Things In History Research Articles

Secure Healthcare Data Storage and Transmission: A Review of Current Technologies and Future Directions

The development of websites, applications, and the first social networks profoundly altered everyone's life and became the catalyst for advancement on a global scale. The days of immovable points, phones, and printing presses are long gone. But is everything really as perfect as it looks? Perhaps the most contentious thing in history is progress. We now have the freedom to express our ideas without fear, connect with individuals around the globe, and access a seemingly limitless amount of knowledge thanks to the Internet. But as time goes on, concerns about the cloudlessness of virtual existence become more and more prevalent; we have been captured by things that do not exist in reality. Apart from the well-known hazards like terrorism and global warming, the growth of the Internet has given rise to entirely unknown and novel perils that have infiltrated our life. We refer to this phenomena as "cybercrime". Any form of criminal activity carried out virtually is referred to as cybercrime. Ten to twenty years ago, this phenomena was known only to specialised specialists. IT industry, and it is currently a worldwide issue. Although everyone and the IT sector receive adequate security measures and equipment, cybercrime is nevertheless increasing at a very rapid pace in parallel. There are several security problems and cyberthreats in the modern world. With new technology emerging daily, we can predict major issues in the road. In this work a Secure Healthcare Data Storage and Transmission in WAN area is discussed.

Минимум по корейскому. О книге Елены Хохловой «Главное в истории искусства Кореи»

The first Russian book in forty years summarizing the information on the history of Korean art was published by the MIF publishing house as part of the book series The Main Things in History. But is the art of Korea known to us enough to highlight the “main things” in it? The publisher clearly understands the audience of readers the product is intended for, and in serial publications it offers navigation designed for the usual quick search for introductory information; however, the requirements of brevity and ease of presentation prevail over scientific fundamentality. The competence of the author, Korean Art historian Elena Khokhlova, her passion for the material, and courage in the selection of ‘key monuments’ made it possible, even within constraints, to create a serious work that awakens interest in the Oriental culture and in the history of art in general.

Today's Psychotic Academy

At a 2011 Google Zeitgeist conference, Stephen Hawking boldly said, is dead.1 And it is dead essentially because it's passe. Hawking's thinks that philosophy is like a guy who shows up at a cocktail party at dawn after the guests left. But why would such a presumably intelligent professor say this? His reasons were made obvious: Philosophers, Hawking says, have not kept up with modern developments in science. Particularly Philosophy is outmoded because Prometheus's inspiring torch has been stolen yet again, but this time not from Zeus, but from the philosophers: Scientists become the bearers of the torch of discovery in our quest for knowledge. So according to Hawking, it's as if the conversation about the truth of the world only rests in the hands of elite physics professors funded by multinational corporations and national governments. But why should we believe this? After all this new pronouncement comes from the literal mouthpiece of science's talking head that capaciously speaks for all of us. Could it be that some category mistake has been committed by the likes of Hawking who mistakes philosophy for theology?It is becoming more and more clear that philosophy is not people think it is, which according to Slavoj Žižek, is traditionally conceived of as [S]ome crazy exercise in absolute truth. . . . No Žižek continues, I think philosophy is a very modest discipline. Philosophy does not solve problems: duty of philosophy is to show how we experience as a problem is a false problem2 Philosophers deal less with absolute truth claims, like Hawking thinks, and more with issues like the meaning of freedom and why something doesn't seem to make sense, like for example the crisis of learning and education endemic in our post-industrial society.It is clear that there is a systemic phobia against philosophy reigning today, which is seen not only in the simpleton sentiments expressed by Hawking, but even on a mass cultural level. Think, for example, of the translation of J. K. Rowling's first novel in the Harry Potter series, which was originally published in England as The Philosopher's Stone but was innocuously changed to The Sorcerer's Stone in the United States and Canada. Once again we must ask why? And the reason is straightforward. The marketing executives were afraid the book sounded too much like a philosophy textbook and for this reason was surely not going to sell. But the fact is that this seemingly innocent title translation uncovers as much about the uneducated elite marketing executives on Madison Avenue as it does about the general Zeitgeist about how we refuse to think. Substituting the British title reveals this because the original one actually refers to a real historic object whose meaning is central to fully understanding the plot of the story itself. Is not this move indicative of a fear about the action of thinking today in its dialectical relationship to history?In addition to this one need only observe the anemic history of philosophy in America, which is decisively geared to the pragmatist school concerned with what works while ignoring the radical nature of philosophy's ability to think and call into question how, for example, things in history come to emerge in this way and not in another way. It is clear from these examples that America seems only concerned with questions that already answers and thus puts philosophy and thinking into the tame existence, safely labeling it a department in a university or college. This phobia further illuminates something much more insidious about the cultural unconscious, namely that the practice of thinking is not only feared, but contains within itself the seeds of revolutionary possibilities which pose a direct threat to the ruling ideology of capitalism and its embodied materialist form as State. And does this too not diagnose why America is obsessed with what works, which only further accelerates a psychotic logic of economic growth at all costs (war, violence, stealing, colonializing etc. …

The Effect of Eong-bang-gang (翁方綱) on forming epigraphy of Chu-Sa(秋史)

한국금석학의 역사에서 가장 주목해야할 일은 19세기에 있었던 한·중 금석탁본의 교류와 연구이다. 이 시기는 청조를 방문했던 많은 문인들과 역관들에 의해 금석학자들의 적극적인 학문적 교류가 확대되었고, 이를 계기로 금석문을 연구대상으로 삼 고자 하는 학풍이 생겨나기 시작한 시점으로, 그 중심에 覃溪 翁方綱(1733~1818)과 秋史 金正喜(1786~1856)가 있었다. 특히 이 두 학자간의 직접적인 만남과 교류는 韓中의 금석탁본을 서로 교환하고 분석하면서 자연스럽게 추사금석학을 탄생하 게 하는 결과를 낳았다. 조선의 18세기 후반과 경화지역은 청대의 학문과 예술에 대해 관심이 증폭된 시기로, 추사는 1809년 10월 24세에 司馬試에 합격하여 生員이 되면서 아버지 김노경이 冬至副使로 연경에 갈때 子弟軍官의 자격으로 함께 중국에 가게 되어 40일간 머무르며 계획적이고 체계적인 공부를 하게 되었다. 이 짧은 기간동안 옹방강을 비롯한 曹江(?~?) ․ 徐松(1781-1848) · 阮元(1764~1849) ․ 朱鶴年(1760-1834) ․ 李鼎元(1749-?) ․ 李林松(?-?) 등과 만나면서 시서화는 물론 청조고증학을 받아 들이는 창구를 만들어 놓았고, 귀국후에도 이들과의 지속적인 교류를 유지하면서 새로운 학문에 대한 열망으로 추사금석학을 체계화시켰다. 특히 옹방강은 당시 최고의 학자로 조선의 젊은 청년과의 만남이 쉽지 않았으나 추사의 스승인 朴齊家(1750~1805)의 소개편지로 귀한 만남의 시간을 가질 수 있었으며, 이러한 인연으로 옹방강의 서재인 石墨書樓에서 중국의 귀중한 탁본진본과 서화진적을 볼 수 있었던 행운의 기회를 얻을 수 있었다. 이러한 경험은 추사로 하여금 금석학과 고증학에 전념하는 큰 계기가 되었으며, 귀국 후에도 종종 서신을 나누면서 금석문을 분석하는 방법과 고증하는 과정, 제발, 쌍구의 체제를 지도 받았다. 당시 조선은 금석학 분야의 심도 있는 연구보다는 금석문을 서법연마의 자료로 활용하거나, 탁본을 통해 완상의 대상으로 삼았던 게 전부였으나 추사가 금석학의 체계를 세운 이후부터 금석문을 학문의 대상으로 삼아 체계적인 연구를 하면서 고 증과 분석을 하는 작업이 활발히 진행되어 여러 학자들에 의해 많은 성과가 있었다. 따라서 탁본첩의 제작이나 금석문 목록집의 편찬에서 더 나아가 금석문의 내용에 관해 釋文을 하고, 그 역사적인 유래와 의미, 서체를 연구하기 시작하면서 독립된 학문으로서의 체계를 갖추게 된 것이다. 따라서 목록집의 경우에도 단순히 비석의 위치나 명칭을 기록하는데서 더 나아가 건립 시기를 추정하고 간략한 해제를 첨가하는 데까지 나아가게 되었으며, 題跋文, 서예작품, 쌍구작품 등의 형태로도 분석결과를 남기게 되어 한국서예사 발전에도 큰 영향을 미쳤다.The most noticable thing in history of Korean epigraphy is study and exchange of Korean and Chinese epigraphy in 19th century. In this time, social intercourse with epigrapher was enlarged by many literator and interpreter who visited the Ching dynasty and academic tradition trying to study epigraphy started to appear with this as a momentum. And there were Dam-gye Eong-bang-gang (覃溪翁方綱, 1733~1818) and Chu-sa Kim-Jeong-hee (秋史金正喜, 1786~1856) in the center of that. The interchange between these two scholars led to the birth of Chu-sa s epigraphy by intercourse between Korean and Chinese epigraphic rubbing and calligraphic effect. Kyung-hwa region of the late 18th century had a lots of interest in study and art of Ching dynasty. Chu-sa passed Sa-ma-si in October 24, 1809 and became saeng-won. He went to China for 40 days as child officer and studied systematically when his father, Kim No Kyung went to Yanjing as Dong-ji-bu-sa. In this short period, Chu-sa met Eong-bang-gang ․ Jo-gang (曹江, ?~?) ․ Seo-song(徐松, 1781-1848) · Wan-won (阮元, 1764~1849) ․ Ju-hak-yeon (朱鶴年, 1760-1834) ․ Lee-jeong-won (李鼎元, 1749-?) ․ Lee-im-song (李林松, ?-?) and made a window for accepting the study of ancient documents of Ching dynasty as well as poem, writing and painting. After coming back, he maintained continuous intercourse with them and systematized the epigraphy of Chu-sa with an enthusiasm to the new study. Especially, it was not easy to meet young man in Joseon as Eong-bang-gang was the greatest scholar in Ching dynasty but he met Chu-sa thanks to the introduction letter of Park-je-ga (朴齊家, 1750~1805) who was a teacher of Chu-sa. Also, he could luckily have a chance to see Chinese precious original copy of rubbing and real relics. It was a great opportunity for Chu-sa to concentrate on epigraphy and the study of the ancient, so they often sent letters to each other to learn the method of analyzing epigraph and studying historical evidence and system of Jebal and Ssang-gu. At that time, scholars of Joseon could only just use epigraph as a material of polishing writing style rather than intensive study on epigraph and regard an epigraph as appreciating object by rubbing. But, after Chu-sa systemize an epigraph, studying and analyzing epigraph systematically paid off by many scholars. So, they systemized epigraph as independent study as doing Jebal about epigraph and studying its historical origin, meaning and font making a headway from making rubbing book and lists of epigraph. Therefore, in case of lists of epigraph, they not only just write location or name of stone but estimate the contruction period and adding brief explanation so it had a great effect on developing Korean calligraphy history leaving the work of Jebal, calligraphic work and Ssang-gu work.

The Imperial Moment (review)

Reviewed by: The Imperial Moment Alexander Mirkovic The Imperial Moment. Edited by Kimberly Kagan. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010. 268 pp. $ 49.95 (cloth). This collection of essays focuses on six imperial moments, particularc events in history when a powerful state becomes an empire. The imperial moments included in the collection are as follows: (a) classical Athens, (b) the Roman republic, (c) Great Britain (before American independence), (d) China of the Qing dynasty, (e) Russia, mostly before the Romanovs, and finally (f) the United States. In this last [End Page 816] case the focus is on the new American empire created after 9/11, in the wake of the so-called Bush doctrine, the foreign policy principle that allows the United States to act "preemptively" when it concludes that its security interests are at stake. With great precision, the editor made it clear that the scope of this collection was narrow. The editor's choice of imperial moments might strike many readers as a missed opportunity to include more, but it is the author's or editor's prerogative to limit the scope of his or her book. Therefore, economic or cultural aspects of empires were not discussed here. There is no mention of Immanuel Wallerstein and his world-system theory. Ethical and racial aspects of empires were also not considered. Noam Chomsky and Edward Said are never mentioned in the book. Most surprisingly, there is no mention of the age of empires, the nineteenth century. The editor explains this exclusion by saying, "it is not possible to define empire or develop a general theory of empires exclusively on the basis of the nineteenth-and early twentieth-century examples" (p. 8). The book is about power politics and interstate relations, pure realism in international relations, as pure as it was conceived by Machiavelli. However, as one delves into the book, it becomes clear that, although the scope of this book is extremely narrow, the editor's ambitions are colossal. On the narrow basis of the six examples listed, Kimberly Kagan would like to create a general theory of empires and cover the whole world and all of history. How can this be done? Historians seldom write narratives such as this one that span from antiquity to modern times. These grand narratives leave normally careful and cautious historians overexposed to attacks from all sides, from specialists who cover a single period or region, to experts who have theoretical and methodological complaints. Kagan attempted exactly that: to compile a history of imperialism in six easy examples. With much nerve, Kagan constructed a grand narrative of imperialism from ancient Athens to George W. Bush trying to explain how powerful states become empires. She tried and, in my opinion, failed. Let me try to explain this with a story. Winston Churchill also had no qualms about writing grand narratives. When he wrote A History of the English Speaking Peoples he said, "I write about the things in our past that appear significant to me and I do so as one not without some experience of historical and violent events in our own time." His archrival Clement Attlee mocked Churchill's historical work and his selectivity by saying Churchill wrote a book about "things in history that interested me."1 [End Page 817] Like Winston Churchill, Kagan is a conservative activist. Educated as a military historian and a graduate of classical studies at Yale University, Kagan has taught at various institutions, such as the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. However, she left her academic career and became a founder and president of the Institute for the Study of War in Washington, D.C., an influential political think-tank. In recent years Kagan conducted many military missions as a part of civilian advisory teams. As a result of these military engagements, she produced the book The Surge: A Military History, published in 2009. Kagan praised military generals who enacted the surges in Iraq with the following words: "Great commanders often come in pairs: Eisenhower and Patton, Grant and Sherman, Napoleon and Davout, Marlborough and Eugene, Caesar and Labienus. Generals David Petraeus and Raymond Odierno can now be added to the list."2 Therefore...

A. J. P. Taylor on the ‘Greater’ German Problem

ability to draw clear connections between the past and the present was one of A. J. P. Taylor's greatest strengths as a historian, lending his work a continuing significance. This is true despite the fact that, in his writings, Taylor was often contemptuous of attempts to draw 'lessons' from history. cIn my opinion,' he declares in one of his famous Ford lectures, 'we learn nothing from history except the infinite variety of men's behavior. We study it, as we listen to music or read poetry, for pleasure, not for instruction.'1 This professed reluctance to draw direct lessons from history sprang largely, he explains, from his conviction that 'most things in history happen by accident.'2 He may have actually believed this, and much of his writing does betray an amused detachment about the foibles of past statesmen. But Taylor was too much of an activist consistently to adopt such an agnostic historicism. For the man who remained politically engaged throughout his career, who appeared on many public platforms and on television, and who wrote historical articles in the press, there was no easy distinction between the historian and the public intellectual, between analyst and advocate. This general observation is especially true when dealing with Taylor's writings on the Germans. Kathleen Burk is correct to consider the German question the central factor in Taylor's view of history.3 One could go further and say that the German question was the link between Taylor's view of the past and his concerns about the present and the future. It is no coincidence, for example, that his most important works on the German question in European history were written in the fifteen years after the Second World War, when that question was particularly acute in contemporary politics. Indeed, all his treatments of Germany are suffused with the concerns of the time. Although his historical works dealt primarily with the crucial decades between 1848 and the First World War, he never forgot the contemporary implications of the German question for the post-1945 world.

History: the Reciprocal Influences

In the spring of 1984, I came across a blisteringly polemical account of the American historical profession in Harper's magazine. Written by Gertrude Himmelfarb, a distinguished conservative scholar of Victorian Britain, it charged her fellow historians with such obsessive eagerness to uncover the smallest details of everyday life in the past that they had lost sight of the truly important things in history: ideas, politics, war and diplomacy. Himmelfarb had no shortage of villains to blame for this dreadful state of affairs, including Marxism, and what Americans would soon come to call "political correctness."

Sex, Gender, Culture, and a Great Event: The California Gold Rush

I was working on the galleys for my book, Intimate Frontiers: Sex, Gender, and Culture in Early California, when I happened to hear several historians on National Public Radio. They were explaining why a new historical organization, The History Society, was needed. Among other things, they argued that the proliferation of gender studies in history threatened to trivialize the discipline. We should be thinking about big things, and we should be seeking the truth.I I suspect that there are many historians who believe that sex and gender are trivial subjects. Sex and gender are merely manifestations of biology that are common to all humans. What have they to do with the big things in history? How does knowledge of sex and gender help us discover some of the truth about the past? This essay addresses those questions. Surely the California gold rush qualifies as one of the Big Things in history. The discovery of gold in 1848 set off a human migration that was truly global in scope. Hundreds of thousands of people from every continent set off for California. As a national event, the

Daughters of earth/sons of heaven: Signs and things in history

Daughters of earth/sons of heaven: Signs and things in history

Some Cave Chapels of Southern Italy

There are few things in history more illusive and at the same time more persistent than the tradition that the Hellenistic language and culture did not cease to be part of the life of Southern Italy when Magna Graecia ceased to be anything but the shadow of a great name. It is a fact that the Hellenism of South Italy has a habit of being lost sight of. It hides itself, as it were, from the end of the Punic wars till the time of Justinian. After the end of the Byzantine domination it again burrows into the earth, and it is only now when it is indeed disappearing that we begin to realise that it has been there all the time. There have always been signs of its presence for those who will look for them.

The Police, Crime and Politics

T HE alliance between police, crime and politics in American and other communities is no new thing in history, but recent events have focused attention on certain aspects of it more sharply than before. The Rothstein case in New York and the St. Valentine's day massacre in Chicago are familiar examples of outcroppings which indicate the presence of intimate combinations between criminals and the organized forces of the government. In some places and at certain times the organization against the government is stronger than the organization of the government itself, and in some ways the underworld is better prepared for protection than is the state for defence of persons and property in society. The evidence of this has been so frequently presented in the most conclusive form in so many cities within the last quarter of a century that there is no need to relate the familiar details, varying in communities, but essentially the same sort of phenomenon.' The automobile, the machine gun, the bomb, the bootlegger and racketeering may present new and interesting variations, but after all they do not represent any fundamental change in the basic situation depicted in the report of the Chicago Council Committee on Crime of which I was chairman in 1914. Even judicial collusion with politics and crime isbyno means new, for brazen examples of this distressing situation are found in the Tweed expose of the early 70's. What we really find in some of these situations seems to be two competing types of organizations and two competing types of cultures struggling for mastery in the community, and it is evident to any experienced student of social and political conditions that the causes of this are not superficial but fundamental. The control of the case requires not merely salve but specifics, not merely punishment but preventive measures of a thoroughgoing kind. this effect defective comes by cause. For this reason man hunts and crusades, necessary as they may be, do not reach the goal sought, and often leave a trail of disappointment in their wake. There are not jails enough to punish everybody involved in these combinations from whose operation we recoil, and the choice of the victims marked for sacrifice may not be happy. This is not to say that integrity, competence and energy on the part of prosecuting officers is not both necessary and desirable, nor that community revolution against gangs of corruptionists is to be disparaged. It is merely intended to indicate that this is not enough.