Thiopental Anesthesia Research Articles

EXPERIMENTAL SUBSTANTIATION OF THE USE OF THERAPEUTIC PROPHYLACTIC PASTE FOR PREVENTION OF COMPLICATIONS DURING ODONTOPREPARATION OF VITAL TEETH

Increased tooth sensitivity after preparation for nonremovable orthopedic structures is a common problem in orthopedic dentistry. In many cases, it can contribute to morphofunctional changes in the hard tissues of the tooth and lead to various complications, with pulpitis and periodontitis being the most common. This article presents the results of a study of rat blood serum after experimental tooth trauma. An analysis of pulp inflammation markers was conducted, which demonstrated that the proposed therapeutic complex significantly reduces inflammatory reactions in the tooth pulp, increases nonspecific resistance and antioxidant status of the pulp in animals following odontopreparation. The aim of our study. Experimental justification for the use of a complex of hyaluronic acid, bioflavonoids, and minerals to enhance the effectiveness of preventing complications after dental preparation for non-removable orthopedic structures. Investigate changes in pulp inflammation markers in the blood serum of experimental animals during dental preparation. Study the effect of the proposed complex on biochemical indicators in the blood serum of experimental animals. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 48 sexually mature male Wistar rats weighing 220-270 g and aged 6-7 months. The animals were divided into 3 groups. The duration of the experiment was 21 days, after which the rats were euthanized under thiopental anesthesia (20 mg/kg) by bloodletting from the heart. Blood was collected to obtain serum. Serum catalase activity, alkaline phosphatase ALP, α2-macroglobulin, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were determined. Results of the study and their discussion. The study of alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activity in the intact groups taken for analysis on the 7th and 21st day showed that these indicators were within the normal range and corresponded to data in the blood of rats presented in the literature sources. Conclusions. During the preparation of tooth crowns in experimental animals, pronounced inflammatory reactions develop in the traumatized pulp, which occur against the background of activation of the processes of oxidative stress (OS) with a characteristic phase course, accompanied by a significant increase in the concentration of inflammation markers in the blood serum. The proposed therapeutic and prophylactic complex effectively prevents established disturbances in the biochemical parameters of the blood serum of laboratory animals and is effective in preventing and preventing inflammatory processes in the pulp.

Metabolism of nitric oxide under the conditions chronic alcohol intoxication modelling

It was experimentally shown that ethanol affects the production of nitric oxide in rats. However, nitric oxide can have both a protective effect by weakening the harmful effect of ethanol on the microcirculation of the liver, and lead to liver damage by active forms of nitrogen. The purpose of the study is to study changes in the nitric oxide cycle under the conditions of modeling chronic alcohol intoxication in rats. Experiments were performed on 30 white, mature male Wistar rats, weighing 180–220 g. The animals were divided into 2 groups: I – control (n=6); II group – animals with alcoholic hepatitis (n=24) modelled by the method of forced intermittent alcoholization for 5 days, with a repeat after two days by intraperitoneal injection of a 16.5% ethanol solution in a 5% glucose solution, at the rate of 4 ml/kg of body weight. Animals were removed from the experiment on days 10, 14, 21 and 28 by taking blood from the right ventricle of the heart under thiopental anesthesia. The activity of inducible and constitutive isoforms of NO-synthase, concentration of nitrite, nitrosothiols and peroxynitrites of alkali and alkaline earth metals, the activity of nitrite reductase, nitrate reductase and arginase were determined in rat liver homogenate. Chronic alcohol intoxication modelling for 10–28 days leads to a violation of the formation and metabolism of nitric oxide with the predominant formation of its toxic metabolites, such as peroxynitrites and nitrites, which threatens the development of nitrosative stress in the liver. Chronic alcohol intoxication on the 10th–28th days of the experiment is accompanied by a sharp decrease in the activity of the arginase-dependent pathway of arginine metabolism in the liver of rats, which indicates a violation of the deamination processes in the Krebs-Handzeleit cycle. Keywords: nitrites, NO-synthase, peroxynitrite, alcohol, liver, rats.

Comparative evaluation of the effect of thiopental, propofol, and ketamine anaesthesia during experimental surgical wound repair in xylazine premedicated local chicken

This study determined the suitable general anaesthetic regimen in local chicken that underwent experimental wound repair by comparing the effect of different anaesthetic protocols. Fifteen healthy matured layer local chickens of average weight of 0.2kg were used for the study. They were randomly assigned into three groups (A–C) of five birds each. Birds in all groups were premedicated with xylazine 2 mg/kg body weight (b/w) IV. Birds in groups A, B and C were anaesthetized with thiopentone, 30 mg/kg (b/w), propofol, 15 mg/kg (b/w) and ketamine, 25 mg/kg (b/w) respectively through the jugular vein. Surgical incisions were made on breast muscle at the depth of 0.1cm and length of 2cm and sutured using size 1 chromic catgut and size 3/0 silk for muscles and skin respectively. The physiological parameters were recorded at 0 min pre induction and subsequently every ten (10) min interval post induction. The anaesthetic indices were also recorded. Data were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result showed that propofol-xylazine had significantly (𝑃 ≤ 0.05) faster onset, short duration of recumbency, minimal effect on the cardiopulmonary system and on the blood glucose, but provide short surgical anaesthetic time when compared to other drugs. Thiopental-xylazine significantly (𝑃 ≤ 0.05) caused more cardiopulmonary depression compare to Ketamine-xylazine. Ketamine-xylazine had significantly (𝑃 ≤ 0.05) longest onset, duration of recumbency and surgical anaesthetic time with stable cardiopulmonary function among the drugs. Ketamine-xylazine regimen may be considered as the best of the three anaesthetics protocol in local chicken especially during long surgical procedure.

Quantitative morphological analysis of features of remodeling of the synovial membrane vasculature of the temporomandibular joint in hyperglycemia

The vasulature of the synovial membrane of the temporomandibular joint of 18 laboratory mature Vietnamese mini male pigs divided into 3 groups was morphologically studied. Group 1 – 6 control experimental animals, 2 – 6 pigs with a 30-day’s experimental hyperglycemia, 3 – 6 pigs with a 60-day’s hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Pigs were sacrificed by bloodletting under general thiopental sodium anesthesia 30 and 60 days after the start of the experiment. On the indicated days of the experiment, the concentration of glucose in the blood was determined. On the micropreparations of the synovial membrane of the temporomandibular joint in the small caliber arteries there was measured the diameter of the vessel, the diameter of the lumen, the thickness of the muscular, adventitious membranes, the Wogenworth and Kernogan indices; in the veins – the diameter of the vessel, its lumen, and the thickness of the vein. In arterial and venous vessels, morphometry of endothelial cells, their nuclei, the volume of their damage, and nuclear-cytoplasmic indices were determined. Arterial, metabolic and venous vessels of the hemomicrocirculatory bed were studied morphometrically, their number per 1 mm² of the synovial membrane was determined. Quantitative values were processed statistically. In conditions of experimental hyperglycemia, a thickening of the synovial membrane of the arteries of the tempo­romandibular joint, a narrowing of their lumen, a decrease in the Kernogan index, an increase in the Wogenvoort index, the volume of damaged endotheliocytes, a disorder of their nuclear-cytoplasmic indices were revealed, an increase in the outer and inner diameters of the veins, the volume of damaged endotheliocytes, disorders of their nuclear-cytoplasmic indexes, plethora was noted. Structural changes in the hemomicrocirculatory bed in experimental hyperglycemia were characterized by a decrease of the diameters of arterioles, precapillary arterioles, hemocapillaries, dilation of capillary venules and venules, marked decrease of microvascular density. The most pronounced degree of remodeling of the studied structures was found in the vessels of the hemomicrocirculatory bed of the synovial membrane of the temporomandibular joint in a 60-day’s experimental hyperglycemia.

Changes of electrocardiograms of animals with epinephrine heart damage in influences of stress and castration

Changes of electrocardiograms of animals with epinephrine heart damage in influences of stress and castration

The effects of thiopental on cold ischemic injury in renal transplantation

One of the most important factors influencing post-transplant success in kidney transplantation is preserving the viability of the organ from removal to transfer into the recipient. This study aimed to reduce the energy requirement with thiopental doses administered before organ transplantation, and to increase the organ viability by minimizing the tissue damage during the cold ischemia process. Twenty female Wistar albino rats were divided into two groups: control group (group C), and thiopental group (group T). In group C, a midline incision was performed, and the renal artery was isolated under ketamine and xylazine anesthesia. A standard organ storage solution (cooled to +4°C) was used for kidney perfusion. Nephrectomy was applied, and the removed kidneys were placed into +4°C standard organ storage solution and stored at +4°C for 12 hours. Animals in group T were subjected to the procedures explained above under 85mg/kg thiopental sodium anesthesia. After 12-hour storage, samples from the kidney tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Histopathological evaluation and apoptosis detection via TUNEL method were performed. Tubular necrosis was more extensive in group C compared with that in group T and this difference was statistically significant. Similarly, vacuolization was widely observed in group C, and this increase was also statistically significant. For the 'dilatation of Bowman's space' parameter, a significant decrease was observed in group T compared with group C. When the apoptotic index values of both groups were examined, it was seen that they were lower in group T than those in group C. This result was statistically significant. These data suggest that thiopental provides protection to the kidney tissue during the cold storage process. Thiopental has been shown to decrease the number of apoptotic cells in the kidney tissue when administered to the donor before organ transplantation, increasing the organ viability.

MORPHOLOGICAL AND MORPHOMETRIC CHANGES OF CHONDROCYTES OF THE JOINT SURFACE OF THE PATELLA IN THE CONDITIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL DIABETIC KNEE ARTHROPATHY

Diabetes is a widespread disease that has a tendency to grow and often leads to disability and mortality of the population at a young working age. In this pathology, the joints are often aff ected. According to many researchers, more than 50 % of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes are diagnosed with arthropathies, i. e. diabetes- associated osteoarthritis. Features of structural changes of chondrocytes of the articular surface of the patella in diabetic arthropathy of the knee joint have not been sufficiently investigated. The purpose of the study was to study the features of structural changes in the chondrocytes of the articular surface of the patella in experimental diabetic arthropathy of the knee joint. The chondrocytes of the articular surface of the patella of 60 laboratory sexually mature white male rats, which were divided into 3 groups, were investigated using a complex of morphological methods. The 1-st group included 20 intact practically healthy animals, the 2-nd – 20 rats with a one-month experimental diabetic arthropathy of the knee joint, the 3-rd – 20 experimental animals with the two-month specifi ed pathology. Diabetes mellitus was modeled by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin from the company «Sigma» in a dose of 50 mg/kg. One month and two months after the start of the experiment, rats were euthanized by bloodletting under thiopental anesthesia. The diameters of young and mature chondrocytes and their nuclei, the nuclear- cytoplasmic ratio in these cells, the relative volume of damaged chondrocytes, and intercellular- chondrocyte ratios were determined on histological microsections in the cartilage tissue of the articular surface of the patella. Quantitative indicators were processed statistically. It was established that long-term hyperglycemia leads to diabetic arthropathy of the knee joint, which is characterized by atrophy of chondrocytes of the articular surface of the patella and changes in their nuclear- cytoplasmic ratios, which indicated a violation of cellular structural homeostasis. It was found that the nuclear- cytoplasmic ratio in young chondrocytes of the articular surface of the patella was changed by 5.3 % (р<0.01) during one-month experimental hyperglycemia, by 8.4 % (р<0.001) during two-month hyperglycemia, in mature chondrocytes – by 3.8 % (p<0.05) and 7.7 % (p<0.001). In diabetic arthropathy, a marked increase in the relative volume of damaged chondrocytes and the volume of intercellular substance was noted. The detected changes in quantitative morphological indicators depended on the duration of hyperglycemia and dominated in young chondrocytes.

Favipiravir-induced inflammatory and hydropic degenerative liver injury in rats.

Favipiravir is very effective in the treatment of many viral infections, especially at high doses. It was used at such doses to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during the pandemic. However, liver damage was reported in patients undergoing such treatment. This study aimed to investigate the effects of low and high doses of favipiravir on the liver of rats, using biochemical and histopathological methods. Wistar albino rats were allocated to one of 3 groups, namely a healthy group (HG), a 100 mg/kg favipiravir (FAV-100) group and a 400 mg/kg favipiravir (FAV-400) group. Favipiravir was administered orally at 100 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg doses to the FAV-100 (n = 6) and FAV-400 (n = 6) groups, respectively. Distilled water was administered orally (1 mL) using the same method to the HG (n = 6). This procedure was repeated twice a day for 1 week. At the end of this period, the animals were euthanized with a high dose of thiopental anesthesia (50 mg/kg) and their liver tissues were removed. Favipiravir caused an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels in the liver tissue, as well as elevated alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in the blood. Moreover, favipiravir caused a decrease in total glutathione (tGSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels. In addition, severe edema, lymphocyte infiltration and hydropic degeneration were observed in the liver tissue of the FAV-400. High-dose favipiravir caused more significant oxidative and inflammatory damage in the liver tissue of rats than low-dose favipiravir.

Icosapent ethyl alleviates acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis via modulation of SIRT1 signaling pathway in rats.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a global inflammatory bowel disease. This study aimed to assess the effects of icosapent ethyl on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats as well as the underlying mechanisms involved. 36 male Wister rats were equally divided into six groups: control, UC, mesalamine 100mg/kg, icosapent 150mg/kg, icosapent 300 mg/kg, and EX527-icosapent 300mg/kg groups. Except for control group, UC was induced by acetic acid instillation into colon. Drugs were administered once daily for one week then under thiopental anaesthesia, colons were excised. Colitis macroscopic and microscopic scores were assessed. A part of colon was homogenized for detection of malondialdehyde (MDA), inerleukin1 (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) and caspase 3 levels. Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2) mRNA expressions were detected. Mallory-stained colonic sections were examined for collagen fibres detection. Immunohistochemistry of NF-κB and p53 expressionsin colonic sections were assessed. Acetic acid induced colitis with increments in MDA, IL-1β, TNF-α, and caspase 3 levels while decreased SOD, pAkt, SIRT1, HO-1, and Nrf2 with increased collagen fibres as well as NF-κB and p53. Icosapent decreased macro& microscopic colitis scores, MDA, IL-1β, TNF-α, and caspase 3 levels while increased SOD, pAkt, SIRT1, HO-1, and Nrf2 with decreased collagen fibres as well as NF-κB and p53. The effects of icosapent 300mg/kg were similar to mesalamine. Icosapent effects were antagonized by EX527. Icosapent alleviated acetic acid-induced colitis via its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects mediated in part by SIRT1 pathway activation.

Ataxia and muscle weakness after thiopental anaesthesia in a horse being treated with fluconazole

AbstractAn 8‐year‐old, male, neutered Argentinian polo pony underwent two ocular surgeries due to a fungal abscess. The horse was on treatment with fluconazole before and during the time when the two anaesthetic procedures took place. The only difference between anaesthetic events was the induction agent. During the first anaesthetic procedure, ketamine was used. However, during the second anaesthetic procedure, due to ocular fragility sodium thiopental was preferred to avoid increase in intraocular pressure. The first anaesthetic duration was 130 minutes, and standing was achieved after 20 minutes of isoflurane discontinuation, with no complications. The second anaesthetic procedure lasted for 60 minutes, but standing was not achieved until 70 minutes after isoflurane discontinuation. The horse was ataxic with muscle weakness for 6 hours after standing. However, the horse recovered successfully and was discharged 2 months after the first surgical procedure.

ANTIOXIDANT-PROOXIDANT BALANCE OF THE KIDNEYS IN RATS OF DIFFERENT AGES UNDER CONDITIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL CRANIOSKELETAL TRAUMA.

The aim: To determine the peculiarities of the antioxidant-prooxidant balance in the kidney of rats of different ages under conditions of experimental cranioskeletal trauma (CST). Materials and methods: The experiments involved 147 male white Wistar rats of different age groups. The first experimental group included immature animals aged 100-120 days. The second group included sexually mature animals aged 6-8 months. The third group included old animals aged 19-23 months. In all experimental groups, CST was modelled under thiopental-sodium anaesthesia. The control groups of rats was only injected with thiopental-sodium anaesthesia. The animals were withdrawn from the experiments under anaesthesia after 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days by total bleeding from the heart. The content of reagents to thiobarbituric acid and catalase activity was determined in a 10 % kidney homogenate extract, and the antioxidant-prooxidant index (API) was calculated from the ratio of these two parameters. Results: As a result of the application of CST in rats of different age groups, a decrease in the value of renal API was observed with a maximum in immature rats - after 7 days, in mature and old rats - after 14 days. By day 28, the index increased in all experimental groups, but did not reach the control level. The degree of decrease in renal API in old rats under the influence of CCT was significantly higher than in other experimental groups. In immature rats, the impairment of renal API after the application of CST was less, indicating higher reserve capacity of the renal antioxidant defence system in this age group of rats. Conclusions: Simulation of CST in rats of different age groups is accompanied by a decrease in the value of API, which by day 28 does not reach the control level in any of the experimental groups. The degree of decrease in renal API value statistically significantly increases with increasing age of rats at all times of the post-traumatic period.

The Effects of Curcumin on Mechanical Functions and Cardiac Contractility in Isolated Rat Hearts.

Curcumin is a bioactive compound that has well-known pharmacological activities. Numerous studies have shown that curcumin provides potential cardiovascular benefits through a variety of mechanisms.The present study aims to discuss different concentrations of curcumin's impact on mechanical functions and cardiac contractility in isolated perfused rat hearts. The hearts were isolated under sodium thiopental (50 mg/kg) anesthesia and perfused with a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution (mK-Hs). After stabilization, curcumin was applied in concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 µM. In isolated rat hearts, indexes of + dP / dt max, LVDP, MAP, and LVEDP were evaluated for cardiac contractility and ventricular function. All curcumin concentrations reduced +dP/dtmax and LVDP. Ten µM curcumin also significantly decreased heart rate. Curcumin (1 and 10 µM) increased LVEDP and reduced MAP amplitude with a concomitant increase in MAP duration. Curcumin at all concentrations did not affect dMAPdtmax and dMAPdtmin. Our results might suggest that curcumin at higher concentrations (≥ 1 µM) increases LVEDP with a negative chronotropic effect and decreases MAP amplitude with an increase in MAP duration. There is sufficient evidence from this study that Curcumin possesses an adverse inotropic action. Different disease models should support the pathophysiological role of Curcumin on cardiac contraction.

QUANTITATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURAL REARRANGEMENT OF THE VENOUS BLOOD VESSELS OF THE PROSTATE GLAND IN POST-RESECTION PORTAL HYPERTENSION.

Aim: Using quantitative morphological methods to study the peculiarities of the structural reconstruction of the venous bad of the prostate at the conditions of post-resection portal hypertension. Materials and Methods: Morphologically, the venous bed of the prostate of 15 intact white rats, 30 animals with post-resection portal hypertension, 17 rats with a combination of post-resection portal hypertension with hepatargia, enteral, cardiac, and renal insufficiency was studied. Rats were slaughtered one month after the start of the experiment by bloodletting under general thiopental anesthesia. Morphometry of the venous blood vessels of the prostate gland was performed on histological specimens, during which the diameter of the postcapillary venules, the diameter of the venules, the external diameter of the venous vessels, the internal diameter of the venous vessels, the thickness of the wall of the venous vessels was determined. Also it was studied the height of endothelial cells, diameter of their nuclei, nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio in these cells, relative volume of damaged endothelial cells, density of vessels of microcirculatory bed per 1 mm² of prostate tissue. Results: It was found that resection of the left and right lobes of the liver leads to the development of postresection portal hypertension and pronounced remodeling of the vessels of the venous bed of the prostate gland, which was characterized by the expansion of the capillary venules of the prostate by 36.5%, with the occurrence of multiple organ failure by 38.5% (р<0.001 ), an increase in the lumen of veins, thinning of their wall, atrophy, dystrophy, and necrobiosis of endothelial cells, disruption of structural cellular homeostasis, endothelial dysfunction, hypoxia, dystrophic-necrotic changes in cells, stromal structures, infiltration, and sclerosis. Morphological changes in the structures of the prostate dominated when post-resection portal hypertension was combined with multiple organ failure. Conclusions: Post-resection portal hypertension in laboratory sexually mature white male rats leads to pronounced remodeling of the venous bed of the prostate gland, which is characterized by the expansion of the lumen of the vessels, thinning of their walls, atrophic, dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in endothelial cells, a violation of structural cellular homeostasis in them, endothelial dysfunction, hypoxia, dystrophic-necrotic changes in cells, stromal structures, infiltration and sclerosis. Morphological changes in the structures of the prostate dominated when post-resection portal hypertension was combined with multiple organ failure.

Correction of metabolic changes in the tissues of oral cavity of rats using a complex of drugs under the conditions of pathological factors

Hypoxia is a typical pathological process that occurs when tissues are insufficiently supplied with oxygen or when its utilization is impaired. One of the most important pathogenetic factors in the development of tissue hypoxia is the disintegration of the structure of mitochondrial membranes which occurs under the influence of various etiological factors. In children who suffered hypoxia in the antenatal period, the frequency of developmental delays is significantly increased, and the incidence of caries is also shown to increase as compared to healthy children. Based on the above, this work is relevant for modern dentistry. The work is devoted to the study of the state of the maxillofacial system and tissues of the oral cavity of rats under the influence of the complex of drugs under the conditions of intrauterine hypoxia, cariogenic diet, thyroid insufficiency and fluorine deficiency. The subjects of the study were 25 female white rats of the Wistar line of herd breeding from the vivarium of the SE “ISMFS NAMS” kept on a standard vivarium diet. The animals were divided into three groups – intact (7 rats), pathology model (8 rats), pathology model and drug complex (8 rats). Animals were removed from the experiment under thiopental anesthesia (40 mg/kg). Lower jaws and pulp were removed. As a result of the research, it was established that the proposed treatment-prophylactic complex has a pronounced caries-prophylactic and periodontoprotective effect. The caries-preventive effectiveness of the complex was due to its ability to stimulate the mineralizing function of the dental pulp, namely, to increase the activity of alkaline phosphatase of the pulp, as an indicator of the activation of osteoblasts, against the background of a decrease in the activity of acid phosphatase, a marker of osteoclasts.

Ultrastructural organization of the respiratory part of the lungs in streptozotocin-induced diabetes

Background. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, the prevalence and incidence of which have dramatically increased worldwide. Our research aimed to study the dynamics of changes in the components of the respiratory part of the lungs in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Materials and methods. The experiments were performed on 88 white male Wistar rats weighing 170-210 g. The animals were divided into three groups: 1 - intact (n=10); 2 - control (n=40); 3 - experimental (n=38) with a model of diabetes mellitus, which was reproduced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin company "Sigma" (USA), diluted in 0.1 M citrate buffer with pH 4.5, at a rate of 60 mg/kg body weight. The control group of animals received an intraperitoneal injection with an equivalent dose of 0.1 M citrate buffer solution with a pH of 4.5. Pulmonary tissue collection for electron microscopic examination was performed under thiopental anesthesia 14, 28, 42, and 70 days after streptozotocin injection. Pieces of lung tissue were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution, followed by fixation in 1% osmium tetroxide solution. After dehydration, the material was poured into epon-araldite. Sections obtained on an ultramicrotome "Tesla BS-490" were studied in an electron microscope «PEM-125K». All studies were performed under sodium thiopental anesthesia at the rate of 60 mg/kg of body weight. Results. Our research showed that 14 days after the modeling of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, mainly reactive changes were observed in the components of the respiratory part of the lungs. With an increase in the duration of the study (28-70 days), changes of a dystrophic-destructive nature were noted in alveolocytes of types I and II, and endotheliocytes of hemocapillaries. At the same time, cells with increased functional activity were determined in the components of the respiratory part of the lungs. Conclusion. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes leads to violations of the ultrastructural organization of components of the respiratory part of the lungs. The nature and severity of structural changes in type I, II alveolocytes, and endotheliocytes of hemocapillaries depend on the duration of diabetes.

Differences in Cognitive Adverse Effects and Seizure Parameters Between Thiopental and Propofol Anesthesia for Electroconvulsive Therapy.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a well-established treatment option in case of severe and treatment-resistant psychiatric conditions. In this retrospective study, we compared the 2 anesthetics propofol and thiopental in terms of seizure quality, cognitive adverse effects, and clinical outcome. Data collection was performed retrospectively by a chart review, including patient files and medical records. A total of 64 patients (female = 60.9%) treated with ECT within the period of February 2019 to March 2020 were included. Of these, 35 (54.7%) received thiopental for ECT narcosis and 29 (45.3%) were treated with propofol. Six hundred sixteen ECT treatments (mean number per case, 9.6) were performed in total. The mean electroencephalogram seizure duration (38.3 vs 28.1 seconds, t = 3.534, degrees of freedom [ df ] = 62, P < 0.001) and motor seizure duration (21.5 vs 12.0, t = 4.336, df = 62, P < 0.001) as well as postictal suppression index and heart rate increase were significantly higher in the thiopental group. Mean stimulation energy needed per session was higher in the propofol group (88.6% vs 73.0%, Mann-Whitney U test, P = 0.042). The ECT series was more likely to be interrupted due to cognitive adverse effects in the thiopental group ( P = 0.001, Pearson χ 2 = 10.514, df = 1). Number of patients achieving remission was significantly higher in the thiopental group (31.4% vs 6.9%, P = 0.015, χ 2 = 5.897, df = 1). Thiopental led to better seizure duration and quality and was associated with a higher rate of remission. As a downside, thiopental was also associated with a greater risk of cognitive adverse effects.

Dynamics of endogenous intoxication in experimental diabetes mellitus

Background. Nowadays, diabetes mellitus is defined as one of the global medical and social problems and shows a growing tendency. The purpose of the study was to analyze the dynamics of endogenous intoxication in experimental diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods. The experiments were performed on 88 white male Wistar rats weighing 170-210 g. Animals were divided into three groups: 1 - intact; 2 - control; 3 - experimental with a model of diabetes mellitus, which was reproduced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin by “Sigma" company (USA), diluted in 0.1 M citrate buffer with a pH of 4.5, at a rate of 60 mg/kg body weight. The control group of animals received an intraperitoneal injection with an equivalent dose of 0.1 M citrate buffer solution with a pH of 4.5.&#x0D; All studies were performed under thiopental-sodium anesthesia at a rate of 60 mg/kg body weight. To determine endogenous intoxication, blood sampling of middle mass molecules (MMM) was performed 14, 28, 42 and 70 days after the streptozotocin injection. Detection of MMM fractions was performed by spectrophotometer «SF46» at the wavelength of 254 nm (MMM254) and 280 nm (MMM280). The STATISTICA 10 program was used for statistical processing of the obtained results. Results. The conducted biochemical studies of blood serum showed that in animals with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus there was an increase in the content of both MMM fractions compared to the similar indicators of the control group of animals at all stages of the experiment: in the 14 days increased by 32,9% - MMM254, by 12.7%- MMM280, in the 28 days increased by 44,3 % MMM254, by 34,0 % MMM 280, in the 42 days increased by 62,8 % MMM254, by 64,8 % MMM280, in 70 days increased by 76,1 % MMM254, by 81,1% MMM280. Conclusions. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus is accompanied by an increase in the level of endogenous intoxication which is manifested by an increase of both MMM fractions content in serum.&#x0D; The severity of endogenous intoxication depends on the duration of the endogenous factor.

STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF RAT TISSUES IN EXPERIMENTAL COMBINED TRAUMA OF THE CHEST AND BOTH THIGHS

Background. In cases of severe trauma, fractures of long bones are the most often combined with trauma of the chest, head, and abdomen, as well as development of hemorrhagic shock. Therefore, it is reasonable to study the combined trauma of the chest and lower extremities in details, as well as the post-traumatic multiple organ dysfunction especially in early manifestation stage. Objective. The aim of the study was to identify the features of structural organization of the lungs, heart and liver with underlying combined trauma of the chest and both thighs on the 7th day of the post-traumatic period. Methods. The experimental study involved 22 adult nonlinear white male rats with body mass of 200-210 g, kept on a standard diet at animal facility with food and drinking regimes recommended by the standards for laboratory animals. All animals were divided into 2 groups: the control group (1st, n=10), the experimental group (the 2nd) chest trauma and both thighs trauma, observation for 7 days (n=12). The animals of the experimental group were simulated for right-sided closed pneumothorax with a rib fracture by a trocar under thiopental-sodium anesthesia (40 mg/kg of body weight of the rat, intraperitoneally); it was combined with a fracture of the left and right femurs. Skeletal injury was modeled on each thigh that caused a closed fracture by a single dosed blow with a specially designed device. The blow energy was 0.375 J that corresponds to a severe injury. The associated injury was simulated by successive infliction of both injuries. Results. Examination of the liver of animals on the 7th day of the experiment revealed a rapid growth of lesions in their parenchyma. The central veins were poorly visible and contained single erythrocytes; the vessels of medium caliber of myocardial stroma were dilated and blood-filled, which was manifested by the development of perivascular oedema. In the lungs of experimental animals, a moderate decrease of interstitial tissue oedema of the interalveolar septa was present, while cellular infiltration of mast cells, macrophages and lymphocytes also decreased significantly. Conclusions. Multiple organ injuries, which are characterized by structural changes in the liver, heart and lungs in the combined trauma of the thorax and thighs on the 7th day of experiment were evidenced.

The effect of capsaicin on TBARS and TAS in rats with hypothyroidism

In this study, capsaicin was administered to rats with experimental hypothyroidism. İt was aimed to determine the changes in plasma levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), which are indicators of oxidative stress, and total antioxidant capacity (TAS), which is one of the components of antioxidant defence mechanisms. A total of 32 healthy male Wistar Albino rats weighing 300-350 g, approximately 12 weeks old, were used as animal material in the study. Rats were divided into four equal groups control (K), Capsaicin (C), Hypothyroid (H) and capsaicin + Hypothyroid (CH). During the 30-day trial period, (10mg / kg / day) capsaicin was administered to the rats in group C by oral gavage per animal. In group H, 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) was added daily to their drinking water at 0.05% weight/volume (W/V). In the CH group, 10 mg/kg/day of capsaicin was administered by oral gavage method and 0.05% weight / volume (W / V) of PTU was added to drinking water. At the end of the application, we obtained plasma and serum samples from the subjects in the groups under general anaesthesia (thiopental anaesthesia, 40 mg/kg) and by taking sufficient amount of blood from the heart by cardiac puncture. We determined thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free T3 (fT3), total thyroxine (TT4) and free T4 (fT4) levels from serum samples, and TBARS and TAS levels from plasma samples. In conclusion, in the light of the data obtained in this study, we determined that lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress occur in hypothyroidism. However, we concluded that the application of capsaicin is partially sufficient to maintain the oxidant/antioxidant balance.

Peculiarities of suction, extraction and assignment of calcium in experimental chronic hepatitis in rats

The aim. Study the degree of absorption, assimilation, and excretion of calcium in rats with chronic toxic hepatitis.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on 1 month old Wistar rats. Toxic hepatitis in the experimental group was reproduced by intraperitoneal injection of hydrazine sulfate at a dose of 50 mg / kg twice a week. Studies of the absorption of substances in rats were carried out under thiopental anesthesia according to the Tyri method after 3 months of pathology modelling. In the intestinal contents, the amount of unabsorbed calcium and amino acids was determined. To determine the amount of assimilated and excreted calcium metabolic chambers were used for daily collection of urine, faeces and food residues, in which the calcium content was determined (average for three days per animal). After removing the rats from the experiment, the level of calcium in the blood serum was determined, in the bone tissue – the degree of its resorption by the activity of acid phosphatase and the content of calcium.&#x0D; Results and discussion. Toxic hepatitis reduced calcium absorption by 34.5 % in the small intestine of rats and did not have a significant effect on amino acids, the inhibition of absorption of which in hepatitis was only 5.5 %. The excretion of calcium in the urine of rats with toxic hepatitis was reduced by 1.8 times, and with faeces, on the contrary, increased by 1.5 times. As a result, calcium absorption in rats with hepatitis decreased by 24.2 %. Decreased absorption of calcium, and its increased excretion in the faeces, led to a decrease in the level of this element in the blood of animals with hepatitis by 14.7 %. Our studies found bone destruction in rats with hepatitis: an increase in bone acid phosphatase activity by 65.3 % and a decrease in calcium levels by 15.5 %.&#x0D; Conclusion. The triggering mechanism for the development of hepatic osteodystrophy is the inhibition of calcium absorption in the small intestine of rats with hepatitis, consequently - a decrease in its absorption and level in the blood, which ultimately leads to the activation of bone resorption. The established patterns will form the basis of the pathogenetic scheme for the prevention of hepatic osteodystrophy