity in the range of 0.001–100 μg L−1, and obtained lower limits of detection ranging from 0.39 to 1.9 ng L−1. The spiked recoveries of thiophene compounds obtained in three oilfield produced water samples were over the range of 96.26 %−99.54 % with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 3.7 %. Notably, benzothiophene, 4-methyldibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene were detected in three oilfield-produced water samples. Furthermore, the material still kept favorable stability after six recycling experiments. The adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms as well as adsorption thermodynamics of thiophene compounds were investigated in detail to provide insight into the mechanisms. Overall, the present work contributed a promising strategy for designing and synthesizing new functionalized materials for the enrichment and detection of typical pollutants in the environment.

Synthesis of Some New Hydrazide-Hydrazone and Heterocyclic Compounds Thiophene, Imine, Coumarin and Pyrazole Derivatives

تم تشييد سلسلة من المشتقات الجديدة الثايوفين ، الايمين ، الكومارين و البيرازول X4-X16 باستخدام N – (1- (4- (بنزيل سلفونيل) فينيل) ايثيليدين)-2- سيانو اسيتو هيدرازيد X3 بوصفه مادة اساسية أولية عن طريق مفاعلتها مع كواشف مختلفة مثل (التترالون ، سايكلو بنتانون ، سايكلو هبتانون ، 2-هيدروكسي بنزالديهايد ، 2-هيدروكسي-1- نفثالديهايد ، كبريتيد ثنائي كاربون و فنيل ايزوثايو سيانيد). تم تحضير المركب X3 من تصعيد 4-(بنزايل سلفونيل) اسيتوفينون مع 2- سيانو اسيتوهيدرازايد في الايثانول. تم تشخيص تراكيب المركبات المحضرة الجديدة من خلال القياسات الفيزيائية و الطيفية (الأشعة تحت الحمراء والتحليل الطيفي البروتون والكاربون 13 النووي المغناطيسي).

Electron Delocalization Disentangles Activity-Selectivity Trade-Off of Transition Metal Phosphide Catalysts in Oxidative Desulfurization.

Breaking the activity-selectivity trade-off has been a long-standing challenge in catalysis. Here, we proposed a nanoheterostructure engineering strategy to overcome the trade-off in metal phosphide catalysts for the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of fuels. Experimental and theoretical results demonstrated that electron delocalization was the key driver to simultaneously achieve high activity and high selectivity for the molybdenum phosphide (MoP)/tungsten phosphide (WP) nanoheterostructure catalyst. The electron delocalization not only promoted the catalytic pathway transition from predominant radicals to singlet oxygens in H2O2 activation but also simultaneously optimized the adsorption of reactants and intermediates on Mo and W sites. The presence of such dual-enhanced active sites ideally compensated for the loss of activity due to the nonradical catalytic pathway, consequently disentangling the activity-selectivity trade-off. The resulting catalyst (MoWP2/C) unprecedentedly achieved 100% removal of thiophenic compounds from real diesel at an initial concentration of 2676 ppm of sulfur with a high turnover frequency (TOF) of 105.4 h-1 and a minimal O/S ratio of 4. This work provides fundamental insight into the structure-activity-selectivity relationships of heterogeneous catalysts and may inspire the development of high-performance catalysts for ODS and other catalytic fields.

Gasification characteristics and sulfur migration mechanism during supercritical water partial oxidation of 2-methylthiophene

Supercritical water partial oxidation (SCWPO), as a clean and efficient energy conversion technology, offers new insights for the clean treatment of thiophene compounds, which are a significant source of potential pollutants. However, the detailed reaction mechanism of thiophene compounds in the SCWPO process is still unclear. Therefore, the effects of parameters on gasification characteristics and sulfur migration were investigated in the quartz tube reactor during the SCWPO of 2-methylthiophene (2-MT). The results demonstrated that extending the reaction time, increasing the reaction temperature, and reducing the feed concentration favored gaseous product generation. The SCWPO environment with the low equivalent ratio (ER) was favorable for the generation of hydrogen-rich gas. When the conditions were 750 °C, 4 wt%, 15 min, ER = 0.2, the highest H2 yield was 18.59 mol kg−1. With the addition of oxidants, the SCWPO environment promoted the conversion of sulfur from S-2, S-o to S+4, S+6. This conversion reduced the sulfur content in the gas, making it stored in a more environmentally friendly form. Notably, the presence of SOx was not detected during the SCWPO process. Finally, a detailed reaction mechanism for the SCWPO of 2-MT was proposed based on the comprehensive analysis of experimental products.

Synthesis of the 2-alkynyl benzo[b]furanes/benzo[b]thiophenes from the cross-coupling reaction of benzo[b]furanyl/ benzo[b]thiophene aluminum reagents with gem-dibromoolefin derivatives catalyzed by palladium

A PdCl2(dppf)2/MePhos catalyzed synthesis of 2-alkynylbenzo[b]furanes/benzo[b]thiophenes by the cross-coupling of benzo[b]furan/benzo[b]thiophene aluminums with gem-dibromoviny derivatives at 80 °C in DMF solvent was developed. The aryls bearing electron-donating or -withdrawing groups in gem-dibromoviny derivatives give the corresponding coupling products 2-alkynylbenzo[b]furanes/benzo[b]thiophenes in moderate to good isolated yields up to 74 %. For electrically neutral, electron rich or electron deficient benzo[b]furanyl/benzo[b]thiophene aluminum reagents, corresponding 2-alkynylbenzo[b]furane/benzo[b]thiophene compounds can also be obtained with moderate to good isolated yields. This process was simple and easily performed, which provides an efficient method for the synthesis of 2-alkynyl benzo[b]furane/benzo[b]thiophene derivatives. On the basis of the experimental results, a possible catalytic cycle has been proposed.

Removal of thiophene compounds from model fuel with supported copper on active carbon, adsorption kinetics, and isotherms

AbstractIn this study, the adsorption of thiophene compounds (TCs), including thiophene (T), benzothiophene (BT), and dibenzothiophene (DBT), from model fuels was investigated using modified activated carbon (AC). The model fuel, prepared as a single‐solute model at a concentration of 2000 ppm based on a mixture concentration of 3000 ppm, served as the basis for the adsorption experiments. Additionally, an examination of thiophene adsorption from commercial fuels, specifically kerosene, was conducted. Experimental data were used to calculate correlated parameters of adsorption isotherms, kinetic models, and the Fisher factor. The pseudo‐second‐order model demonstrated the best fit to the experimental data. Notably, the adsorbent consisting of 10% Cu+ supported on acid‐washed activated carbon (A1CN10) exhibited the highest adsorption capacity for TCs, achieving removal percentages of 78%, 96%, and 100% for T, BT, and DBT, respectively. Various methods were employed to investigate the physicochemical properties of the adsorbents, including N2 adsorption–desorption surface analysis (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Furthermore, the regeneration of the adsorbent was studied using two techniques: agitation and ultrasound.

Quantum computational, solvation and in-silico biological studies of a potential anti-cancer thiophene derivative

Heterocyclic molecules display a wide spectrum of properties that span both material and biological domains. Material properties stem from their interactions in the bulk, where a large number of molecules of the same type get together resulting in an enhancement of properties. However, biological properties emanate from the interaction of a single or a few molecules with a biologically functional macromolecule. Computational tools offer a particularly useful way of theoretically studying molecules to arrive at a conclusion regarding such properties, even though they may vary when experimentally evaluated. This study concerns itself with the theoretical investigation comprising density functional theory calculations, topological analyses and in-silico biological evaluation of a thiophene compound, i.e. the title compound. Density functional theory was used to compute properties of the title molecule and their variations in unsolvated and solvated phases using Gaussian 09. The molecule in solvent phases encompassing organic polar protic, organic polar aprotic and inorganic polar protic nature have been subjected to theoretical investigations. The suitability of the molecule for deployment as a modern optical material is examined with positive results. Topological characteristics of the molecule were evaluated using Multiwfn 3.8 to examine electron density distribution and the possible resulting covalent, non-covalent and weak interactions because of such distribution. The potency of the molecule towards brain cancer was evaluated by molecular docking with Auto Dock Tools against two brain cancer protein targets 6ETJ and 6YPE with a good docking score of −6.63 and −6.21 kcal mol−1 respectively and the resulting interactions visualized and its pharmacokinetic properties obtained using online tools.

Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Docking Study of a New Series of Thiophene Derivatives Based on 3‐Oxobutanamidothiophene as an Anticancer Agent

AbstractHerein, the constructing synthon 3‐oxobutanamidothiophene derivatives 2 a and 2 b were synthesized and utilized for building a wide variety of pyran, thiazole, pyrazole or pyrimidine ring heterocyclic compounds that can be used as anticancer medications. 3‐Oxobutanamidothiophene derivatives 2 a,b were coupled with 4‐substitutedphenyl diazonium chloride to produce the corresponding hydrazones derivatives 3 a–f. Various thiophene‐pyran derivatives 4 a,b were synthesized through the treatment of thiophene components 2 a,b with different arylidene‐malononitrile. 2‐Aminothiophene derivatives 5 were prepared via Gewald's reaction between 2 a,b, elemental sulfur, and various activated nitrile derivatives. The 3‐oxobutanamidothiophene derivatives 2 a,b were reacted with PhNCS and the potassium salt intermediates 6 a,b with ethyl bromoacetate to pick up the corresponding thiophene‐thiazolidin‐4‐one derivatives 7. Treatment of the conforming thiocarbamoyl compounds 8 a,b, which undergo heating with three types of α‐halogenated reagents to afford the corresponding substitutedthiophene‐3‐carboxamides 9 a,b. Condensation of keteneN,S‐acetals 10 a,b with hydrazines furnished the thiophene‐pyrazole‐4‐carboxamide hybrids 11 a,b, while condensation with urea and/or thiourea afforded the corresponding thiophene‐pyrimidine‐5‐carboxamides 12 a,b. The recently synthesized thiophene compounds were characterized there in vitro anticancer properties against HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma) and MDA‐MB‐231 (breast cancer) were evaluated. Molecular docking was also performed to predict the binding modes of synthesized derivatives with the good anticancer results designed as potential inhibitors for a specific target.

Phosphorescence Properties of Boron/Bismuth Hybrid Conjugated Materials.

By introducing main-group elements such as boron and bismuth to π-conjugated systems, it is possible to modify the optical properties of π-conjugated materials through orbital interactions between the orbital on the elements and π/π*-orbitals, and the heavy atom effect. Moreover, bismuth, which is the heaviest stable element, induces a significant heavy atom effect, making organobismuth compounds promising for applications as phosphorescent materials. In this study, we synthesized new room-temperature phosphorescent materials by incorporating bismuth into thiophene units. The phosphorescence properties of these materials, such as emission lifetime and wavelength, could be further controlled by combining tricoordinate boron with the thienylbismuth structures. The synthesized bismuth- and boron-containing thiophene compounds exhibited phosphorescence at room temperature in both solution and solid states. Furthermore, the introduction of boron raised the energy of the triplet state in the π-conjugated system, resulting in a blue shift of the phosphorescence wavelength. The analysis of photoluminescence properties and TD-DFT calculations revealed that the introduction of bismuth enhances phosphorescence properties, whereas the introduction of boron further promotes intersystem crossing.

New thiazole, thiophene and 2-pyridone compounds incorporating dimethylaniline moiety: synthesis, cytotoxicity, ADME and molecular docking studies

Various sets of thiazole, thiophene, and 2-pyridone ring structures containing a dimethylaniline component were synthesized. Substituted thiazoles 2–3 and thiophenes 5–7 were produced by reacting thiocarbamoyl compound 4 with α-halogenated reagents in different basic conditions. Also, a series of 2-pyridone derivatives 9a–f substituted with dimethylaniline was synthesized through Michael addition of malononitrile to α,β-unsaturated nitrile derivatives 8a–f. The synthesized products were structurally proven by spectroscopic methods such as IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS data. Furthermore, the anti-cancer efficacy of the compounds was assessed using the MTT assay on two cell lines: hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2) and breast cancer (MDA-MB-231). The results showed the highest growth inhibition for derivatives 2, 6, 7, and 9c, which were further examined for their IC50 values. The IC50 for compound 2 showed equipotent activity (IC50 = 1.2 µM) against the HepG-2 cell line compared to Doxorubicin (IC50 = 1.1 µM). Compounds 2, 6, 7 and 9c showed very good ADME assessments for further drug administration. Moreover, the PASS theoretical prediction for the compounds showed high antimitotic and antineoplastic activities for compounds 2, 6, 7, and 9c, as well as potent inhibition activity for the insulysin enzyme (IDE). Molecular docking stimulations were performed on CDK1/CyclinB1/CKS2 (PDB ID: 4y72) and BPTI (PDB ID: 2ra3). When docked into (PDB ID: 4y72), all of the tested compounds showed considerable inhibition, and the 2-pyridone derivative 9d had the maximum binding affinity (− 8.1223 kcal/mol). While thiophene derivative 6 offered the maximum binding affinity (− 7.5094 kcal/mol) when docked into (PDB ID: 2ra3).Graphical

Constructing light-insensitive Ag(I) sites by in situ integration of nanoheaters for efficient adsorptive desulfurization

The π-complexation between Ag(I) and thiophene sulfides is considered as one of the key factors to selectively remove thiophenic compounds, but its application is very limited due to the instability of Ag(I) under light as well as the energy-intensive regeneration. In this study, stable and photothermal Ag(I)/Ag(0) composite sites are constructed in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and act as target-specific adsorption sites for the uptake of thiophenic compounds. Partial Ag(0) nanoparticles that were in situ introduced in MOF pores are oxidized to Ag(I). As a result, Ag(I) becomes light-insensitive because the light-induced electron of Ag(I) can be transferred to the integrated Ag(0) nanoparticles, protecting Ag(I) from reduction. Furthermore, Ag(0) nanoparticles are photothermal due to the localized surface plasmon resonance, thus can precisely heat Ag(I) for desorption by converting visible light to energy. This work provides a new avenue to stabilize Ag(I) and efficiently regenerate adsorbents.

Film thickness dependent color purity of WOLEDs in a Phenanthroimidazole derivative due to electromers

Recently, derivatives of Phenanthroimidazole (Phen-I) based small molecules have been synthesized for OLED applications. Their photophysical characterization revealed they were fluorescent with a high quantum yield, indicating their suitability as an emissive layer (EML) in OLEDs. In this paper, we report and compare the OLED performance of two Phen-I derivatives. One contains thiophene (compound 1), and the other, newly designed and synthesized, has perylene (compound 2) as a functional group. Devices of 1 with lower EML thickness (∼70 nm) showed bluish white emission, while devices with higher EML thickness (> ∼100 nm) showed color tunability from bluish-white (CIE co-ordinates: (0.26, 31)) light at lower voltage to almost pure white (CIE co-ordinates: (0.29, 32)) light at higher voltages forming WOLED. The WOLED formed for 1 at all thickness of the EML is attributed to the combined monomer and electromer emission. In addition, the voltage-dependent change in colour purity observed for higher EML thickness is attributed to increased electromer species, indicating stronger intermolecular interactions due to well-connected grains in their thin films. In contrast, devices of compound 2 showed yellow-orange emission independent of the thickness of the EML. The optimized geometry for all devices was ITO/PEDOT: PSS /NPD/1 or 2 /BPhen/LiF-Al. Devices of 2 were more efficient than those of 1, indicating that forming electromers, though advantageous in giving WOLEDs, reduces the device efficiency.

La doped silica aerogel as selective adsorbent for the desulfurization of model fuel

La doped silica aerogel composites (La2O3/SiO2-n) with different Si/La molar ratio were synthesized through sol-gel method and atmospheric drying technology, which were used to adsorb thiophenic compounds from model fuels. Compared with the pure SiO2 aerogel, the adsorption capacities of La2O3/SiO2-n obviously increased, owing to adding La species led to the appearance of the weak Lewis acid sites on the surface. The adsorption mechanism of La2O3/SiO2-n for thiophenics included the direct S-La bond and weak π-La acid-base interaction between La3+ and thiophenics, and the former was primary. Among La2O3/SiO2-n, the La2O3/SiO2-200 not only had the highest adsorption capacity for thiophene, up to 8.16 mg S/gads (i.e., 138.31 mg-S/mmol La), but also exhibited an excellent anti-aromatics competitive adsorption ability and a good regeneration performance. The adsorption kinetic and adsorption isotherms were well described by pseudo-second-order (PSO) and Langmuir models, respectively, indicating the adsorption of La2O3/SiO2-200 for TH was dominated by chemisorption, which was a spontaneous and endothermic process. The present of aromatics in model fuels had a slightly negative effect on the adsorption of La2O3/SiO2 for thiophene.

Efficient room-temperature oxidation of dibenzothiophene over mesoporous WO3@ZrO2-TiO2 composites derived from polymer-oriented self-assembly strategy

Deep removal of thiophenic sulfur compounds in fuel oil remains an enormous challenge to achieve ultra-clean diesel production. Herein, a polyoxometalate-based inorganic-organic hybrid derived mesoporous WO3@ZrO2-TiO2 composites has been prepared by a simple polymer-oriented self-assembly strategy using polyethyleneimine (PEI) as the structure-directing agent. It exhibits that the existence of mesoporous pore channels, Zr doped TiO2 matrix, and highly dispersed WO3 active sites on the ZrO2-TiO2 framework can facilitate the adsorption-oxidation process of thiophene-type sulfide and provide more accessible active sites. The as-prepared mesoporous WO3@ZrO2-TiO2 composite shows good catalytic activity for dibenzothiophene (DBT) at room temperature, removing 500 ppm of DBT from simulated oil within 80 min, making it a suitable alternative catalyst for deep oxidative desulfurization.

Pharmacological evaluation of 2-(2-hydroxy phenylimino)-N-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-isopropyl-4-methylthiophene-3-carboxamide compound for anti-inflammatory activity in rats

Background: Thiophene, also known as thiofuran, is a heterocyclic molecule represented by the chemical formula C4H4S. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of 2-(2-hydroxy phenylimino)-N-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-isopropyl-4-methylthiophene-3-carboxamide compound in Wistar rats by acute carrageenan-induced paw edema and chronic cotton pellet-induced granuloma methods. Materials and Methods: This study consists of two stages: An acute inflammation study using carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, which involves four groups of rats, and a chronic inflammation study using cotton pellet-induced granuloma, which involves three groups of rats. Mean paw edema volume and percentage of inhibition were measured in acute stage. The mean weight of the pellets in each group was determined during the chronic stage. Results: There was increase in the mean paw volume at 3 h and a slow decrease at 6 h and 24 h in control group to thiophene derivative-20 mg/kg/p.o from 0 h to 24 h. The mean difference from control and at 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h showed that mean difference was slowly decreased and it was statistically significant. The mean dry granuloma weight in control group, i.e., 10% tween 80 treated group was 146.6 ± 4.38. The mean dry granuloma weight in standard group, i.e., indomethacin 3 mg/kg treated group was 87.7 ± 3.41. The mean dry granuloma weight in substituted thiophene 10 mg/kg group was 101.91 ± 3.76. Conclusions: The newly synthesized substituted (fused) thiophene compound demonstrated inhibition of inflammation in both acute inflammation induced by carrageenan-induced paw edema and chronic inflammation induced by cotton pellet-induced granuloma in Wistar rats. The compound’s anti-inflammatory effects were comparable to those of the standard drug indomethacin, with a dosage of 10 mg/kg in the acute model and 3 mg/kg in the chronic inflammation model. This concludes that the test compound has anti-inflammatory activity.