Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances Levels Research Articles

Assessment of Oxidative Stress Markers in Hypertensive Patients under the Use of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Blockers.

As in other fields, chronotherapy applied to arterial hypertension (AHT) may have implications on oxidative stress. We compared the levels of some redox markers between hypertensive patients with morning and bedtime use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blockers. This was an observational study that included patients older than 18 years with a diagnosis of essential AHT. Blood pressure (BP) figures were measured using twenty-four-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (24-h ABPM). Lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation were assessed using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced thiols assays. We recruited 70 patients with a median age of 54 years, of whom 38 (54%) were women. In hypertensive patients with bedtime use of RAAS blockers, reduced thiol levels showed a positive correlation with nocturnal diastolic BP decrease. TBARS levels were associated with bedtime use of RAAS blockers in dipper and non-dipper hypertensive patients. In non-dipper patients, bedtime use of RAAS blockers was also associated with a decrease in nocturnal diastolic BP. Chronotherapy applied to bedtime use of some BP-lowering drugs in hypertensive patients may be linked to a better redox profile.

Dietary grape extract can, at an appropriate level, improve the growth performance and antioxidant activity of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

This study evaluated the growth performance and in vivo antioxidant capacity of the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, fed diets containing the grape extract Nor-grape 80. A control diet containing 1000 ppm vitamin E without added grape extract and four other diets containing 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm grape extract were formulated. Shrimp, twenty 0.02 g of individuals in each aquarium, were randomly assigned to one of the above five treatment diets in triplicate and fed three times daily to satiation for six weeks. The final weight, weight gain percentage and specific growth rate of the shrimp larvae fed diets containing 250 and 500 ppm Nor-grape 80 were significantly higher than those fed the other treatment diets. The levels of superoxide dismutase activity of the shrimp fed diets containing 250 and 500 ppm Nor-grape 80 were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed the control diet. On the other hand, the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance levels of the shrimp fed diets containing 250 and 500 ppm of Nor-grape 80 were significantly lower than those fed the other diets. Furthermore, the highest levels of dietary Nor-grape 80, namely 750 and 1000 ppm, gave rise to reduced growth performance, as well as lower levels of in vivo antioxidant activity. Therefore, for the best growth performance and highest level of in vivo antioxidant activity, it is suggested that the optimal level of Nor-grape 80 as part of a white shrimp diet falls between 250 and 500 ppm.

The long-term transport of Potamotrygon wallacei increases lactate levels and triggers oxidative stress in its brain: The protective role of recovery and the essential oil of Lippia alba

This study aimed to determine whether the long-term transport model of cururu stingray (Potamotrygon wallacei) could disturb the brain redox status and brain functions, including antioxidant defenses, signaling pathways activated by oxidative stress, and the physiological responses to transport-induced stress upon arrival and after its recovery; and also to identify how the addition of essential oil of Lippia alba (EOLA) in the water transport could influence on these changes. For this reason, the cururu stingrays were anesthetized with 200 mg/L eugenol and sampled by sectioning of the spinal cord before transport (n = 5), after 32 h-transport in the absence (n = 5) and presence of 10 μL/L of the EOLA (n = 5); and after recovery for 24 h and 48 h post-transport without and with EOLA (n = 5, each group) for blood and brain removal, totalizing 35 animals (four replicates). Transport triggered a rise in the levels of lactate in plasma and brain of cururu stingray on arrival. Besides, it increased the superoxide anion (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels, and decreased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1 and 2, catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) 1, and glutathione reductase (GR) activities, activated nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), led to glutathione oxidation, lipid peroxidation (measured through the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)), and elevated heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) levels in the cururu stingray brain. The addition of the EOLA to water protected brain against stress and oxidative stress on arrival, speeding up a process that could take until 48 h to occur in the absence of this additive. To reach this response, the EOLA decreased lactate levels in plasma and brain of cururu stingray, and also reduced O2•- and H2O2 levels, and NF-κB activation, increased SOD2, catalase, GPx1 and GR activities, decreased the ratio between oxidized and reduced glutathione, avoiding the increase in the TBARS levels in the brain tissue, and regulated the physiological responses to stress, as illustrated by low HSP70 levels found in it. These data make the addition of EOLA to the water even more recommended for long-term transport of cururu stingrays.

Transcranial direct current stimulation effects in the pain threshold and in oxidative stress parameters of neuropathic pain rats

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can modulate cortical excitability and relieve neuropathic pain (NP), but the role of several biomarkers in this process is not well understood. This study aimed to analyze the effects of tDCS on biochemical parameters in rats with neuropathic pain (NP) induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the right sciatic nerve. Eighty-eight male 60-day-old Wistar rats were divided into nine groups: control (C), control-electrode off (CEoff), control-tDCS (C-tDCS), sham-lesion (SL), sham-lesion electrode off (SLEoff), sham-lesion (SL-tDCS), lesion (L), lesion electrode off (LEoff), and lesion-tDCS (L-tDCS). After NP establishment, 20-minute bimodal tDCS for 8 consecutive days was applied to the rats. Fourteen days after the induction of NP, rats developed mechanical hyperalgesia with a decreased threshold, and at the end of treatment, an increase in the pain threshold was observed in NP rats. In addition, NP rats had increased levels of reactive species (RS) in the prefrontal cortex, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was decreased in NP rats. In the spinal cord, nitrite levels and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity decreased in the L-tDCS group, and it was observed that increased levels in total sulfhydryl content for neuropathic pain rats were reversed by tDCS. In serum analyses, the neuropathic pain model increased the levels of RS and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and decreased the activity of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). In conclusion, bimodal tDCS increased total sulfhydryl content in the spinal cord of rats with neuropathic pain, positively modulating this parameter.

The optimal dietary level of dry grape extract and its effect on the growth performance and antioxidant activity of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

The optimal dietary level of the dry grape extract was determined based on the growth performance and in vivo antioxidant activity of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. A control diet containing 1000 ppm vitamin E without added grape extract and four other diets containing 125 (N125), 250 (N250), 375 (N375) and 500 ppm (N500) dry grape extract were formulated. Each aquarium contained twenty 2.45 g shrimp larvae and the shrimps were randomly assigned to one of three replicates of the above five treatment diets. The shrimp were fed to satiation three times daily for seven weeks. The final weight, weight gain percentage and specific growth rate of the shrimp fed the diet containing 250 ppm dry grape extract were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed the control diet and the diets containing 125 and 500 ppm dry grape extract. The growth parameters of the shrimp fed diets containing 250 and 375 ppm dry grape extract were not significantly different. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of the shrimp fed the control diet and the diets supplemented with 375 and 500 ppm dry grape extract were significantly higher than those fed the diet containing 125 ppm dry grape extract, while the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) levels of the shrimp fed the diet containing 125 ppm dry grape extract were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed the other diets. It is suggested that 321.3 ppm dry grape extract should be the optimum level suitable for white shrimp to reach their maximum growth.

Chemotherapy-Induced Oxidative Stress in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Introduction Plasma antioxidant capacity in children receiving chemotherapy decreases due to the effect of the disease and chemotherapy. Increased oxidative stress (OS) predisposes to an increased risk for chemotherapy-related toxicity and febrile neutropenic episodes. Materials and methods We conducted this case-control study in the hematology-oncology unit of the department of pediatrics of a tertiary hospital in Delhi, India, from November 2017 to March2019to compare OS between children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and healthy controls. We estimated the trends in OS as measured by the plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels at baseline and at the completion of induction I (four weeks), induction II (eight weeks), and induction IIA-consolidation (16 weeks) phases of chemotherapy in children with ALL. We also assessed the change in OS during different phases of initial treatment and studied the association between OS and the hematological toxicity of chemotherapy (determined by the need for blood component therapy and the number of febrile neutropenic episodes) and serum cobalamin and folate levels. Results OS was significantly higher in children with ALL at diagnosis (n=23) compared to controls (n=19).The median (interquartile range (IQR)) TAC levels (mM) were significantly lower (1.21 (1.05-1.26) versus 1.28 (1.26-1.32), P=0.006), and TBARS levels (nmol/mL) were significantly higher (312.0 (216.6-398.0) versus 58.5 (46.2-67.2), P<0.001) in children with ALL at diagnosis compared to controls. OS was highest at the end of the induction I phase (four weeks) despite the patients being in clinical and hematological remission. OS at the completion of intensive chemotherapy (16 weeks) was higher than at diagnosis. A significant correlation was found between serum folate levels and TAC levels at baseline (P=0.03). Serum cobalamin levels, the need for blood component therapy, and the number of febrile neutropenic episodes did not have any association with OS. Conclusion Children withALL had significantly higher OS compared to controls, indicating that underlying disease affects the oxidative balance unfavorably. Chemotherapy itself increases oxidative stress.

Nitric Oxide and Proline Modulate Redox Homeostasis and Photosynthetic Metabolism in Wheat Plants under High Temperature Stress Acclimation

The effects of exogenously-sourced NO (nitric oxide, as 100 µM SNP) and proline (50 mM) in the protection of the photosynthetic performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants against heat stress were investigated. The study focused on the mechanisms of proline accumulation, activity, gene expression of antioxidant enzymes, and NO generation. Plants were exposed to a temperature of 40 °C for 6 h per day over 15 days, then allowed to recover at 28 °C. Heat-stressed plants showed increased oxidative stress, with higher levels of H2O2 and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and increased proline accumulation, ACS activity, ethylene evolution, and NO generation, which in turn leads to increased accumulation of antioxidant enzymes and reduced photosynthetic attributes. In the tested wheat cultivar, the exogenous application of SNP and proline under heat stress improved the photosynthesis and reduced oxidative stress by enhancing the enzymatic antioxidant defense system. Potentially, the promoter AOX (alternative oxidase) played a role in maintaining redox homeostasis by lowering H2O2 and TBARS levels. The genes for GR antioxidant and photosystem II core protein encoding psbA and psbB were highly up-regulated in nitric oxide and proline treated heat-stressed plants, indicating that ethylene positively impacted photosynthesis under high temperature stress. Moreover, nitric oxide supplementation under high temperature stress optimized ethylene levels to regulate the assimilation and metabolism of proline and the antioxidant system, lowering the adverse effects. The study showed that nitric oxide and proline increased high temperature stress tolerance in wheat by increasing the osmolytes accumulation and the antioxidant system, resulting in enhanced photosynthesis.

Thermal modulation of mitochondrial function is affected by environmental nickel in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

In this study, we investigated the combined effects of temperature and nickel (Ni) contamination on liver mitochondria electron transport system (ETS) enzymes, citrate synthase (CS), phospholipid fatty acid composition and lipid peroxidation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Juvenile trout were acclimated for two weeks to two different temperatures (5˚C and 15˚C) and exposed to nickel (Ni; 520 μg/L) for three weeks. Using ratios of ETS enzymes and CS activities, our data suggest that Ni and an elevated temperature acted synergistically to induce a higher capacity for reduction status of the ETS. The response of phospholipid fatty acid profiles to thermal variation was also altered under nickel exposure. In control conditions, the proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was higher at 15˚C than at 5˚C, while the opposite was observed for monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). However, in nickel contaminated fish, the proportion of SFA was higher at 5˚C than at 15˚C, while PUFA and MUFA followed the opposite direction. A higher PUFA ratio is associated with higher vulnerability to lipid peroxidation. Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) content was higher when the PUFA were in higher proportions, except for Ni-exposed, warm-acclimated fish, in which we reported the lowest level of TBARS but the highest proportion of PUFA. We suspect that the interaction of nickel and temperature on lipid peroxidation is due to their synergistic effects on aerobic energy metabolism, as supported by the decrease in the activity of complex IV of the ETS enzyme activity in those fish, or on antioxidant enzymes and pathways. Overall, our study demonstrates that Ni exposure in heat-challenged fish can lead to the remodelling of the mitochondrial phenotype and potentially stimulate alternative antioxidant mechanisms.

Are the ecotoxicological tools viable to evaluate the effectiveness of wastewater treatment plant effluents?

Ecotoxicological tools have proved to be sensitive and appropriate for the evaluation of the effectiveness of treatments used in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The objective of this study was to assess the applicability of bioassays and biomarkers to evaluate the efficiency of different treatments throughout WWTP samples[A—raw influent, B—preliminary effluent, C—final effluent, and D—receiving stream], seasonally over 1 year, through a multispecies approach: i) bacterial cell viability [Escherichia coli, Rhodopirellulla rubra, Arthrobacter sp., and Pseudomonas putida]; ii) microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata and the macrophyte Lemna minor growth inhibition; and iii) microcrustacean Daphnia magna acute and feeding rate assays. Total chlorophyll, malondialdehyde, and proline levels were evaluated in L. minor, and catalase, glutathione-S-transferase activities, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels were quantified in D. magna, after exposure to wastewater samples. Overall, the tested species showed different sensitivities, P. putida = Arthrobacter sp. = R. rubra < R. subcapitata < E. coli = D. magna = L. minor, to the collected samples. The results obtained in D. magna and L. minor assays demonstrated that these organisms can be used in programs for monitoring and environmental assessment of wastewater effluents. The present study demonstrates the usefulness of ecotoxicological tools, with multispecies and different endpoints, to assess the effectiveness of WWTPs. Moreover, it is important to ensure that WWTP implements a monitoring program to minimize the discharge of effluents that compromise the environment in order to guarantee the good ecological quality of the environmental ecosystems.

Oxidation of biological molecules with age and induced oxidative stress in different growth phases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

One of the mechanistic approaches for explaining ageing is the oxidative stress theory of ageing. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used as a model to study ageing due to many factors. We have attempted to investigate if the differential ability to withstand oxidative stress can be correlated with their lifespans. In all the four strains studied (AP22, 699, 8C, and SP4), there was no age-associated increases in lipid peroxidation levels measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Under induced oxidative stress conditions, there was an increased TBARS level in both the ages assessed with a quantum-fold increase in the stationary phase cells of AP22.In contrast, the late stationary phase cells of 8C exhibited the least susceptibility to induced oxidative stress. The level of TBARS in both exponential and late stationary phase cells of 699 was overall more than that in the other three strains. Protein carbonylation increased with age in 8C and 699. Induced stress increased carbonylation in the exponential cells of SP4 and 699 and the stationary phase cells of all four strains. Protein carbonylation data indicate that the AP22 cells exhibit decreased protein carbonylation vis-à-vis the other strains. Induced stress data showed that while the exponential cells of 699 are susceptible, the late stationary phase cells of 699 are most resistant. Western blotting analysis using anti-HNE antibodies showed two proteins of molecular mass ~ 56 and ~ 84kDa that were selectively modified with age in all the strains. Under induced stress conditions, an additional protein of ~ 69kDa was oxidized. Our investigation shows that the difference in lifespan between the four strains of S. cerevisiae may be regulated by oxidative stress. Knowledge of the identity of the oxidized proteins will significantly facilitate a better understanding of the effect of oxidative stress conditions on the cells of S. cerevisiae.

In vitro Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Erythroxylum cuneatum Leaf Extract on Oxidized Low-density Lipoprotein-stimulated Human Aortic Endothelial Cells

Background The oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes inflammation, which results in the expression of adhesion molecules and monocyte adhesion and migration. This eventually leads to the progression of atherosclerosis. Erythroxylum cuneatum (EC), locally known as “Chinta mula,” is used as traditional medicine in certain countries. However, the scientific evidence of its medicinal properties, particularly related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still limited. Objectives This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of EC leaf extract in protecting against atherosclerosis in vitro. Materials and Methods Human aortic endothelial cells (HAoECs) induced by oxidized LDL (oxLDL) were treated with comparable concentrations (40 and 80 µg/ml) of EC ethanol and acetone leaf extracts. The antioxidant activities were determined by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), ROS, and nitric oxide (NO) production assays. The anti-inflammatory effects of EC leaf extract were evaluated using monocyte adhesion and migration assays and the expression of adhesion molecules, namely, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and human vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Results Both EC extracts possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities against oxLDL-induced HAoECs, which were concentration-dependent. Acetone extract showed significant reduced TBARS levels and increased NO production compared to ethanol extract. It also caused a significant decrease in monocyte adhesion and expression of ICAM-1 as compared to ethanol extract. Conclusion These findings suggest that EC leaf extract is valuable in preventing atherogenesis. The superior effect of EC acetone extract warrants future studies to elucidate its mechanisms in the prevention of CVDs, particularly atherosclerosis.

Rasyona Portakal Kabuğu Tozu İlavesinin Yumurtlayan Bıldırcınlarda Performansa, Yumurta Kalitesine ve Yumurta Sarısı Antioksidan Aktivitesine Etkisi

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of orange peel powder addition to laying quail diets on performance, egg external and internal quality, and egg antioxidant activity. A total of 120 female Japanese quails were randomly allocated to 6 treatment groups with 5 replicates each. Treatment groups were formed by supplementing 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 g/kg orange peel powder to the basal diet. Performance parameters such as body weight, body weight change, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio and egg quality parameters of laying quails were not affected by the addition of orange peel to the diet. Egg yolk DPPH (2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) activity increased linearly with the addition of orange peel powder to the diet compared to the control group, but this effect was not observed at egg yolk TBARs (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) level. At the end of the study, it was determined that orange peel powder could be used in the diet in order to improve the antioxidant activity of egg yolk without affecting performance and egg quality in quails.

Phytogenic blend in the diet of growing Holstein steers: Effects on performance, digestibility, rumen volatile fatty acid profile, and immune and antioxidant responses

The present study determined whether adding the phytogenic blend to the diet of growing steers would improve weight gain, the apparent digestibility of nutrients, volatile fatty acid profiles, and alter immune and antioxidant responses. The experiment included 24 Holstein calves, with an average weight of 149.6 ± 5 kg maintained in a semi-confinement system. The animals were divided into two groups (treated and control). In the concentrate of the treated group, the test product was a phytogenic blend composed of micro-encapsulated cinnamon and oregano essential oils, free turmeric extract, and tannic acid. The animals in the treated group showed more significant weight gain than the control on day 30; there was a trend toward more significant weight gain from 1 to 60 days (P = 0.07). Butyric acid concentrations were higher in the rumen, and there was an interaction between treatment and day (day 30) in the treated group. The ruminal acetic and propionic acid concentrations were higher in animals in the treated group on day 30. The intake of the phytogenic blend increased the apparent digestibility coefficient of neutral detergent fiber but did not affect the apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter, crude protein, or mineral matter. There were significantly fewer lymphocytes in the treated group on day 30. There was a treatment effect and interaction between treatment and day for cholesterol levels, with lower levels in the treated group than in the control group. Serum glucose concentrations were lower in animals in the treated group. There was an effect of the treatment on the concentration of total proteins and globulins, with the highest levels of these proteins in the animals in the treated group. Protein electrophoresis revealed that IgA and ceruloplasmin levels showed a treatment effect and interaction, with higher levels in the treated group (P < 0.05). Heavy chain immunoglobulin levels were lower in steers in the treated group at day 90. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels were lower in the treated group, indicating less lipid peroxidation (P < 0.05). We found that the levels of reactive oxygen species were lower in the treatment group at day 30, and glutathione S-transferase activity and protein thiol levels were higher in this group. These findings suggest that adding the phytogenic blend to the animals' diet was critical in the initial phase, as it modulates volatile fatty acids, stimulates immunological biomarkers, and has antioxidant activity.

TAURINE PREVENTS AGAINST 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE LIVER AND KIDNEY OF RATS

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the preventive effects of Taurine against 2,3,7,8-tetracholorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced organ damage in rats. The environmental toxin TCDD has a high toxicity in animal and human tissues. Taurine is an amino acid found in organ cells that has and antioxidant properties and anti-inflammatory. As a result, the potential preventive effect of taurine on oxidative stress and organ damage caused by TCDD was investigated in rat liver and kidney tissues by measuring glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels.&#x0D; Material and Method: Adult male Wistar rats (250-300 g, 12-13 weeks, n = 32) were randomly allocted into four groups (n = 8/group): Control, TCDD, TAU, and TCDD+TAU. TCDD and/or taurine were administered via gavage in doses of 2 μg/kg/week and 200 mg/kg/day, respectively.&#x0D; Result and Discussion: The results showed that TCDD caused oxidative stress in the liver and kidney tissues of rats by decreasing the levels of GSH and SOD activity and increasing the levels of TBARS. Taurine treatment significantly reduced TBARS levels (p

Mercury Chloride Affects Band 3 Protein-Mediated Anionic Transport in Red Blood Cells: Role of Oxidative Stress and Protective Effect of Olive Oil Polyphenols.

Mercury is a toxic heavy metal widely dispersed in the natural environment. Mercury exposure induces an increase in oxidative stress in red blood cells (RBCs) through the production of reactive species and alteration of the endogenous antioxidant defense system. Recently, among various natural antioxidants, the polyphenols from extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO), an important element of the Mediterranean diet, have generated growing interest. Here, we examined the potential protective effects of hydroxytyrosol (HT) and/or homovanillyl alcohol (HVA) on an oxidative stress model represented by human RBCs treated with HgCl2 (10 µM, 4 h of incubation). Morphological changes as well as markers of oxidative stress, including thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels, the oxidation of protein sulfhydryl (-SH) groups, methemoglobin formation (% MetHb), apoptotic cells, a reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio, Band 3 protein (B3p) content, and anion exchange capability through B3p were analyzed in RBCs treated with HgCl2 with or without 10 μM HT and/or HVA pre-treatment for 15 min. Our data show that 10 µM HT and/or HVA pre-incubation impaired both acanthocytes formation, due to 10 µM HgCl2, and mercury-induced oxidative stress injury and, moreover, restored the endogenous antioxidant system. Interestingly, HgCl2 treatment was associated with a decrease in the rate constant for SO42- uptake through B3p as well as MetHb formation. Both alterations were attenuated by pre-treatment with HT and/or HVA. These findings provide mechanistic insights into benefits deriving from the use of naturally occurring polyphenols against oxidative stress induced by HgCl2 on RBCs. Thus, dietary supplementation with polyphenols might be useful in populations exposed to HgCl2 poisoning.

Consequences of post-weaning sleep deprivation on behaviour and oxidative stress parameters in rat plasma and brain.

Sleep is essential for health: Adequate sleep is essential for healthy development and sleep deprivation results in several consequences. Indeed, sleep deprivation early in life is associated with poor behaviour and cognition, as well as impaired mental and physical health. Preclinical studies have shown that sleep deprivation alters several physiological functions later in life such as the cardiovascular, immune and endocrine systems, resulting in altered oxidative states. Most of the preclinical literature is focused on adult animals, and little is known about oxidative alterations during development, especially in the context of sleep deprivation. Hence, we adapted a classic and well-documented model of sleep deprivation, paradoxical sleep deprivation using multiple platforms, for juvenile rats and explored central and peripheral oxidative parameters, as well as the behavioural consequences of sleep deprivation post-weaning. We showed that 96 h of paradoxical sleep deprivation induced a significant reduction in body weight, decreased sucrose preference-a behaviour suggestive of anhedonia-and increased glucose and decreased cholesterol in the plasma. In the brain, we observed a decrease in reduced glutathione levels in the medial prefrontal cortex and an increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels in the hypothalamus, indicating oxidative damage in these regions. Taken together, our findings suggest that paradoxical sleep deprivation during development induces anhedonic behaviour and promotes central and peripheral alterations in oxidative parameters.

Effects of dietary thyme and rosemary essential oils on performance parameters with lipid oxidation, water activity, pH, colour and microbial quality of breast and drumstick meats in broiler chickens.

This study was aimed at determining the effects of different doses of thyme essential oil (TEO) and rosemary essential oil (REO) incorporated into broiler rations on performance parameters, including body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion rate, as well as on the quality criteria of breast and drumstick meat. The study material comprised of 400 three-day-old male Ross 308 chicks, which were assigned to five groups, each of 80 broilers. Each group was divided into four sub-groups of 20 animals. In this study, the feed rations provided to the control group and groups TEO-150, TEO-300, REO-100 and REO-200 were supplemented with 0, 150 mg kg TEO, 300 mg kg TEO, 100 mg kg REO and 200 mg kg REO, respectively. Fattening performance parameters were statistically similar in the control group and all trial groups ( ). It was determined that, while dietary supplementation with TEO and REO significantly reduced total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB) counts throughout storage in drumstick meat and on days 0 and 8 of storage in breast meat ( ), it showed variable effects on other microbial counts and during other time points in both breast meat and drumstick meat. Dietary supplementation with TEO and REO was ascertained not to affect the pH value of breast and drumstick meat and to show limited and variable effects on colour parameters and water activity throughout the storage period of breast and drumstick meat. In all groups supplemented with TEO and REO, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels of drumstick meat were observed to have significantly decreased on days 0, 2 and 4 of storage ( ). As a result, dietary supplementation with TEO and REO was determined to have a limited effect on performance parameters, but to improve the microbial quality of meat.

PERIODONTAL DISEASE AND SALIVARY OXIDATION STRESS IN CHILDREN WITH LYMPHOGRANULOMATOSIS.

The aim: To investigate the impact of lymphogranulomatosis (LGM) and periodontal disease on salivary lipid peroxidation and enzymatic antioxidants` levels in children. Materials and methods: 45 children aged 6-16 years with LGM were examined before hematologic therapy (group LGM 1), after therapy (group LGM 2), and at the remission (group LGM 3). The control group included 70 healthy children. Periodontal state of children, saliva thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were examined. Results: 6-11 years old children from LGM 1 group showed a higher frequency of periodontal disease (50,0%), as well as 12-15 year olds (80,8%) compared to healthy children (17,4% and 42,8% accordingly, p<0,05). TBARS levels were higher in LGM 1-3 groups of children with periodontal disease (9,79, 12,3 and 12,6 umol/l, р<0,01) compared to counterparts without it (8,01, 10,1 and 11,6 umol/l, р<0,01) and healthy children with periodontal disease (7,9 umol/l, р<0,01). SOD activity was higher in LGM 1-3 groups of children with periodontal disease (-0,075, -0,086, -0,074 units) compared to children without it (-0,048, -0,059, -0,04 units, р<0,01) and healthy children with periodontal disease (-0,04 units, р<0,01). Catalase activity was lower in LGM 1-3 groups of children with periodontal disease (6,72, 5,2 and 6,7 units) compared to counterparts without it (7,3, 3,7 and 4,7 units, р<0,01) and healthy children with periodontal disease (7,1 units, р<0,01). Conclusions: Children with periodontal disease related to LGM had higher TBARS levels, SOD activity and lower catalase activity in saliva. Both LGM and periodontal disease altered lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection in saliva of children.

Effect of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis on cardiovascular parameters and metabolic syndrome in fructose-induced hypertensive rats

Objectives: We investigated the effects of methanolic extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (MNAT) 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day post-operative for 6 weeks on ECG, basal mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), heart rate, respiratory rate, vascular reactivity, antioxidant activities of enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, uric acid, insulin, sodium and potassium in fructose-fed rats. Materials and Methods: A high-fructose-diet (fructose 10%, w/v) ad libitum for 6 weeks was used to induce hypertension in male Wistar rats (150–200 g). Sixty albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into a group of six, each group containing 10 animals. Group I was considered as normal control which received chow pellets and normal drinking water ad libitum for 6 weeks. Group II received fructose (10%) solution instead of normal drinking water for 6 weeks. Group III received fructose (10%) solution instead of drinking water ad libitum and MNAT at a dose of 100 mg/kg post-operative for 6 weeks. Group IV received fructose (10%) solution instead of drinking water ad libitum and MNAT at a dose of 200 mg/kg post-operative for 6 weeks. Group V received fructose (10%) solution instead of drinking water ad libitum and MNAT at a dose of 400 mg/kg post-operative for 6 weeks. Group VI received fructose (10%) solution instead of drinking water ad libitum and enalapril at a dose of 10 mg/kg post-operative for 6 weeks. Physiological parameters, ECG, heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure vascular reactivity to various drugs were measured and recorded by the invasive method. The antioxidant activities of enzyme SOD and CAT, levels of TBARS, along with serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, uric acid, insulin, sodium and potassium were measured. Cumulative concentration-response curve (CCRC) of Ang II and acetylcholine (Ach) was recorded. Results: MNAT treatment decreased MABP and altered vascular reactivity to various catecholamines. The activities of SOD and CAT enzymes exhibited a considerable increase and the levels of TBARS in the liver were reduced by MNAT treatment. MNAT has shown decrease in the plasma level of triglycerides, cholesterol, insulin and sodium while increase in plasma adiponectin and potassium levels. The CCRC of Ang II was shifted towards the right by MNAT treatment using an isolated strip of rat ascending colon. MNAT treatment increased the contractile characteristics of the rat ascending colon in the CCRC of ACh as compared to the fructose-treated group. MNAT treatment reduced fructose-induced tissue damage due to the consequence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). MNAT is rich in flavonoids and, therefore, has powerful antioxidant properties. The findings show that by battling oxidative stress caused by fructose (10%) and reducing Ang II activity, MNAT may be able to prevent the development of high blood pressure caused by fructose. Conclusion: MNAT has antihypertensive action and reverses MetS in the fructose-induced hypertensive rat model.

Time-Dependent Oxidative Alterations in Plasma and Lung Tissue after Meconium Aspiration in a Rabbit Model.

Aspirated meconium into a newborn's airways induces the transcription of pro-oxidative mediators that cooperate in the pathogenesis of inflammatory changes and may negatively affect the commonly used exogenous surfactant therapy. However, inflammation is not treated at present, nor is the time dependence of oxidative damage known. The aim of our study was to describe the time course of oxidative stress marker production during meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) and its relationship to leukocyte infiltration. New Zealand rabbits were instilled with saline or meconium suspension and ventilated for 5.5 h. Respiratory parameters were recorded and blood samples were taken before meconium application and in time intervals of 15 and 30 min, 1.0, 1.5, 3.5 and 5.5 h after application to evaluate oxidative markers and differential leukocytes count. Meconium aspiration led to a worsening of respiratory parameters and a decrease in leukocytes in the first 15 min. Changes in leukocytes were correlated both with nitrotyrosine (3NT) levels and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels, with the latter also related to changes in neutrophil count. The production of 3NT and TBARS increased in 1.5 and 3.5 h, respectively, in different ways, suggesting more than one source of oxidative agents and a potential risk of exogenous surfactant inactivation in a short time. We observed that MAS triggered neutrophil migration to the alveolar space and activation, as shown by the increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and generation of indicators of oxidative damage to proteins and lipids during the time period when iNOS and NO metabolites were released.