Thiobarbituric Acid Research Articles

Co-crystals of thiobarbituric acid and N-heterocyclic compounds: Synthesis, structural, solubility, computational, and antilymphoma activity

Two new co-crystals (1–2) were prepared by the reaction of 2-thiobarbituric acid with N-heterocyclic compounds, and successfully characterized. X-ray analysis shows that 1 and 2 have zig-zag and ladder like supramolecular frameworks, respectively. HOMO-LUMO analysis of optimized geometries confirmed the lesser band gap of 1 and 2. Co-crystals 1–2 have solubility values of 19.737 and 25.652 mg/ml, respectively, and they may have good bioactivity. The cytotoxic activity of 1–2 indicated the tumor growth inhibitory ability of 1 and 2 against T cell lymphoma. Interestingly, apoptosis evaluation by Wright-Giemsa and DAPI staining suggested that 1 and 2 mediated tumor cell death through apoptosis induction. In addition, the estimation of glucose, pH, and NO also indicated the possible role of inhibited glucose uptake and augmented NO production in the cell death mediated by 1 and 2.

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Ozone Therapy on Liver Tissue in the Treatment of Sepsis in Rats with Cecal Perforation.

Background and Objectives: Sepsis and its related complications are associated with high morbidity and mortality, often leading to liver damage. Ozone, a molecule with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, may offer protective effects. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic and protective impact of ozone on liver injury in a rat model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). Material and Methods: A total of 36 rats were randomly divided into five groups: control (Group C), ozone (Group O), cecal ligation and perforation (Group CLP), ozone + cecal ligation and perforation (Group O+CLP), and cecal ligation and perforation + ozone (Group CLP+O). In the ozone groups, 4 mL of ozone (20 µ/mL) was injected intraperitoneally. Biochemical and histopathological parameters were evaluated in liver tissue samples obtained at the end of 24 h. Results: Polymorphonuclear leukocyte and monocyte infiltration and the total injury score were significantly reduced in the ozone-treated groups compared to the CLP group (p < 0.001). Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 10 levels in the rat liver tissue were significantly reduced in the O+CLP and CLP+O groups compared to the CLP group, with the O+CLP group showing a more substantial decrease than the CLP+O group (p < 0.001). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and glutathione s-transferase levels were significantly lower in the ozone-treated groups compared to the CLP group (p < 0.001). Catalase activity was significantly elevated in the O+CLP group compared to the CLP group (p < 0.001). Serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and total bilirubin were significantly increased in the CLP group and decreased in the ozone-treated groups (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.01, p < 0.001 respectively). Conclusions: Administering ozone to rats one hour before the CLP significantly mitigated liver damage, showing a more pronounced effect compared to administering ozone one hour after CLP. The results indicate that ozone could serve a protective function in managing sepsis-induced liver damage.

Mitigating Cadmium-Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Male Wistar Rats: Protective Role of STC30, a Polyherbal Formulation

Background: Cadmium, one of the most toxic heavy metals but which finds its presence in many applications and the environment impairs male reproductive function via oxidative stress. There is a growing interest in the development and usage of polyherbal remedies with high antioxidant base. Super Life Total Care (STC30) is one of such remedies. There is however paucity of information on most of its claimed effects and Cadmium-induced male reproductive toxicity. Methods: Twenty male wistar rats were separated into control, Cadmium-only, STC30-only and Cadmium+STC30 groups of 5 rats each. Once daily administration was for 28 days after which blood and testicular samples collected for determination of relevant parameters. Results: Results showed a significantly reduced (p&lt;0.05) sperm count in the Cadmium-only compared with the control though significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) in the Cadmium+STC30 compared with the STC30-only groups. Sperm motility was significantly reduced in STC30-only but increased in STC30-only compared with control. It was significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) in the STC30-only and Cadmium+STC30 than in the Cadmium-only groups. Sperm viability was significantly reduced in the Cadmium-only compared with control. Teratozotospermia was significantly elevated in the Cadmium-only compared with the control but lower in the Cadmium+STC30 and STC30-only compared with Cadmium-only groups. Serum follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone were significantly reduced (p&lt;0.05) in the Cadmium-only compared with the control groups. Testicular malomdialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid were significantly increased (p&lt;0.05) in the Cadmium-only compared with the control groups, but lower in STC30-only and STC30+Cadmium than in the Cadmium-only groups though higher in Cadmium+STC30 than in the STC30-only groups. Testicular superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities as well as total antioxidant capacity were significantly reduced (p&lt;0.05) in the Cadmium-only compared with the control but higher in the Cadmium+STC30 than in the Cadmium-only groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, STC30 ameliorates Cadmium-induced reproductive toxicity and oxidative stress in male wistar rats.

The Physicochemical and Nutritional Analysis of Coconut Oil (Cocos nucifera) Extracted from the Tall Tree Variety

Aims: Coconut (Cocos nucifera) known as the ‘tree of life’ is an ancient fruit belonging to the palm family Arecaceae family and the only species in the genus Cocos. This study aims to characterize and show the nutritional qualities of coconut oil from the tall tree variety. Methodology: The production methods include natural Fermentation, centrifugation, freeze-thawing, and solvent extraction. In physical and chemical properties, the moisture content, impurity, specific gravity, refractive index, oil yield, flash, fire, smoke point, melting point, thiobarbituric acid number, saponification, peroxide, iodine, and fatty acid value were analyzed and all fall within close ranges. Results: The fat-soluble vitamins ranged from 18.65 ± 5.09 (vitamin A), 4.28 ± 0.68 (vitamin E), 4.11 ± 3.11(vitamin D) and 1.03 ± 0.21 (vitamin K) all in mg/100ml. Mineral analysis shows that coconut oil contains calcium, zinc, and iron with concentrations of 2.53 ± 0.23, 1.21 ± 0.19, and 0.53 ± 0.13 in mg/100ml respectively. Fatty acid analysis shows that coconut oil contains lauric, myristic, palmitic, caprylic, oleic, capric, stearic, linoleic, and caproic acid of which lauric acid was the highest with a range of 48.40 ± 0.23. Conclusion: The result shows that coconut is a good source of nutrients and the fatty acids make it a good moisturizer.

Pharmaceutical Interventions for the Management of Hemorrhagic Shock in Hepatic Surgery: An Experimental Swine Model Outcome.

Introduction During abdominal trauma or major hepatic surgery, the liver can be subjected to hypoxic conditions due to hemorrhage, leading to various degrees of ischemic injury to hepatocytes. Hemorrhagic shock, a critical and life-threatening condition, often complicates hepatic surgery due to massive blood loss, resulting in inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation. The challenge in managing hemorrhagic shock in hepatic surgery is heightened by the liver's unique blood supply and its crucial role in coagulation. Effective treatment requires a multifaceted approach, including surgical intervention, blood transfusions, and pharmaceutical therapy to stabilize hemodynamics and promote coagulation. Additionally, reperfusion of the liver after resuscitation can cause severe injury through inflammatory and oxidative pathways, potentially leading to multiple organ dysfunction. This study examines the effectiveness of combining standard fluid therapy with antioxidants (bucillamine and valproic acid) in mitigating oxidative stress and reducing hepatocyte damage in the context of hemorrhagic shock. Method Thirty male swine were randomly divided into four groups as follows: Group A (n=6/control group), Group B (n=8), Group C (n=8), and Group D (n=8). A resection of the left liver lobe was performed, followed by the controlled loss of a specific volume of blood until the mean arterial pressure dropped to between 30 and 40 mmHg. The animals were maintained in this state of hypovolemic shock for 50 minutes, followed by IV administration of fluids. Additionally, pharmaceutical agents were administered to Groups B (bucillamine), C (valproic acid), and D (combination of bucillamine and valproic acid). The experiment lasted six hours in total. Results The study showed that animals treated with pharmaceutical agents like bucillamine and valproic acid and their combination demonstrated significantly reduced serum levels of protein carbonyls (PCs) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) compared to the control group. Furthermore, histological evaluation of liver tissues revealed that treated animals showed reduced histopathological signs of injury, suggesting that the pharmaceutical agents not only lowered biochemical markers of oxidative stress but also provided a protective effect against liver damage in the context of hemorrhagic shock. Conclusion These findings suggest that incorporating antioxidant therapy into resuscitation protocols may offer substantial benefits in mitigating hepatic damage associated with hemorrhagic shock. This approach could potentially improve outcomes in clinical settings where oxidative stress plays a critical role in injury progression by better understanding the pathophysiology of this complex and dynamic process.

Influence of selected phenolic acids on advanced lipid oxidation end products generation in model systems

The objective of this study was to assess the inhibitory impacts of chlorogenic acid (CGA), ferulic acid (FA), and vanillic acid (VA) on advanced lipid oxidation end products (ALEs) generation in bovine serum albumin-linoleic acid models. The addition of 160 μg/mL CGA and VA significantly blocked the formation of lipofuscin-like pigments (LFLP), reducing them by 22.141% ± 1.823% and 12.156% ± 1.296% respectively. It is worth noting that the best inhibition of LFLP by FA was observed at 40 μg/mL (13.105% ± 0.731%). Compared to the control (25.280 ± 1.580 mg/kg protein), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values were the lowest in the samples containing 160 μg/mL CGA (2.107 ± 0.912 mg/kg protein), 40 μg/mL FA (6.847 ± 1.824 mg/kg protein), and 160 μg/mL VA (10.007 ± 0.912 mg/kg protein) (P < 0.05). These results suggest that CGA has a more potent inhibitory effect on ALEs formation compared to FA and VA. Therefore, CGA, FA, and VA can be considered as safe dietary phenolic acids for reducing ALEs formation.

Evaluation of physicochemical and flavor characteristics and primary on lipid oxidation of crucian carp under different cooking methods

This study aimed to reveal the effects of steaming, frying and boiling on the sensory and quality of the cooked crucian carp. 46, 27 and 37 volatiles were detected in the steamed fish, fried fish (FF) and boiled fish (BF), respectively, of which 7 were identified as the key volatiles. Compared with the BF and FF, the SF was richer in esters, aldehydes, alkenes and the kinds and contents of the key volatiles. The contents of moisture and crude protein were the highest in the SF. The FF exhibited the most distinctive aroma profile, much possibly associated with the highest thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value observed in the FF. The content of total free amino acid in the BF was the lowest while the content of umami amino acid content in the SF was the highest (p < 0.05). The nutrition of fatty acids was highest in the SF due to its highest ƩUFA/ƩSFA ratio. PLS-DA analysis showed that SF was positively correlated with the most key volatiles and several free fatty acids. These results indicated that the flavor and nutrition of SF were the highest, providing appropriate cooking methods of crucian carp for the standardized production of bean paste fish.

Accelerated measurement technology quantifying packaging light protection performance for soymilk nutrient and chemical stability

An accelerated in situ (AIS) light exposure and measurement technology for prediction of retail light protection performance of soymilk packaging is reported. The ability of a packaging material to protect light sensitive marker solutions, either comprising riboflavin (RF) or chlorophyll-a (CHLA), from an intense light source was determined. The light-induced decay of the marker was tracked with in situ spectroscopy and modeled to quantify the light protection performance of each packaging material. For a set of packages, chemical analyses (RF, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), hexanal) of packaged soymilk under Simulated Retail (SR) storage conditions demonstrated excellent correlation to the light protection performance data of the same package set determined by AIS (R2 > 0.97). The use of AIS enables rapid quantification of soymilk packaging material light protection performance and the associated preservation of soymilk nutrient and sensory properties, thus it may be applied to improve the design of soymilk packaging materials for light protection performance and contribute towards the improvement of packaged soymilk product shelf life.

Effects of uric acid on oxidative stress in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Hyperuricemia during hypertension is associated with aberrant vascular functions and increased oxidative stress, which affects endothelial dysfunction. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of uric acid on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) through oxidative stress remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the dose- and time-dependent effects of uric acid on oxidative stress and p53 protein expression in VSMCs. VSMCs were incubated with various concentrations of uric acid (0-50 mg/dl) for different time periods (1-24 h). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), protein carbonylation and nitric oxide (NO) levels were determined using appropriate assay kits. Superoxide anion release was detected using the Görlach method. Western blotting was performed to determine the protein expression levels of p53. The findings demonstrated that the application of uric acid led to an increase in protein carbonylation and superoxide anion levels while causing a decrease in NO levels. Conversely, no significant effect was observed on TBARS levels. Additionally, it was observed that high concentrations of uric acid suppressed p53 expression at 6, 12 and 24 h. The present study provided evidence that the influence of uric acid on oxidative stress was more closely associated with time than dose; however, not all effects observed were strictly time-dependent.

Aberrant hepatic glucose levels and cellular damage reversed by Cucurbita maxima blossoms on experimental models

ObjectivesInvestigate the ameliorating effects of Pumpkin flowers (Cucurbita maxima) 10% and 20% fortified cake on cellular damage caused by alloxan-induced diabetic rats. MethodsForty adult male albino rats of approximately weigh about 180 ± 5 g were obtained and divided into five distinct groups to determine the effect of C. maxima flowers enriched (CMFP) cake two different concentrations (10 % and 20 %) had any beneficial impacts on rats with a single dose of 40 mg/kg alloxan to induce diabetes. ResultsThe observations on the blood insulin, blood sugar, lipid profile, serum liver biomarkers, lipid peroxidation enzyme markers, and pro-oxidative mediators showed that oral administration of 10% and 20% CMFP cake lowers the blood sugar, Total Cholesterol (TC), Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Very Low-Density lipoprotein (VLDL) and Triglyceride (TG). In rat treated with alloxan, the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST) and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), thiobarbituric acid reactive compounds (TBARS), conjugated dienes (CD) and lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) were significantly reduced. Moreover, blood serum insulin, high density lipoprotein (HDL), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) increased simultaneously; These results verified that the 20% CMFP cake was the best treatment specially in decreasing hepatic lipid peroxidation with levels between 54%, 49.5% and 75.2 % for LOOH, CD and TBARS consequently. ConclusionSince, pumpkin blossoms contains a wide range of phytonutrients, pumpkin blossom has the potential to be a functional food source to incorporate into diabetics’ diets to manage the disease.

Ameliorative extract Syzygium cumini seed extract on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity in alloxan induced diabetic Wistar albino rats

Aim: This study intends to examine the protective effects of an aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini seed on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar albino rats. Methodology: A single intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg kg-1 b.wt of alloxan monohydrate was used to induce diabetes in rats. Syzygium cumini group rats were later administered 300 mg kg-1 of Syzygium cumini seed extract by oral gavage for 21 days. On 22nd day, the animals were given general anaesthesia, blood was drawn through the retroorbital plexus, and the kidneys were promptly removed. Lipid peroxidation levels were assessed in the blood (serum) and kidney tissues by measuring the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as GST, GPX, SOD and CAT were examined in the blood and kidneys. Results: The acute toxicity experiments revealed that Syzygium cumini did not cause any obvious toxicity indications or mortality at a dosage of 300 mg kg-1, proving the safety of this extract with a broad therapeutic index. The results obtained showed that using aqueous Syzygium cumini seed extract for 21 days considerably (P &lt;0.05) increased the antioxidant enzyme activity for GST, GPx, SOD and CAT, while significantly (P &lt;0.01) decreasing the TBARS levels. Interpretation: Conclusively, the seed extract of Syzygium cumini might be a possible treatment for controlling hyperglycemic oxidative stress complications owing to its antioxidant properties. Key words: Albino rats, Antioxidant enzymes, Lipid peroxidation, Syzygium cumini, Seed extract

Oligoprotective Activity of Levetiracetam Against Glutamate Toxicity: An in vitro Study.

The role of glutamate in the development of some brain pathological conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, has been well described. Levetiracetam (LEV), a new broad-spectrum antiseizure medicine, is widely used to control certain types of seizures. Apart from its anti-seizure activity, LEV exerts neuroprotection via anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects. The current study was designed to evaluate the protective potential of LEV against glutamate-induced injury in OLN-93 oligodendrocytes. At first, the potential negative impact of LEV on OLN-93 viability was evaluated. After that, the cells were concurrently treated with LEV (0-100 μM) and glutamate (8 mM) for 24 h. The viability, redox status, and the rate of apoptosis of OLN-93 cells were then assessed using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), 2',7' dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA), 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) assays, respectively. Moreover, caspase-3 expression, as a marker of cell apoptosis, was evaluated by western blotting. LEV at 1-800 μM did not have any negative effect on cell survival. Treatment with LEV (50 and 100 μM) substantially enhanced the cell viability following glutamate insult. The cytoprotective activity of LEV (50 and 100 μM) against glutamate toxicity was accompanied by reduced Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) accumulation and Malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Moreover, 100 μM of LEV inhibited apoptosis and decreased the expression level of cleaved caspase-3 following glutamate exposure. Taken together, the results suggested that LEV has protective effects against glutamate-mediated cytotoxicity in OLN-93 cells. The oligoprotective action of LEV was shown to be exerted via inhibition of oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis.

The preservative effect of the black rice's cold, hot and ultrasonic ethanol extracts on the storage quality of beef patties

SummaryThis work aimed to determine the total anthocyanin and phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity of extracts of the black rice's cold, hot and ultrasonic‐assisted extracts and their preservative effect on the storage quality of beef patties. The three extracts exhibited high anthocyanin, phenolic content and antioxidant capacity, and they were used in beef patties at five treatments (negative control without extract, positive control with 0.01% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 7.5% cold extract, 7.5% hot extract and 7.5% ultrasound‐assisted extract). Raw and cooked beef patties were tested at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days of cold storage in aerobically packaged polyethylene containers regarding pH, oxidative stability, antioxidant capacity and microbial quality. While adding black rice extracts did not influence the proximate composition of raw samples (P &gt; 0.05), it slowed down the pH and lipid oxidation during storage and provided pH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) stability in all final products. The BHT and treatments with extract indicated a higher 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) value than the negative control. Also, the incorporation of black rice extracts slightly retarded bacterial growth. These results suggest that the black rice extracts at 7.5% can be used effectively to protect beef patties from microbial spoilage and oxidation during cold storage for 12 days.

Effects of different slaughtering methods on the energy metabolism, apoptosis process and quality of grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) during cold storage at 4 °C.

The aquatic processing industry is increasingly aware of the need to ensure that slaughtering is carried out under high welfare standards, so there is a need to explore the impact of slaughter methods on fish fillets. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different slaughtering methods (M1, lethality by hammering; M2, gas mixture causing death; M3, lethality by clove oil anesthesia + ice slurry; M4, lethality by ice slurry; M5, lethality by gradient cooling) on the energy metabolism, apoptosis and flesh mass in grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus). Therefore, 120 fish (24 per treatment) were slaughtered by the five methods. The results showed that the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme activity of M5 sample was higher. The serum glucose level of M2 samples and DAPI staining fluorescence of M2 samples were the highest, indicating that the stress response of M2 was strong. In addition, the texture, pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and K value results showed M5 samples had better flesh quality. Gradient cooling lethality had the least effect on oxidative damage and apoptosis in grouper during cold storage as the gradient cooling lethality had the least effect on antioxidant enzyme activities. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effects of different reheating methods on lipid oxidation in frozen silver carp fish cakes

SummaryThis study investigated the effect of five different reheating methods (boiling water, steaming, low‐heat microwave at 120 W, medium‐heat microwave at 400 W, high‐heat microwave at 800 W) on lipid oxidation of silver carp fish cake. The changes of lipid content, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, acid value (AV), peroxide value (POV), volatile flavour components and fatty acid composition were detected. The results indicated that products reheated with medium‐heat microwave had higher lipid content, lower TBA, AV and POV value. The medium‐heat and high‐heat microwave reheated group had larger variety of volatile flavour substances. Moreover, the relative content of hexanal and heptanal related to unpleasant “overcooked taste” was less, and the relative content of 2‐heptanone, which contributed to the reduction of fishy odour, was more in medium‐heated microwave group. The content of monounsaturated fatty acids in the medium‐heat microwave group was higher than other reheating methods, so as the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids. Considering all indicators, medium‐heat microwave reheating is more recommended due to its inhibition of fat oxidation.

An effective means to improve the flavor quality of traditional fermented sour meat: The salt reduction strategy

The flavor formation of fermented meat products is significantly influenced by salt. In this study, the flavor analysis methods of electronic tongue and nose, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were utilized to explore the effect of salt content on the formation of sour meat flavor. The results demonstrated a significant decrease in pH value with the reduction of salt content (P < 0.05), while there was a significant rise in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value associated with the decline in salt content (P < 0.05). Alcohols, aldehydes, and esters such as 1-octen-3-ol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, hexanal, heptanal, ethyl octanoate, ethyl heptanoate, etc. were considered to have significant contributions to the overall flavor of sour meat. The rapid accumulation of these aroma compounds under low-salt conditions was regarded as one of the key factors in the overall flavor enhancement of sour meat products. Additionally, the low-salt fermentation also promoted the accumulation of free amino acids and free fatty acids in sour meat products, thereby facilitating the formation of more complex aroma compounds. This study offers new technological ways to improve the conventional method of fermenting sour meat and offers theoretical justification for studies on salt reduction in conventionally fermented meat products.

Effects of X‐ray irradiation on pathogen inactivation, quality changes, and hydrocarbon profiles of pork cutlets

SummaryPork cutlets are susceptible to cross‐contamination with foodborne pathogens during processing. Food irradiation effectively improves food hygiene by eliminating microbes. We investigated the application of X‐ray irradiation (0.5–10 kGy) on pathogen inactivation (D10 value), quality changes [total aerobic bacteria (TAB), yeast and mould (Y&amp;M), total coliform (TC), colour, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), and pH], and the hydrocarbon profile of pork cutlets. D10 values of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus were 0.37, 0.62, 0.52, and 0.36 kGy, respectively. At least 3.10 kGy (5‐D10 values) is required to ensure the microbiological safety of pork cutlets. X‐ray irradiation dose‐dependently reduced all microbial counts, and up to 7 kGy had no adverse effects on colour, TBARS, and pH. Furthermore, 1,7‐hexadecadiene and 8‐heptadecene were potential markers for irradiated pork cutlets. X‐ray irradiation of up to 7 kGy is effective in improving hygiene levels while maintaining pork cutlet quality.

Study of Liposomes Containing Extract from the Leaves of Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March in Animals Submitted to a Mutagenic Model Induced by Cyclophosphamide.

Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is an alkylating agent used as a chemotherapy agent in the treatment of cancer, but it has immunosuppressive effects. Protium heptaphyllum (P. heptaphyllum) is a plant rich in triterpenes and flavonoids, with some bioactive and therapeutic properties presented in the literature. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the chemoprotective potential of P. heptaphyllum extract inserted into liposomes against oxidative damage chemically induced by CPA. Male Swiss mice received 1.5 mg/kg of P. heptaphyllum liposomes as a pre-treatment for 14 consecutive days (via gavage) and 100 mg/kg of CPA in a single dose (via intraperitoneal) on the 15th day. After the experimental period, blood and organ samples were collected for histopathological and biochemical analyses, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), ascorbic acid (ASA), carbonyl protein, cytokine measurement, and micronucleus testing. The results showed that liposomes containing P. heptaphyllum extract have an antimutagenic effect against damage induced to DNA by CPA, and that they also protect against oxidative stress, as verified by the increase in the antioxidant enzymes SOD and GPx. The improvement in alkaline phosphatase and creatinine markers suggests a beneficial effect on the liver and kidneys, respectively. However, the depletion of GSH in the liver and brain suggests the use of antioxidants for the metabolism of molecules generated in these tissues. In general, these data show good prospects for the use of P. heptaphyllum liposomes as a cancer chemoprotective agent, as well as possible antioxidant action, conceivably attributed to the flavonoids present in the plant extract.

Development and Application of the Quality Index Method for Ice-Stored King Weakfish (Macrodon ancylodon).

The freshness of raw fish has become one of the industry's and consumers' main concerns regarding quality, safety, and shelf-life estimation. To determine the freshness of the king weakfish (Macrodom ancylodom), the quality index method (QIM) was employed for sensory analyses, along with the assessment of proximate composition, pH, total volatile bases (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), biogenic amines, fatty acids, texture, and microbiological parameters. The results show that the QIM obtained over the storage period exhibited a linear increase, ranging from 2 to 21 demerit points, with a high correlation (R2 = 0.9868) among the data. The microbiological results indicated an increase in the counts of psychrotrophic and mesophilic bacteria throughout the storage period. TVB-N values ranged from 11 to 28 mg/100 g, and TBARS values ranged from 0.235 to 0.298 mg MDA/kg when stored in ice. The presence of putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, and toxic volatile compounds was a potential indicator of fish freshness. Based on the correlation between the methods considered indicators of freshness and quality, it can be concluded that the king weakfish maintains its commercial stability for up to 11 days when stored in ice.

Effect of different protein sources on the meat quality of Złotnicka Spotted pigs with particular emphasis of slaughter body weight

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the impact of protein feeding from Fabaceae plants and the final slaughter weight on the quality of meat of native Złotnicka Spotted pigs. The experiment was carried out on 96 fattening pigs (48 barrows and 48 gilts) of the Złotnicka Spotted breed. Animals were divided into 4 feeding groups: group A – control cereal-soybean mixture, and 3 experimental mixtures containing different types of domestic protein sources (groups B - lupin, C - faba beans and D - peas). All diets were isoproteic and isoenergetic within the fattening phase, i.e. grower and finisher. In addition, pigs were fattened to 3 different slaughter weights: 120, 130 and 140 kg. The type of protein had no effect on fattening and slaughter traits. These traits (feed intake [kg], gaily gain during fattening [g/day], mean backfat thickness [mm]) were influenced by the body weight of the pigs at slaughter (p&lt;0.01). It was found a statistically significant interaction effect between feeding group and body weight on the fat, the fatty acid profile of meat (longissimus lumborum) and on oxidative stability (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances - TBARS) of meat. Increasing the slaughter weight to 140 kg affects increasing the fat content (p&lt;0,05) of meat (longissimus lumborum) primarily in groups of pigs fed on cereal-soy mix (A) and faba beans (C). In addition, fat up to 140 kg and feeding with faba beans (C) and peas (D) has a beneficial effect by reducing the proportion of PUFA n-6/n-3 in meat (p&lt;0,05). Finally, the benefit of feeding pigs with faba beans (C) up to a slaughter weight of 140 kg is the reduction of TBARS of meat (p&lt;0,05). In conclusion, increasing the slaughter weight up to 140 kg and the use in the feed mixture of faba beans improves the nutritional value and oxidation durability of pork.