Thin TiO2 Research Articles

Thin and Uniform Mesoporous TiO2-Wrapped MoO2 Submicrospheres as Anode Materials for Enhanced Electrochemical Performances

MoO2 has great potential for applications in rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, and catalysis. However, its application for a long duration remains a challenge. Here, an effective strategy is presented to enhance its structural and chemical stability by wrapping a thin layer of porous oxide on MoO2 particles. Mesoporous TiO2-coated MoO2 (MoO2@mTiO2) submicrospheres are thus designed and controllably fabricated via kinetics-controlled coating and thermal treatment. The composite submicrosphere is built of a spherical MoO2 core and a thin amorphous mesoporous TiO2 shell with a tunable thickness, showing the enhanced structural and chemical stability. Their formation is attributed to the NH4+-mediated tiny TiO2 nanoparticle deposition mechanism. Importantly, the MoO2@mTiO2-based electrode for lithium-ion batteries can maintain a high reversible capacity of up to ∼970 mAh g–1 at 1 A g–1 even after 380 cycles, which is much higher than that of the bare MoO2 microsphere-based electrode, exhibiting excellent cycling performance. Further experiments have revealed that there exists an optimal TiO2 shell thickness (about 12 nm), and overly thin or thick TiO2 shells are unfavorable to a long cycling performance with high capacity. In addition, this MoO2@mTiO2 electrode can always maintain a high reversible capacity of above 200 mAh g–1 at 1 A g–1 even after 1000 cycles for sodium-ion batteries, showing a good practical prospect. This study provides not only a facile route for the fabrication of MoO2@mTiO2 submicrospheres but also a potential electrode material with enhanced structural and chemical stability for lithium (or sodium)-ion batteries.

White and black anodic TiO2 nanotubes: Comparison of biological effects in A549 and SH-SY5Y cells

In this work, the cytotoxicity of black TiO2 nanotubes in comparison to their white counterparts is exploited for the first time. To provide a comprehensive overview, the toxicity is also assessed in comparison to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using two different cell lines. The TiO2 nanotube layers were prepared by anodic oxidation of Ti foils and investigated in the as-prepared white form, and in the black form, achieved by reduction via comproportionation reaction of Ti and TiO2. Additionally, a part of the black TiO2 nanotube layers was coated with a thin TiO2 coating with a nominal thickness of ~0.275 nm by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). Pulmonary A549 cells and neural SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to a wide range of TiO2 nanotube concentrations (1–500 μg/mL) for 24 and 48 h. Then, the cytotoxicity was evaluated using cell viability and glutathione assessments. Essentially, no reduction in cell viability was observed after incubating the cells with TiO2 nanotubes up to 100 μg/mL, while MWCNTs decreased the cell viability at a similar concentration significantly. In addition, ALD TiO2 coating on the black TiO2 nanotubes caused disappearance of mild toxic effects of white and black TiO2 nanotubes due to the shading of carbon and fluorine species incorporated within the TiO2 nanotube walls.

Effects of soft sparking on micro/nano structure and bioactive components of microarc oxidation coatings on selective laser melted Ti6Al4V alloy

We used the soft sparking mode to fabricate microarc oxidation coatings containing micro/nano-scale pores and bioactive Ca/P components on Ti6Al4V alloy samples formed by selective laser melting. The effect of soft sparking on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of the coatings and the codeposition mechanism of the electrolyte anions in the soft sparking layer were investigated using different negative/positive charge ratios. The results showed that the negative charge significantly decreased the intensity of microarc discharge, resuling in the soft sparking phenomenon, which promotes the formation of a thin amorphous TiO2 layer at the barrier layer/substrate interface. In turn, this interface facilitated the electron tunneling and aggregation of the electrolyte anions, which leads to soft sparking at voltages significantly lower than the breakdown voltage of the anodic oxide film on the selective laser melted Ti alloys. Soft sparking promoted the codeposition of the electrolyte anions, including PO43− and Ca2+ ions, in the form of bulk amorphous phases in the coating formed by soft sparking. The soft sparking layer contained amorphous phases, which were corroded more readily than that the outer ceramic layer. However, the submicro/nano-scale pores in the soft sparking layer improved its corrosion resistance. With an increase in negative/positive charge ratio, the effect of soft sparking on the surface morphology of the MAO coating weakened, and the amounts of Ca and P codeposited in the soft sparking layer increased. Finally, the corrosion resistance of the coating was found to first increase and then decrease, reaching the maximum at the 1.1 ratio.

Suppression of Strain Relaxation in VO2/TiO2 Multilayered Films

Strained VO2 films grown on (001) rutile TiO2 exhibit an abrupt insulator-to-metal transition (IMT) around room temperature. The transition temperature (Tc) increases when the critical thickness of ∼15 nm is exceeded. The strain relaxation is responsible for crack formation. Here, we show that inserting thin TiO2 layers suppresses the strain relaxation of VO2. We fabricated several VO2/TiO2/VO2 trilayer films on (001) TiO2 substrates. Each film had a VO2 film of 8 nm, but the TiO2 thickness was varied. Strained VO2/TiO2 multilayer films show IMT with clear hysteresis around room temperature when the TiO2 thickness exceeds 4 nm. In addition, we fabricated 8 nm thick VO2/9 nm thick TiO2 multilayered films. Tc is maintained around room temperature even though the total VO2 thickness is ∼50 nm. The present results provide a useful design concept of thin-film materials for thermochromic applications of strained VO2.

Photoacoustic Characterization of TiO2 Thin-Films Deposited on Silicon Substrate Using Neural Networks

In this paper, the possibility of determining the thermal, elastic and geometric characteristics of a thin TiO2 film deposited on a silicon substrate, with a thickness of 30 μm, in the frequency range of 20 to 20 kHz with neural networks were analysed. For this purpose, the geometric (thickness), thermal (thermal diffusivity, coefficient of linear expansion) and electronic parameters of substrates were known and constant in the two-layer model, while the following nano-layer thin-film parameters were changed: thickness, expansion and thermal diffusivity. Predictions of these three parameters of the thin-film were analysed separately with three neural networks. All of them together were joined by a fourth neural network. It was shown that the neural network, which analysed all three parameters at the same time, achieved the highest accuracy, so the use of networks that provide predictions for only one parameter is less reliable. The obtained results showed that the application of neural networks in determining the thermoelastic properties of a thin film on a supporting substrate enables the estimation of its characteristics with great accuracy.

Protective Characteristics of TiO2 Sol-Gel Layer Deposited on Zn-Ni or Zn-Co Substrates

This study aimed to present the differences in the corrosion properties and protective ability of two bi-layer systems obtained on low-carbon steel in a model corrosive medium of 5% NaCl solution. These newly developed systems consist of Zn-Co (3 wt.%) or Zn-Ni (10 wt.%) alloy coatings as under-layers and a very thin TiO2 sol-gel film as a top-layer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used for characterization of the surface morphology of the samples indicating that some quantitative differences appear as a result of the different composition of both zinc alloys. Surface topography is investigated by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the hydrophobic properties are studied by contact angle (CA) measurements. These investigations demonstrate that both sample types possess grain nanometric surface morphology and that the contact angle decreases very slightly. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are used for characterization of the chemical composition and electronic structure of the samples. The roughness Rq of the Zn-Ni/TiO2 is 49.5 nm, while for Zn-Co/TiO2, the Rq value is 53.4 nm. The water contact angels are 93.2 and 95.5 for the Zn-Ni/TiO2 and Zn-Co/TiO2 systems, respectively. These investigations also show that the co-deposition of Zn and Ni forms a coating consisting entirely of Ni2Zn11, while the other alloy contains Zn, Co and the intermetallic compound CoZn13. The corrosion resistance and protective ability are estimated by potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) curves, as well as polarization resistance (Rp) measurements for a prolonged test period (35 days). The results obtained are compared with the corrosion characteristics of ordinary zinc coating with an equal thickness. The experimental data presents the positive influence of the newly developed systems on the enhanced protective properties of low-carbon steel in a test environment causing a localized corrosion—lower corrosion current density of about one magnitude of order (~10−6 A.cm−2 for both systems and ~10−5 A.cm−2 for Zn) and an enhanced protective ability after 35 days (~10,000–17,000 ohms for the systems and ~900 ohms for Zn).

Surface Character of Magnetic Ce-doped TiO2 for Photocatalytic Performance Enhancement

Using a modified sol-gel method for magnetic photocatalyst, the core shell structure of Ce-doped TiO2@SiO2@ferrite composite nanoparticles (NPs) was created. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmit–Teller (BET), and a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) were used to examine the physicochemical properties of the products as they were prepared. The ultraviolet-visible spectrometry (UV-vis) was used to measure the catalyst's photocatalytic activity. On the composite NPs' outer shell coating, the anatase phase related to the TiO2 structure was constructed. On the Ce-doped TiO2 layers, a mesoporous structure with uniform pore size was created, resulting in a specific surface area of 111.916 m2g-1. In the meantime, the thin TiO2 coating contained the redox couple of Ce3+ and Ce4+. An external magnetic field can also be used to separate the catalyst's magnetic NPs from the reaction system. In the aqueous solution of methylene blue (MB), the degradation efficiency and product performance were both 50 percentage

Guest Editorial: Solar Energy Utilization

Guest Editorial: Solar Energy Utilization

Burying small Pt nanoparticles in the TiO2 microsphere support to form visible light antenna-reactor photocatalysts.

By rational design and parameter engineering of the TiO2-Pt core-satellite construction, visible light absorption in small Pt nanoparticles (NPs) can be enhanced by nearly 100 times. The TiO2 microsphere support works as the optical antenna, giving rise to superior performance compared to conventional plasmonic nanoantennas. A crucial step is to bury the Pt NPs completely in the high refractive index TiO2 microsphere, because light absorption in the Pt NP approximately scales with the fourth power of the refractive index of its surrounding media. The proposed evaluation factor for light absorption enhancement in the Pt NPs at different positions is proved to be valid and useful. The physics modeling of the buried Pt NPs corresponds to the general case in practice where the surface of the TiO2 microsphere is naturally rough or a thin TiO2 coating is subsequently added. These results offer new avenues for directly transforming dielectric supported nonplasmonic catalytic transition metals into visible light photocatalysts.

Effect of the Surface Oxide Layer on Shape Memory Effect and Superelasticity of [011]-Oriented Ti-50.1Ni Single Crystals

Effect of the surface oxide layer on the shape memory effect (SME) and superelasticity (SE) after marforming (deformation in the martensitic state, followed by annealing at 713 K for 0.5 h in an inert helium gas and in dry air) was investigated on Ti-50.1Ni (at.%) single crystals, oriented along [011]-direction, under compression. Quenched [011]-oriented crystals of the Ti-50.1Ni alloy experience a one-stage B2-B19′ martensitic transformation (MT) without SE under compression. Marforming leads to a two-stage B2-R-B19′ MT and creates conditions for SE. A thin TiO2 oxide layer of 170 nm thick was formed on the sample surface upon annealing at 713 K for 0.5 h in dry air. In [011]-oriented crystals without and with an oxide layer, maximum of the SE value reached 4%, and the SME was 2.4 and 2.6%, respectively. Appearance of an oxide layer upon annealing in dry air: (i) reduces the stresses of B2-phase by 50 MPa from Md to 473 K; (ii) decreases Θ = dσ/dε from 6.5 GPa in crystals without an oxide layer to 2.0 GPa with an oxide layer and (iii) does not affect the SME and SE values.

In-Situ Functionalization of Cotton Fabric by TiO2: The Influence of Application Routes

The desirable chemical, physical, electronic, and optical properties of TiO2, as well as its high availability, non-toxicity, and low price, make it very popular in the modern functional textile industry. Here, TiO2 from titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) precursors at concentrations of 2, 4, and 6% and commercial TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in dispersion form were applied to cotton textiles using low-temperature application methods (i.e., sol–gel pad–dry–cure, pad–hydrothermal, and exhaustion–hydrothermal methods) to provide a systematic study of the influence of low-temperature application processes and TIIP concentration and on the overall properties of TiO2-functionalized textile materials. The treated cotton fabric samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) to determine their surface morphology, chemical composition, and crystal structure, while the optical properties of the synthesized TiO2 were determined using the absorption method and Tauc plotting. Afterwards, corresponding UV protection properties and photocatalytic self-cleaning activity were evaluated. In contrast to commercial TiO2, a relatively thin TiO2 deposition with an amorphous structure and a blue-shifted band gap between 3.18 and 3.28 eV was formed when applied at low temperatures. A sol with a TIIP concentrations of 2 and 4% applied using the exhaustion–hydrothermal and sol–gel dry-cure method, respectively, proved to be optimal. Both applied sol concentrations provided good UV protection and excellent photocatalytic performance, which exceeded that of commercial TiO2, even though the Ti contents in the samples were two- to three-times lower and the synthesized TiO2 exhibited an amorphous structure.

Low-Temperature Processed Brookite Interfacial Modification for Perovskite Solar Cells with Improved Performance.

The scaffold layer plays an important role in transporting electrons and preventing carrier recombination in mesoporous perovskite solar cells (PSCs), so the engineering of the interface between the scaffold layer and the light absorption layer has attracted widespread concern. In this work, vertically grown TiO2 nanorods (NRs) as scaffold layers are fabricated and further treated with TiCl4 aqueous solution. It can be found that a thin brookite TiO2 nanoparticle (NP) layer is formed by the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method on the surface of every rutile NR with a low annealing temperature (150 °C), which is beneficial for the infiltration and growth of perovskite. The PSC based on the TiO2 NR/brookite NP structure shows the best power conversion of 15.2%, which is 56.37% higher than that of the PSC based on bare NRs (9.72%). This complex structure presents an improved pore filling fraction and better carrier transport capability with less trap-assisted carrier recombination. In addition, low-annealing-temperature-formed brookite NPs possess a more suitable edge potential for electrons to transport from the perovskite layer to the electron collection layer when compared with high-annealing-temperature-formed anatase NPs. The brookite phase TiO2 fabricated at a low temperature presents great potential for flexible PSCs.

Influence of Er and Yb on photoelectrochemical performance of TiO2 thin film

The strategy of modifying the titanium dioxide photoanode with an internal upconverter containing Er activator and Yb sensitizer was proposed. To assess the impact of rare earth ions, thin film TiO2, TiO2:Er, and TiO2:Er,Yb were deposited in the magnetron sputtering process on conducting glass, amorphous silica a-SiO2, and silicon. Two strategies were tested: introduction of high activator content and incorporation of low activator content with addition of sensitizer. Pure TiO2 served as a reference material. All deposited films displayed promising optical properties, such as high transparency and low reflectance in weak absorption region, and strong absorption above the fundamental absorption edge, as investigated by spectrophotometric measurements. Structural characterization by means of grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy revealed that films crystallized as a mixture of anatase and rutile, while high concentration of modifying ions led to amorphization. Changes in surface morphology accompanied the structural transition, as shown in scanning electron microscopy analysis. Current-voltage and time-dependent measurements in photoelectrochemical cells, under white light illumination before and after cut-off of ultraviolet light, confirmed enhanced performance of TiO2:Er,Yb (1 at.%, 1 at.%) photoanodes over pure TiO2 as well as TiO2:Er (10 at.%) and TiO2:Er,Yb (2 at.%, 10 at.%).

Effect of TiO2 Film Thickness on the Stability of Au9 Clusters with a CrOx Layer.

Radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering allows the fabrication of TiO2 films with high purity, reliable control of film thickness, and uniform morphology. In the present study, the change in surface roughness upon heating two different thicknesses of RF sputter-deposited TiO2 films was investigated. As a measure of the process of the change in surface morphology, chemically -synthesised phosphine-protected Au9 clusters covered by a photodeposited CrOx layer were used as a probe. Subsequent to the deposition of the Au9 clusters and the CrOx layer, samples were heated to 200 ℃ to remove the triphenylphosphine ligands from the Au9 cluster. After heating, the thick TiO2 film was found to be mobile, in contrast to the thin TiO2 film. The influence of the mobility of the TiO2 films on the Au9 clusters was investigated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that the high mobility of the thick TiO2 film after heating leads to a significant agglomeration of the Au9 clusters, even when protected by the CrOx layer. The thin TiO2 film has a much lower mobility when being heated, resulting in only minor agglomeration of the Au9 clusters covered with the CrOx layer.

Ag nanoparticles decorated 2D/2D TiO2/g-C3N4 heterojunction for efficient removal of tetracycline hydrochloride: Synthesis, degradation pathways, and mechanism

In this study, a surfactant-assisted self-assembly method was used to synthesize atomically thin TiO2 nanosheets and construct 2D/2D TiO2/g-C3N4 heterojunctions with strong interfacial coupling. The prepared binary composites were subsequently modified using Ag nanoparticles to obtain a unique 0D/2D/2D Ag/TiO2/g-C3N4 heterojunction. Ascribed to its unique structure, the ternary heterojunction exhibited outstanding photocatalytic performance and 85.1 % tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) was decomposed within 25 min. The degradation rate of as-prepared ternary heterojunction was much higher than TiO2, g-C3N4, and TiO2/g-C3N4. The photocatalytic performance under different operating conditions (anion, initial concentration) was also investigated. The outstanding photocatalytic performance of Ag/TiO2/g-C3N4 can be ascribed to its efficient solar-light utilization capacity and low photogenerated charge carrier recombination. Moreover, possible TC degradation pathways were proposed and toxicity prediction indicated that most TC intermediates were decreased during the photocatalytic process. Besides, the possible photocatalytic mechanism was proposed based on experimental data and work function calculations.

Experimental Investigation of Rheological Properties and Thermal Conductivity of SiO2-TiO2 Composite Nanofluids Prepared by Atomic Layer Deposition.

In the current research, surface-modified SiO2 nanoparticles were used upon immersion in an applied base fluid (ethylene glycol:water = 1:1). The atomic layer deposition method (ALD) was introduced to obtain a thin layer of TiO2 to cover the surface of SiO2 particles. After the ALD modification, the TiO2 content was monitored by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and FT-IR spectroscopy were applied for the particle characterization. The nanofluids contained 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 volume% solid particles and zeta potential measurements were examined in terms of colloid stability. A rotation viscosimeter and thermal conductivity analyzer were used to study the nanofluids’ rheological properties and thermal conductivity. These two parameters were investigated in the temperature range of 20 °C and 60 °C. Based on the results, the thin TiO2 coating significant impacted these parameters.

Core–Shell Structures Prepared by Atomic Layer Deposition on GaAs Nanowires

GaAs nanowire arrays have been prepared by anodization of GaAs substrates. The nanowires produced on (111)B GaAs substrates were found to be oriented predominantly perpendicular to the substrate surface. The prepared nanowire arrays have been coated with thin ZnO or TiO2 layers by means of thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD), thus coaxial core–shell hybrid structures are being fabricated. The hybrid structures have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the morphology investigations, by Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis for the composition and crystal structure assessment, and by photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy for obtaining an insight on emission polarization related to different recombination channels in the prepared core–shell structures.

Unveiling the Role of the Metal Oxide/Sn Perovskite Interface Leading to Low Efficiency of Sn-Perovskite Solar Cells but Providing High Thermoelectric Properties

Tin halide perovskites (THPs) have appealing optoelectronic properties similar to lead halide perovskites (LHPs). However, THPs coated on metal oxide electrodes in normal-structure perovskite solar cells exhibit poor diode rectification, resulting in poor efficiency. This poor photoelectric performance in n–i–p-based THP solar cells is in contrast with LHP solar cells. We report that this deficient performance of THP solar cells is triggered by the defect states of the metal oxide layer. The defect states of the metal oxide can trap the electrons from the THP, leading to the prompt formation of Sn(IV), which will increase the carrier density and lead to poor photoelectric performance. This observation was supported by the ultraviolet-photoelectron spectroscopic measurements of inorganic thin films Al2O3, SnO2, TiO2, ZnO, and ZrO2. However, this self-doping phenomenon resulting in the increase in carrier density can be applied to thermoelectric studies. Using CsSnI3/ZrO2 nanocomposites as thermoelectric active layers, we report a power factor of 186.58 μW/mK2 measured at room temperature, which is better than the 148.61 μW/mK2 of the original CsSnI3 thin film.

Optimal growth of sodium titanate nanoflower on TiO2 thin film for the fabrication of a novel Ti/TiO2/Na2Ti3O7 photoanode with excellent stability

This study reports the effect of the Ti source (Ti foil or TiO 2 thin layer) and NaOH concentration on the growth of sodium titanate nanostructures via hydrothermal treatment to improve the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting performance. An optimal condition to grow sodium titanate nanoflower composed of ultrathin nanosheets on the surface of the thin TiO 2 film led to the formation of a novel nanocomposite TiO 2 /Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 photoelectrode with great adhesion of the two phases. The Ti/TiO 2 /Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 photoanode demonstrated a significant enhancement in photocurrent density and shifted the onset potential to a more negative value compared to the pure Ti/TiO 2 and Ti/Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 samples. This noticeable improvement is attributed to the suitable band alignment between the TiO 2 and Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 phases and their direct contact with the Ti foil, as well as the large surface area of nanoflower sodium titanate, which significantly facilitate the generation, separation, and transfer of photogenerated electrons from the active phases to the substrate. More interestingly, the prepared photoanode retained its initial photocurrent density even after 16 h. An ion-exchange method and calcination treatment were used at different temperatures to convert the Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 phase in the Ti/TiO 2 /Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 photoanode to TiO 2 to investigate the role of type II heterojunction for efficient photogenerated charge carrier separation in this photoanode. It was concluded that converting Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 into TiO 2 in the Ti/TiO 2 /Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 system would reduce its PEC performance due to the formation of a pure phase of TiO 2 in the Ti/TiO 2 /TiO 2 photoanode. • The Ti/TiO 2 /Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 photoanode demonstrated a significant enhancement in photocurrent density. • The Ti/TiO 2 /Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 photoanode retained its initial photocurrent density even after 16 h. • Ti/TiO 2 /Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 showed a photocurrent density of around 0.46 mA/cm 2 at 0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl. • Any morphological and phase changes in Ti/TiO 2 /Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 reduce its photocatalytic activity.

Constructing oxygen vacancies and linker defects in MIL-125 @TiO2 for efficient photocatalytic nitrogen fixation

With the emergence of issues such as global warming and glaciers melting, reducing carbon emissions cannot be ignored. Ammonia can participate in the N element cycle in nature and has a huge market demand. In modern industry, the preparation of ammonia mainly relies on the Haber-Bosch process with huge energy consumption. Using clean photocatalytic method to prepare ammonia can alleviate the above problems. Here, the core-shell structure of MIL-125 @TiO2 was prepared by post solvothermal method for photocatalytic nitrogen fixation. Linker defects can appear as active sites in the residual MIL-125, which forms an obvious mesoporous structure that accelerates the exchange of electron/mass and promotes the activation of N2. The shell structure constructed by thin TiO2 nanosheets possesses a large specific surface area. And the oxygen vacancies active sites could be highly exposed for nitrogen adsorption and activation, so as to promote the occurrence of the photocatalytic reaction. The O−Ti−N covalent bond is established between the titanium-oxygen clusters in the peripheral of TiO2 and the linker in MIL-125, which improves the effective separation of electron-hole pairs. The ammonia formation rate of MIL-125 @TiO2-2 h is 102.7 µmol g−1 h−1 under simulated sunlight, which is 8 times higher than that of MIL-125. This work provides a novel idea for the preparation of photocatalytic nitrogen fixation materials with controllable structure and multiple active sites.