Production Of Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances Research Articles

Effect of konjac glucomannan-based preservation pads on quality changes in refrigerated large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the preservation effects of konjac glucomannan (KGM)/oregano essential oil (OEO) Pickering emulsion-based pads (K/OPE pads) on large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) fillets stored at 4 °C. The K/OPE pads were fabricated using a freeze-drying technique. The homogeneous distribution of the OEO Pickering emulsions in the KGM matrix was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that the OEO emulsions were encapsulated in the KGM and there was hydrogen bonding interaction between them. Compared with the KGM pads, the K/OPE pad groups demonstrated enhanced antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. When the content of OPE was increased from 20 % to 40 %, the antioxidant performance of the K/OPE pads increased from 48.09 % ± 0.03 % to 86.65 % ± 0.02 % and the inhibition range of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus increased to 13.84 ± 0.81 and 16.87 ± 1.53 mm, respectively. At the same time, K/OPE pads were more effective in inhibiting the formation of total volatile alkaline nitrogen and the production of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, thereby helping in reducing water loss and maintaining the muscle tissue structure of fish fillets for a longer storage time. Consequently, these K/OPE40 pads extended the shelf life of the fish fillets by an additional 4 days and delayed spoilage during refrigerated storage. The findings suggest that the K/OPE pads can effectively safeguard the quality of refrigerated large yellow croaker fillets, presenting their potential as an active packaging material in the fish preservation industry.

ATF3 affects osteogenic differentiation in inflammatory hPDLSCs by mediating ferroptosis via regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway

Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) has been identified as a regulator associated with osteoblast differentiation. However, the effects of ATF3 on the osteogenic differentiation and proliferation of human periodontal stem cells (hPDLSCs) in periodontitis have not been reported. With the purpose of establishing an in vitro model of periodontitis, hPDLSCs were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was applied to assess cell viability, while reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting were employed to detect ATF3 expression. Inflammatory release was assessed using ELISA, together with western blotting. Lipid peroxidation was explored using the C11 BODIPY 581/591 probe, biochemical kits, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay and DCFH-DA staining. Iron and Fe2+ levels, and the expression levels of ferroptosis-related proteins were measured using corresponding kits and western blotting. Osteogenic differentiative capability was evaluated using alkaline phosphatase staining, Alizarin red staining and western blotting. The expression levels of proteins associated with Nrf2/HO-1 signaling were identified using western blotting. The results indicated that ATF3 expression was upregulated in LPS-induced hPDLSCs. The knockdown of ATF3 alleviated the LPS-induced inflammatory response in hPDLSCs, together with increased levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, Cox-2 and iNOS, and decreased levels of IL-10. ATF3 silencing also led to lower TBARS production rate, and reduced levels of reactive oxygen species, iron, Fe2+, ACSL4 and TFR1, whereas it elevated the levels of SLC7A11 and GPX4. In addition, ATF3 silencing promoted hPDLSC mineralization and cell differentiation, and elevated the levels of OCN2, RUNX2 and BMP2. Additionally, ATF3 depletion upregulated the expression levels of proteins related with Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. The Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 partially counteracted the effects of ATF3 interference on the LPS-challenged inflammatory response, lipid peroxidation, ferroptosis as well as osteogenic differentiative capability in hPDLSCs. In summary, the results revealed that ATF3 silencing suppressed inflammation and ferroptosis, while it improved osteogenic differentiation in LPS-induced hPDLSCs by regulating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling, which may provide promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of periodontitis.

Direct in vitro action of estrone on uterine and white adipose tissue in obesity

The hypothesis whether estrone (E1) could exhibit a direct action at uterus and white adipose tissue (WAT), under obesity was tested. In uterine tissue of obese rats, E1 increased nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The anti-oxidative action of E1 was sustained under inflammatory stress or high glucose levels. ICI 182780 or G15 compounds were employed as ER or GPER antagonists respectively. The action of E1 on ROS release involved ER participation; instead GPER mediated the acute stimulation on NO production. The antioxidative effect depends on NO-ROS balance. NO synthase (NOS) blockage suppressed the reduction in ROS synthesis elicited by E1, effect mediated by cNOS and not by iNOS. On WAT explants, E1 reduced ROS and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances production, and diminished leptin release. In summary, the data provide evidence that, in uterus and WAT, E1 counteracts inflammatory and oxidative stress induced by obesity.

Headspace GC/MS para identificação de compostos bioativos do extrato da folha de Curcuma longa L.: Aplicação industrial como antioxidante para óleo de soja

ABSTRACT The use of natural antioxidants extracted from plants is an alternative to the application of synthetic antioxidants. In this study, we evaluated the oxidative stability of soybean oil after the addition of Curcuma longa L. leaf extracts compared to its oxidative stability with the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT Different concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) of ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa L. leaves were added to the oil, and the mixture was heated at 60 ±2 °C for 12 days. Several parameters of oxidative stability, including the peroxide index (PI), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and conjugated dienes and trienes, were analyzed every three days. The results were promising, the oils to which the Curcuma longa L. leaf extract was added showed a reduction in all parameters, indicating oxidative deterioration under the influence of the concentration of the extract and the duration of treatment. The extract was less effective at low concentrations (0.5%), the parameters did not vary considerably. The PI was low in all treatments until the third day. The PI of the soybean oil treated with 1.5% extract was lower than that after treatment with the synthetic antioxidant and the blank treatment on days 6 to 12. The highest production of TBARS was observed in the blank treatment on days 6 to 12, and the lowest values of TBARS were recorded in the soybean oil treated with 1.5% extract. For the same concentration, the conjugated dienes varied from 2.05 to 8.6, and the trienes from 0.57 to 1.59.

Time-Dependent Oxidative Alterations in Plasma and Lung Tissue after Meconium Aspiration in a Rabbit Model.

Aspirated meconium into a newborn's airways induces the transcription of pro-oxidative mediators that cooperate in the pathogenesis of inflammatory changes and may negatively affect the commonly used exogenous surfactant therapy. However, inflammation is not treated at present, nor is the time dependence of oxidative damage known. The aim of our study was to describe the time course of oxidative stress marker production during meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) and its relationship to leukocyte infiltration. New Zealand rabbits were instilled with saline or meconium suspension and ventilated for 5.5 h. Respiratory parameters were recorded and blood samples were taken before meconium application and in time intervals of 15 and 30 min, 1.0, 1.5, 3.5 and 5.5 h after application to evaluate oxidative markers and differential leukocytes count. Meconium aspiration led to a worsening of respiratory parameters and a decrease in leukocytes in the first 15 min. Changes in leukocytes were correlated both with nitrotyrosine (3NT) levels and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels, with the latter also related to changes in neutrophil count. The production of 3NT and TBARS increased in 1.5 and 3.5 h, respectively, in different ways, suggesting more than one source of oxidative agents and a potential risk of exogenous surfactant inactivation in a short time. We observed that MAS triggered neutrophil migration to the alveolar space and activation, as shown by the increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and generation of indicators of oxidative damage to proteins and lipids during the time period when iNOS and NO metabolites were released.

The potential protective effects of nintedanib against cardiac hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo

IntroductionCardiac hypertrophy is an independent risk factor for heart failure. However, the underlying mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy are still unclear. Nintedanib is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved therapeutic agent for the treatment of progressive fibrosing lung diseases.Material and methodsIn this study, we examined the effects of nintedanib on cardiac hypertrophy using an in vivo murine model with the transverse aortic constriction (TAC) operation and an in vitro cardiomyocytes model stimulated with Ang II.ResultsNintedanib has a protective effect on cardiac function in TAC mice with decreased heart rates, heart weight/body weight (HW/BW), and reduced plasma levels of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) staining proved that the increased cardiomyocytes sizes in TAC mice were restored by nintedanib treatment. Nintedanib also reversed the decreased plasma levels of oxidative markers nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), lipid peroxidation products thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and GSH, as well the increased homocysteine (Hcy) levels in TAC mice. In the in vitro cardiomyocytes model, cells were treated with nintedanib, followed by Ang II stimulation. Nintedanib improved Ang II induction-caused cell injury and oxidative stress in H9C2 cells, as shown by the decreased release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and elevated mRNA levels of GPX1 and HO-1. Mechanistically, we prove that the protective effect of nintedanib is mediated by SIRT1.ConclusionsIn conclusion, this study demonstrates the protective effects of nintedanib on cardiac hypertrophy both in vivo and in vitro, which was attributed to its anti-oxidative activity through regulating SIRT1 expression.

Amentoflavone promotes ferroptosis by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) /5’AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) to inhibit the malignant progression of endometrial carcinoma cells

ABSTRACT It was reported that amentoflavone (AF) had anti-tumor ability. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of AF in endometrial cancer as well as to discuss its underlying mechanism. The viability, proliferation, and apoptosis of endometrial carcinoma cells (KLE) with AF administration were detected by methyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, clone formation, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assays. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) production and Fe2+ level in AF-treated KLE cells were detected by TBARS assay and Iron assay. The expressions of proliferation- apoptosis-, ferroptosis-, and 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling-related proteins in AF-treated KLE cells were detected by western blot analysis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression in AF-treated KLE cells was determined by ROS assay kit. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), which is an inhibitor of ROS, was used to confirm whether AF exerted its effects on KLE cells through ROS/AMPK/mTOR signaling. As a result, AF inhibited the viability and proliferation of KLE cells but promoted apoptosis and ferroptosis. The expressions of ROS and AMPK were increased, while mTOR expression was decreased in AF-treated KLE cells. NAC reversed the effects of AF on biological behaviors of KLE cells by inactivating ROS/AMPK/mTOR signaling. In conclusion, AF promoted ferroptosis by activating ROS/AMPK/mTOR to inhibit the viability and proliferation and promoted the apoptosis and ferroptosis of KLE cells.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and iron-induced lipid peroxidation reducing potential of Pimpinella stewartii leaves in male wistar rats

This study was aimed to determine the potentialities of Pimpinella stewartii leaves extracts fractions towards the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity as well as reduction of iron-induced lipid peroxidation in male Wistar rats (age – 50 days; weight – 280–300 g). Initially, animals were divided into 17 groups with 7 rats in each group. Gallic acid and quercetin were used as standards. The AChE activities of aqueous and ethanolic extract fractions of P. stewartii leaves were determined using standard protocol. Results showed that ethyl acetate extract fractions significantly (P = 0.01) inhibited the enzyme in a concentration dependent manner when compared to the aqueous extract fractions and the control group. Gallic acid and quercetin depicted higher inhibition of AChE activities than ethyl acetate extract fractions. Additionally, the IC50 values for aqueous extract fractions, ethyl acetate extract fractions, gallic acid, and quercetin were estimated as 72.6 ± 2.72, 30.41 ± 0.56, 8.4 ± 0.22, and 6.82 ± 0.2 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the lipid peroxidation activities of extracts fractions were assessed by estimating thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) production. Both the extracts fractions showed significant protection against lipid peroxidation but the ethyl acetate extract fractions exhibited comparatively higher reductions in TBARS levels (P = 0.001). However, gallic acid and quercetin revealed higher reductions of pro-oxidants than the extracts fractions. In conclusion, findings of this study demonstrated pronounced AChE inhibitory activity and reduced lipid peroxidation trait of ethyl acetate extract fractions of P. stewartii leaves, and thus, suggested its paramount role as therapeutics against Alzheimer disease.

Is Oxidative Stress an Emerging Player in the Thrombosis of Patients with Anti-Phosphatidylethanolamine Autoantibodies?

The detection of anti-phosphatidylethanolamine autoantibodies (aPEs) has been proposed to improve the diagnosis and management of patients presenting clinical manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), such as thrombosis, and who are persistently negative for conventional markers. After selecting the most specific ELISA for their detection, we evidenced the interest of aPEs in the exploration of thrombosis when APS conventional markers were negative through a 1-year retrospective study including 1131 consecutive patients routinely tested for aPEs. To validate this result, we assessed aPEs in a newly selected population of 77 patients with unexplained deep vein thrombosis (DVT). With a total prevalence of 19.5%, we confirmed the interest of aPE detection in patients with unexplained DVT who were devoid of other aPLs markers. Since endosomal compartment, a source of ROS production, has been recently identified as the cellular target of aPEs in vitro, we then investigated an association between aPE positivity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by measuring the production of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. We showed, for the first time, a significant association between aPE positivity and systemic ROS production in patients which led us to hypothesize a new mechanism of action of aPEs in thrombosis through a signaling related to oxidative stress.

Mammary gene expressions and oxidative indicators in ruminal fluid, blood, milk, and mammary tissue of dairy goats fed a total mixed ration containing piper meal (Piper betle L.)

The study evaluated the effect of piper meal which contains flavonoids, essential oils, and phenolic acids on the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT), and as well as oxidative stress indicators such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl-scavenging activity and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in the ruminal fluid, mammary tissue, milk, and blood of lactating goats. Fourteen early lactating Saanen goats (body weight, 44 ± 2.51 kg; 14 ± 3 days in milk) were allotted in equal number to two experimental groups, each received one of the two total mixed rations: control (CON) diet (containing 0% piper meal) and CPM diet (CON diet containing 1.3% piper meal per kg dry matter). Compared with goats fed the CON diet, those fed CPM diet had similar 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl-scavenging, GPx and CAT activity in ruminal fluid, mammary tissue, milk, and blood; however, those samples had increased SOD activity. Dietary CPM diet had a tendency to decrease TBARS production in ruminal fluid, mammary tissue, milk, and plasma by about 2.4, 1.2, 1.1, and 1.4 folds, respectively. Furthermore, alleviated values of TBARS were associated with dwindling mRNA expression of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 (NFKB1) but greater expression of SOD1, SOD2, SOD3, and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NFE2L2 ) in mammary tissue. Our findings showed that the inclusion of 13.0 g piper meal in per kg diet (CPM) can improve the oxidative status of Saanen goats in early lactation.

Ilex paraguariensisA. St.-Hil. (Yerba Mate) Differently Regulates the Lipid Mobilization and, Irisin and Lactate Levels in Sedentary and Chronic Swimming Mice

Healthy mice were submitted or not to daily chronic swimming and/or daily yerba mate (YM) infusion intake and had their bloods analyzed after four weeks. We hypothesized that daily intake of YM may act differently on lipid mobilization and, on the creatine, lactate and irisin levels in sedentary mice and those submitted to chronic exercise. The groups were (n=48): YM-non-treated control (NTC), YM-non-treated swimming control (NSC), non-roasted YM (NRY), roasted YM (RY), swimming plus non-roasted YM (SNRY), swimming plus roasted YM (SRY). No significant (P>0.05) difference was observed concerning creatine phosphoskinase (CPK) value. Lactate level decreased significantly (P<0.05) for SNRY and SRY, suggesting accelerated lipid mobilization and glycogen sparing potential. There was significant (P<0.05) body weight loss in all, except for NTC. Higher weight loss in NRY, RY, SNR and SRY indicated greater lipid mobilization. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and irisin had significantly (P<0.05) higher values for RY. This is first report that deals with the effect of YM consumption on serum irisin level. Major amounts of caffeic acid derivatives, slightly increased caffeine and less amount of rutin may be responsible by accelerated lipoperoxidation in sedentary healthy mices chronically treated with roasted YM. Chronically consumed YM plus swimming aid in healthy weight loss. Sedentary lifestyle plus roasted YM chronic consumption may cause accelerated lipid mobilization and increased TBARS production via irisin overexpression leading to an increase in lipoperoxidation.

Accumulation of heavy metals and antioxidant defense system in the gametophyte of Didymodon rigidulus Hedw. in areas with high traffic loads

Background. Various modes of transport are among the main sources of environmental pollution with heavy metals and other pollutants. Bryophytes are known to accumulate heavy metals; however, metabolic changes in mosses under conditions of metal accumulation have not been extensively studied. The aim of this article was to analyze the accumulation of heavy metals, the process of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the activity of enzymes of the antioxidant system in Didymodon rigidulus Hedw. moss collected in urban areas with an intense load created by road and railway transport. Materials and Methods. Gametophyte shoots were collected at three sampling sites in the city of Lviv (Ukraine). Site 1 was selected in a park zone, which was considered a control one; sites 2 and 3 were selected in areas with heavy road and rail traffic, respectively. Concentrations of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in the moss material were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The levels of LPO products, namely lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities, were determined by standard methods. The results were processed using the methods of variation statistics. Results. Moss D. rigidulus growing in the park area (site 1) accumulated metals in the following order of decreasing concentration: Zn> Cr> Ni> Pb. Gametophyte shoots of D. rigidulus collected at site 2 accumulated higher levels of Pb, Zn and Ni (by 2.27, 1.78 and 1.45 times, respectively), and at site 3, higher levels of Pb and Zn (by 1.8 and 1.67 times, respectively) compared to gametophytes collected in the park zone. In the moss samples from these sites, no significant differences in the Cr content were found as compared to the control. Concentration of lipid hydroperoxides in the moss sampled at sites 2 and 3 was 4.26 and 3.75 times higher, respectively, compared to the control, and TBARS production was more intense in plant material from site 2 than from the control site. SOD and catalase activities were considerably increased in D. rigidulus moss from site 2 compared with those from the control area; however, the activity of both enzymes in the moss samples from site 3 did not significantly exceed the control levels. Conclusions. Both road and rail traffic loads contribute to the accumulation of heavy metals, especially Zn and Pb, in D. rigidulus moss growing in the surrounding areas. Under such conditions, LPO process is stimulated, which is more pronounced in moss growing in area with heavy road traffic. The increased activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and catalase) in moss growing in this area can play an important role in protecting bryophyte cells against metal-induced oxidative stress under conditions of intense metal accumulation.

Cardiotoxic Effects of the Antineoplastic Doxorubicin in a Model of Metabolic Syndrome: Oxidative Stress and Transporter Expression in the Heart.

The aim of the present work was to examine whether metabolic syndrome-like conditions in rats with fructose (F) overload modify the cardiotoxic effects induced by doxorubicin (DOX) and whether the treatment altered the expression of P-gp, breast cancer resistance protein, and organic cation/carnitine transporters in the heart. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received either tap water (control group [C]; n = 16) or water with F 10% wt/vol (n = 16) during 8 weeks. Three days before being killed, the animals received a single dose of DOX (6 mg/kg, ip, md) (C-DOX and F-DOX groups) or vehicle (VEH; ISS 1 mL/kg BW; ip) (C-VEH and F-VEH groups) (n = 8 per group). F overload enhanced thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance levels in the left ventricle, and DOX injection further increased those values. DOX did not alter thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance production in C animals. DOX caused a decrease of 30% in the ejection fraction and a nearly 40% reduction in the fractional shortening in F animals, but not in C rats. Cardiac tissue levels of P-gp decreased by about 30% in F rats compared with the C groups. DOX did not modify cardiac P-gp expression. Breast cancer resistance protein and organic cation/carnitine transporter (OCTN 1/2/3) protein levels did not change with either F or DOX. It is suggested that DOX could cause greater cardiotoxicity in rats receiving F, probably due to enhanced cardiac lipid peroxidation and lower expression of cardiac P-gp. These results support the hypothesis that the cardiotoxicity of DOX could be increased under metabolic syndrome-like conditions or in other health disorders that involve cardiovascular risk factors.

Royal Jelly Proteins Inhibit Macrophage Proliferation: Interactions with Native- and Oxidized-Low Density Lipoprotein.

Macrophage proliferation is known to correlate with macrophage accumulation in atherosclerotic plaque, and therefore its inhibition and secondary reduction of plaque inflammation may have therapeutic beneficial effects on atherosclerosis. Recently, we reported that a peptide corresponding to positions 41-51 of royalisin (which consists of 51 amino acid residues), a potent antibacterial protein contained in royal jelly (RJ), can specifically bind to oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL), a major components of atherosclerotic lesions. Here, we investigated the interaction of RJ proteins including royalisin with LDL and Ox-LDL. Measurement of LDL oxidation bythe production ofthiobarbituric acid reactive substances and conjugated dienes, and by electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that RJ proteins including royalisin and the degradation products of major RJ protein (MRJP) 1 and MRJP3 can induce oxidation of LDL and Ox-LDL. Surface plasmon resonance experiments showed that these RJ proteins can exhibit much higher binding affinity to LDL than Ox-LDL (the equilibrium dissociation constant, KD = 8.35 and 49.65μg proteins/mL for LDL and Ox-LDL, respectively). Experiments using cultured mouse J774A.1 macrophage cells proved that these RJ proteins can inhibit macrophage proliferation markedly and concentration-dependently, regardless of the absence or presence of LDL and Ox-LDL, but hardly affect lipid accumulation in macrophages. These results suggest that RJ proteins including royalisin and degradation products of MRJP1/MRJP3 may have therapeutic beneficial effects on atherosclerosis owing to the reduction of plaque inflammation. Further studies of these RJ proteins may lead to the discovery of novel anti-atherosclerotic drugs.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities, Oxidation Enzymes, and Quality of Nano-Coated Button Mushrooms (Agaricus Bisporus) during Storage

Agaricus Bisporus is an edible button mushroom that is highly perishable with an extremely short shelf-life at ambient temperature. This work aims to evaluate some antioxidant activities, oxidation enzymes, and determine postharvest qualities of nano-coated mushrooms with the combination of chitosan (CHN) component during storage at 4 °C for (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days). Silica/CHN Film strongly delayed the mushroom respiratory spike onset and blocked carbon dioxide passage from inside to the outside, while Titanium/CHN Film (0.035 mmol s−1 kg−1) established the lowest O2 production rate and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances production (6.21 nmol g−1). Silica/CHN Film was mainly effectual for the polyphenol contents (0.39 g kg−1) and antioxidant activities (78.14% and 71.09%) for DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging activities, respectively. The results reported that Silica/CHN Film induced the highest (catalase and ascorbate peroxidase) activities, while Titanium/CHN Film recorded the highest (peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) activities of antioxidant enzymes. Besides, Titanium/CHN Film preserved relatively lower contents of hydrogen peroxide (22.40 µmol g−1) and hydroxyl radical (0.16 µmol g−1). In a word, nano-materials used in coating films such as titanium or even silica with the combination of CHN can directly reduce the cell degradation, oxidation processes and enhance the harvested horticultural crops.

Modulatory effect of cashew (Anacardiumoccidentale L.) nut supplemented diet on fertility activity of clomiphene citrate in male rats

BackgroundIncreasing concern has been expressed about the declining sperm count of humans and the potential fertility effects of clomiphene citrate, a synthetic oestrogen-antagonist on human reproductive health in the last few decades. This study aims to investigate the influence of cashew nut supplemented diet on fertility activity of clomiphene citrate in male rats. MethodsThe rats were divided into six groups n = 6: rats fed basal diet; rats fed basal diet and then given clomiphene citrate (cc) orally; rats fed diet supplemented with 10% processed cashew nut and given cc orally; and rat fed diet supplemented with 20% processed cashew nut and given cc orally; rats fed diet supplemented with 10% processed cashew nut and rat fed diet supplemented with 20% processed cashew nut for fourteen days. ResultsThe results revealed that there was a significant (p < 0.05) improvement of total testosterone level and epididymal sperm count, viability and progressive motility in all the groups, in comparison to control, with more significance in combination therapy groups. Similarly, increased testicular and epididymal total antioxidant capacity (TAC), nitric oxide (NO), total thiol (T-SH), non protein thiol (NPSH) levels, Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and steroidogenic enzymes activities with concomitant decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) production and arginase activity, as well as non-observable histopathologic changes in the testes were observed in all the groups when compared with control, with more significance in combination therapy groups. ConclusionTherefore, this present study shows that the combination of cashew nut supplemented diet and clomiphene citrate could modulate vital biomolecules associated with male reproductive function. Thus, this finding supports the concept that the combination therapy of cashew nut and clomiphene citrate may be used to treat male partners suffering from infertility.

Higher Oxidative Stability of Alpha-linolenic Acid Than Linoleic Acid in Nanoemulsions: a Comparison Between Bulk Flaxseed Oil and its O/W Nanoemulsions

In this study, the effects of different dispersed phase volume fractions (Φ 0.025 and 0.1) and storage temperature (4 and 25 °C) were determined on lipid oxidation, fatty acids profile, β-carotene degradation, and other physicochemical properties of flaxseed oil-in-water nanoemulsions. Nanoemulsions containing small anionic droplets (≈ 100 nm) were fabricated using high-pressure homogenization. Although an increase in the viscosity and physical stability of nanoemulsions was observed with increasing Φ, but mean droplet diameter and chemical stability decreased. β-carotene degradation, free fatty acids formation, as well as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances production, were all faster in the more concentrated emulsions. As the storage temperature raised, physical and chemical stability both decreased. Interestingly, while the ratio of α-linolenic acid to linoleic acid in bulk oil decreased over time, an opposite trend was observed in the nanoemulsions. This effect was due to differences in the location of different unsaturated fatty acids inside the oil nanodroplets.

Radical Scavenging and Low - Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Oxidation Inhibitory Effects of Polysaccharides Extracted from Chinese Yam, Pumpkin, and Shiitake

The inhibitory effects of three polysaccharides from Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita), pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L. var. Kintoga Mak), and shiitake (Lentinula edodes) on the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) were studied. The molecular weights of the Chinese yam polysaccharide (CP), pumpkin polysaccharide (PP), and shiitake polysaccharide (SP) were 17318 Da, 16619 Da and 14977 Da, respectively. The results of GC-MS showed that all three polysaccharides had mannose and glucose in their monosaccharide composition. FTIR and NMR showed that the three polysaccharides had typical characteristic peaks. The three polysaccharides demonstrated potent in vitro antioxidant activity, among which CP was the best, with IC50 values for DPPH, superoxide, and hydroxyl radical removal ability of 1.06, 1.06, and 0.98 mg/mL, respectively. All three polysaccharides effectively delayed the formation of conjugated diene (CD) in LDL oxidation induced by CuSO4 and significantly inhibited the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). At a concentration of 1.0 µg/mL, CP, PP, and SP inhibited TBARS production at rates of 16.28%, 19.38%, and 26.36% of the CuSO4 group, respectively (P > 0.05). The electrophoretic patterns of LDL glycated products showed that PP strongly inhibited the production of glycated products. The present study may provide useful information for understanding the inhibitory effects of polysaccharides on LDL oxidation.

Effects of Incubation of Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells and Astrocytes with Pyridostigmine Bromide, DEET, or Permethrin in the Absence or Presence of Metal Salts.

Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a chronic, multi-symptom illness suffered by over one-third of American military veterans who served in the Persian Gulf War between 1990 and 1991. No current single-exposure scenario accounts for all the symptoms observed in GWI, and instead may be due to a multi-exposure scenario. As a larger effort to understand how one category of multi-exposure scenarios of organic compounds such as nerve gas prophylactic pyridostigmine bromide, or insecticides/pesticides such as N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and permethrin, plus heavy metals found in inhaled dust particles (Al, Fe, Ni, Sr, DU, Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn) might play a role in neural aspects of GWI, we begin this initial study to examine the toxicity and oxidative damage markers of human brain endothelial cell and human astrocyte cell cultures in response to these compounds. A battery of cytotoxicity assessments, including the MTT assay, Neutral Red uptake, and direct microscopic observation, was used to determine a non-toxic dose of the test compounds. After testing a wide range of doses of each compound, we chose a sub-toxic dose of 10 µM for the three organic compounds and 1 µM for the nine metals of interest for co-exposure experiments on cell cultures and examined an array of oxidative stress-response markers including nitric oxide production, formation of protein carbonyls, production of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, and expression of proteins involved in oxidative stress and cell damage. Many markers were not significantly altered, but we report a significant increase in nitric oxide after exposure to any of the three compounds in conjunction with depleted uranium.

Croton argyrophyllus Kunth Essential Oil-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Evaluation of Release Profile, Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity in a Neuroblastoma Cell Line

The essential oil from Croton argyrophyllus Kunth is known for its antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and anticancer activities, and is recognized as a source of phytochemicals for potential use in pharmaceutic and food sectors. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have been produced to load Croton argyrophyllus (CA) Kunth essential oil (CAEO) and its antioxidant properties evaluated in vitro as a new approach for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Cetyl palmitate SLN loading CAEO (CAEO-SLN) with a mean particle size of 201.4 ± 2.3 nm (polydispersity index 0.211) have been produced by hot high-pressure homogenisation. The release of the oil followed the Korsmeyers-Peppas model. The risk of lipid peroxidation has been determined by applying the production of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) standard assay. The antioxidant activity was determined by the capacity of the antioxidants existing in CAEO to scavenge the stable radical DPPH•. The cytotoxicity of CA Kunth essential oil-loaded SLN (CAEO-SLN) was evaluated in a human cell line SH-SY5Y (derived from human neuroblastoma) by determining the reduction of the yellow dye 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT). Both free essential oil (fEO) and loaded essential oil (CAEO-SLN) were demonstrated to inhibit the Fenton reaction. CAEO-SLN showed DPPH• radical scavenging capacity. The loading of the oil into cetyl palmitate SLN reduced the risk of cytotoxicity.