Thin Layer Of Tissue Research Articles

Partial agenesis of the pectoralis major and minor muscle: A cadaveric case report.

The pectoralis major and minor muscles, located in the anterior chest wall, are crucial for upper limb movements. Their nonsyndromic absence is rare but significant for surgical procedures involving the axillary and pectoral regions. Ultrasound can confirm the diagnosis and delimit the extent of the muscular abnormality, detect abnormalities of the costal cartilages, among others. This descriptive, cadaveric case report involves a formalin-fixed 57-year-old North American male, with no clinical or family history of similar conditions. The study was conducted at the Human Anatomy Laboratory of the School of Medicine of the Universidad Finis Terrae in Santiago, Chile, in August 2022. We present a cadaveric case of bilateral partial agenesis of the pectoralis muscles discovered during routine dissection. The pectoralis major muscle exhibited only the clavicular portion, with the sternocostal and abdominal portions absent and replaced by a thin layer of connective tissue bilaterally. The pectoralis minor muscle showed partial muscle fibers only in the most distal and inferior portions bilaterally. This case report is significant due to the rarity of this condition without accompanying anatomical variations. Understanding this variant is valuable for clinical situations involving the shoulder and thorax region, such as trauma to the proximal third of the humerus, clavicular region, suprascapular region, and anterior chest wall. It may complicate conservative and/or surgical treatments due to different functional and irrigation patterns in the area and is also important for educating future professionals.

Surgical Bone Implantation Technique for Rat Tibia Models of Diabetes and Osteoporosis.

The rat has long served as a valuable animal model in implant dentistry and orthopedics, particularly in studying the interactions between biomaterials and bone tissue. The rat's tibia is frequently chosen due to its easy surgical access through thin tissue layers (skin and muscle) and the flattened shape of its medial face, facilitating the surgical insertion of intraosseous devices. Additionally, this model enables the induction of specific diseases, mimicking various clinical conditions to assess biological responses to different implant conditions like geometry, surface texture, or biological cues. However, despite its robust cortical structure, certain intraosseous devices may require adaptations in design and size for successful implantation. Therefore, establishing standardized surgical methods for manipulating both soft and hard tissues in the implantation region is essential for ensuring proper implant or screw device placement, particularly in fields like implant dentistry and orthopedics. This study included eighty Sprague Dawley rats divided into two groups based on their respective diseases: Group 1 with osteoporosis and Group 2 with Type 2 Diabetes. Implantations were performed at 4 weeks and 12 weeks, with the same surgeon following a consistent surgical technique. A positive biological response was observed, indicating complete osseointegration of all implants placed. These results validate the success of the surgical protocol, which can be replicated for other studies and serve as a benchmark for the biomaterials community. Notably, osseointegration values remained stable at both 4 weeks and 12 weeks for both disease models, demonstrating a durable integration of the implant over time and emphasizing the establishment of an intimate bone connection as early as 4 weeks.

MOHS SURGERY

Mohs surgery is a highly specialized procedure used to treat skin cancer, especially basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. This technique is known for its high cure rate and preservation of healthy tissue around the affected area. This study aims to review and address the most recent updates in the Mohs surgery technique, including advances in equipment and instruments, improved treatment protocols and post-surgical reconstruction techniques, while also discussing the growing importance of this procedure in contemporary dermatological practice and its positive impact on patients’ quality of life. Mohs surgery involves the surgical removal of thin layers of cancerous tissue, followed by immediate microscopic analysis of the margins of the removed tissue. This allows precise identification of the tumor margins, ensuring complete removal of the cancer while preserving as much healthy tissue as possible. Recent updates to the technique include the use of advanced imaging techniques, such as dermoscopy and confocal microscopy, to aid in the precise identification of tumor margins prior to surgery. In addition, the development of more effective surgical reconstruction methods has improved aesthetic and functional results for patients. It is therefore concluded that Mohs surgery remains an effective option for the treatment of skin cancer, offering high cure rates and preservation of healthy tissue. Updates to the technique, including improvements in diagnostic accuracy and reconstruction options, have contributed to increasingly better results for patients undergoing this procedure.

Morphological Evaluation and Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Reparative Potential of the Buccal Fat Pad.

Background and Objectives: There are many surgical techniques for oroantral communication treatment, one of which is the buccal fat pad. Of particular interest is the high reparative potential of the buccal fat pad, which may be contributed to by the presence of mesenchymal stem cells. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the reparative potential of BFP cells using morphological and immunohistochemical examination. Materials and Methods: 30 BFP samples were provided by the Clinic of Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery of the Russian University of Medicine (Moscow, Russia) from 28 patients. Morphological examination of 30 BFP samples was performed at the Institute of Clinical Morphology and Digital Pathology of Sechenov University. Hematoxylin-eosin, Masson trichrome staining and immunohistochemical examination were performed to detect MSCs using primary antibodies CD133, CD44 and CD10. Results: During staining with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome, we detected adipocytes of white adipose tissue united into lobules separated by connective tissue layers, a large number of vessels of different calibers, as well as the general capsule of BFP. The thin connective tissue layers contained neurovascular bundles. Statistical processing of the results of the IHC examination of the samples using the Mann-Whitney criterion revealed that the total number of samples in which the expression of CD44, CD10 and CD133 antigens was confirmed was statistically significantly higher than the number of samples where the expression was not detected (p < 0.05). Conclusions: During the morphological study of the BFP samples, we revealed statistically significant signs of MSCs presence (p < 0.05), including in the brown fat tissue, which proves the high reparative potential of this type of tissue and can make the BFP a choice option among other autogenous donor materials when eliminating OAC and other surgical interventions in the maxillofacial region.

Are There Any Differences in the Healing Capacity between the Medial Collateral Ligament's (MCL) Proximal and Distal Parts in the Human Knee? Quantitative and Immunohistochemical Analysis of CD34, α-Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA), and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Expression Regarding the Epiligament (EL) Theory.

The human knee is a complex joint that comprises several ligaments, including the medial collateral ligament (MCL). The MCL provides stability to the knee and helps prevent its excessive inward movement. The MCL also has a thin layer of connective tissue known as the epiligament (EL), which adheres to the ligament. This unique feature has drawn attention in the field of ligament healing research, as it may have implications for the recovery process of MCL injuries. According to the EL theory, ligament regeneration relies heavily on the provision of cells, blood vessels, and molecules. The present study sought to compare the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD34, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in healthy knees' proximal and distal MCL segments to better understand how these proteins affect ligament healing. By improving the EL theory, the current results could lead to more effective treatments for ligament injury. To conduct the present analysis, monoclonal antibodies were used against CD34, α-SMA, and VEGF to examine samples from 12 fresh knee joints' midsubstance MCLs. We identified a higher cell density in the EL than in the ligament connective tissue, with higher cell counts in the distal than in the proximal EL part. CD34 immunostaining was weak or absent in blood vessels and the EL, while α-SMA immunostaining was strongest in smooth muscle cells and the EL superficial layer. VEGF expression was mainly in the blood vessels' tunica media. The distal part showed more SMA-positive microscopy fields and higher cell density than the proximal part (4735 vs. 2680 cells/mm2). Our study identified CD34, α-SMA, and VEGF expression in the MCL EL, highlighting their critical role in ligament healing. Differences in α-SMA expression and cell numbers between the ligament's proximal and distal parts may explain different healing capacities, supporting the validity of the EL theory in ligament recovery.

Influence of the initial state of the subcutaneous cell in overweight and obesity patients on the development of complications in the postoperative period

The World Obesity Federation published an atlas in 2023, which reports that if the current trend continues, in 2035 every second person in the World will be overweight or obese. Often, overweight or obese patients turn to a plastic surgeon for help, as the “easiest way” to solve this problem. Nevertheless, the initial state of the patient's health is fundamental to obtain a satisfying result for both the surgeon and the patient of the aesthetic intervention. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the pathomorphological processes occurring in the body of patients with overweight or obesity is necessary, which determines the relevance of this study.Purpose of the study: to study the morphological picture of the subcutaneous tissue in patients with overweight or obesity.Material and methods. A morphological and immunohistochemical assessment of the state of the subcutaneous tissue was carried out in 49 overweight women who, in the period from 2019 to 2020, underwent planned surgical interventions for aesthetic indications aimed at correcting body contours. After the operation, women were observed for 6 months, assessing the timing of wound healing, as well as the presence or absence of seromas, ligature fistulas, and wound infection. We carried out a comparative analysis of the morphological picture of the subcutaneous tissue in different course of the wound process, studied the prognostic significance of the identified subcutaneous tissue morphotypes in relation to the risk of delayed and complicated wound healing.Results. Histological examination revealed two morphological types of subcutaneous adipose tissue structure: adipocyte and adipocyte-fibrous. The adipocyte type of structure of the subcutaneous adipose tissue is represented by the adipose tissue itself from typical mature adipocytes with interadipocyte small capillaries, which has a lobular structure with thin layers of interlobular connective tissue. This morphological type of structure was observed mainly in the group with a standard postoperative period. The mixed adipocyte-fibrous type of subcutaneous adipose tissue structure was characterized by a different ratio of two tissue components - fatty and fibrous. This morphological type of structure is typical for a group of patients with a delayed and complicated wound process in the postoperative period. The established changes in the histological structure, cell infiltration with an increase in the number of CD68+ positive macrophages and HLA-DR+ positive immune cells, perivascular CD20+ B-lymphocytes in the subcutaneous fat indicates that patients with a complicated healing process have already been admitted to the clinic in a state of local chronic inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue.Conclusion. The morphological changes in the subcutaneous tissue revealed during our study can partially explain the prolongation of the wound process and the development of complications in the postoperative period in overweight and obese patients. However, in order to create a routine algorithm for the preoperative identification of patients at risk, it is necessary to identify correlations between biochemical changes in the blood and the development of changes in the subcutaneous tissue.

Management of Gingival Hyperpigmentation – A Case Report

Gingival hyperpigmentation, characterized by darkening of the gums due to melanin deposition, can affect the aesthetic appearance of the smile, particularly in patients with excessive gingival display. Various techniques, including scalpel surgery, have been employed for cosmetic depigmentation. This case report describes a simple and cost-effective scalpel depigmentation procedure performed on a 23-year-old female patient with Dummet's score 3 pigmentation. The procedure involved meticulous removal of pigmented epithelium and a thin layer of connective tissue, followed by post-operative care and monitoring. While initial results are promising, repigmentation remains a potential challenge, necessitating long-term follow-up. Scalpel depigmentation offers reliable results, enhances smile aesthetics, and can be a preferred choice considering equipment constraints and healing times.

Epiretinal Membrane Management for Young Adult Patient: A Case Report

Introduction: Epiretinal membrane (ERM) is a condition where a thin fibrotic tissue layer appears on the surface of the macula, which causes a decrease in visual acuity. There are still limited data about the management of ERM due to its low incidence. We reported a case of epiretinal membranes in young adult patients.&#x0D; Case presentation: A 40-year-old male complained of blurry vision on the left eye since 6 months ago. His visual acuity was reduced, and a fundus photograph and macula OCT examination were performed. He was diagnosed with left eye epiretinal membrane and planned for left eye membrane peeling. The retinal break was found intraoperatively as a suspected predisposing factor.&#x0D; Conclusion: Management of severe ERM focuses on reducing metamorphopsia, improving visual acuity, and improving binocularity with pars plana vitrectomy combined with membrane peeling. At a young age, the predisposing factors for secondary development must be further identified.

Identification of FOXO1 as a geroprotector in human synovium through single-nucleus transcriptomic profiling.

The synovium, a thin layer of tissue that is adjacent to the joints and secretes synovial fluid, undergoes changes in aging that contribute to intense shoulder pain and other joint diseases. However, the mechanism underlying human synovial aging remains poorly characterized. Here, we generated a comprehensive transcriptomic profile of synovial cells present in the subacromial synovium from young and aged individuals. By delineating aging-related transcriptomic changes across different cell types and their associated regulatory networks, we identified two subsets of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in human synovium, which are lining and sublining MSCs, and found that angiogenesis and fibrosis-associated genes were upregulated whereas genes associated with cell adhesion and cartilage development were downregulated in aged MSCs. Moreover, the specific cell-cell communications in aged synovium mirrors that of aging-related inflammation and tissue remodeling, including vascular hyperplasia and tissue fibrosis. In particular, we identified forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) as one of the major regulons for aging differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in synovial MSCs, and validated its downregulation in both lining and sublining MSC populations of the aged synovium. In human FOXO1-depleted MSCs derived from human embryonic stem cells, we recapitulated the senescent phenotype observed in the subacromial synovium of aged donors. These data indicate an important role of FOXO1 in the regulation of human synovial aging. Overall, our study improves our understanding of synovial aging during joint degeneration, thereby informing the development of novel intervention strategies aimed at rejuvenating the aged joint.

Effects of skin moisturization on various aspects of touch showing differences with age and skin site

The human body is encompassed by a thin layer of tissue, the skin, which is heterogenous and highly specialized to protect the body and encode interactions with the external world. There is a fundamental scientific drive to understand its function, coupled with the need to preserve skin as we age, which impacts on our physiological and psychological well-being. In the present study, we aimed to define differences in touch perception between age groups and with skin cream application. We investigated touch on the finger, the forearm and cheek in younger (20–28 years, n = 22) and older (65–75 years, n = 22) females. We measured skin hydration, touch detection, finger spatial discrimination, forearm tactile pleasantness together with electrodermal activity, and perceptual ratings about cream use, skin dryness, and cosmetic habits. Glabrous finger skin became drier and touch performance was impaired with age, but these aspects were preserved in hairy skin. Skin moisturization immediately increased hydration levels, but did not significantly change touch perception. We also found that touch appreciation increased with age. We conclude that reduced finger capacity may impact self-evaluation of the skin and that long-term skin care strategies should focus on hydrating the hand to preserve touch capacities.

Parameter variation effects on millimeter wave dosimetry based on precise skin thickness in real rats

This study presents a parametric analysis of the steady-state temperature elevation in rat skin models due to millimeter wave exposure at frequencies from 6–100 GHz. The statistical data of the thickness of skin layers, namely epidermis, dermis, dermal white adipose tissue, and panniculus carnosus, were measured for the first time using the excised tissues of real male Sprague–Dawley rats. Based on the precise structure obtained from the histological analysis of rat skin, we solve the bioheat transfer equation to investigate the effects of changes in parameters, such as body parts and thermal constants, on the absorbed power density and temperature elevation of biological tissues. Owing to the notably thin dermal white adipose tissue layer, the surface temperature elevation in the rat head and dorsal skin at 6–100 GHz is 52.6–32.3% and 83.3–58.8% of the average values of different human skin models, respectively. Our results also reveal that the surface temperature elevation of rat skin may correlate with the tissue thickness and deep blood perfusion rates.

Histomorphological and histochemical Study of the jejunum in moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) in Iraq

The goal of the current investigation was to gather information on the histology and histochemical composition of the jejunum in moorhens (Gallinula chloropus). In order to conduct the current investigation, six moorhens were gathered. They were purchased from regional vendors in particular markets in Baghdad, Iraq. To collect the intestine, birds were put down after being dissected, and the specimens were then fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. The blocks were sectioned at 6 m thickness and stained with Mayer's hematoxylin and eosin, Masson trichrome stain, periodic acid Schiff reagent (PAS), and Alcian blue stain (AB)PH-2.5 ,after being thoroughly fixed. The specimens were then cleared in xylene and embedded in paraffin wax. According to the Gross findings, the small intestine is made up of the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. Histologically, the mucous membrane was thrown into large numerous villi in the jejunum, showing blunt apical part and wide basal part with thin layer of muscularis mucosa. The submucosa was thin layer of connective tissue. Below the submucosa was thick layer arranged in a thick circular and thin longitudinal. According to histochemical results, the PAS stain had a negative reaction on columnar cells while having a positive reaction on goblet cells. When the AB (pH 2.5) was applied, the wall displayed epithelial cells that stained negatively while the goblet cells responded favorably to their acidic mucopolysaccharides.

Комп’ютерний сингулярний аналіз процесів лазерної автофлуоресценції двопроменезаломлюючих біологічних тканин

The analytical conditions for the formation of singularities of the Jones matrix elements of birefringent networks of biological tissues are determined. The correlation between coordinate positions of characteristic points of two-dimensional elements of the Mueller matrix of an optically thin layer of biological tissue and the network of S- and C-points in its laser image is established. The effectiveness of the Mueller matrix singular diagnostics of not only oncological changes in the myometrial tissue, but also the differentiation of their severity is demonstrated.

From Free Tissue Transfer to Hydrogels: A Brief Review of the Application of the Periosteum in Bone Regeneration.

The periosteum is a thin layer of connective tissue covering bone. It is an essential component for bone development and fracture healing. There has been considerable research exploring the application of the periosteum in bone regeneration since the 19th century. An increasing number of studies are focusing on periosteal progenitor cells found within the periosteum and the use of hydrogels as scaffold materials for periosteum engineering and guided bone development. Here, we provide an overview of the research investigating the use of the periosteum for bone repair, with consideration given to the anatomy and function of the periosteum, the importance of the cambium layer, the culture of periosteal progenitor cells, periosteum-induced ossification, periosteal perfusion, periosteum engineering, scaffold vascularization, and hydrogel-based synthetic periostea.

The Effect of Food Type on the Anatomical and Histological Structure of the Canary (Serinus canaria) and White-eared Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucotis) Small Intestine

Objective: A comparative study of the histomorphological structure of the wall of the small intestine of the canary (Serinus canaria) and white-eared bulbul (Pycnonotus leucotis). Methodology: Five healthy birds from the canary and white-eared bulbul. All birds were euthanized and dissected, and histological staining procedures were used on the specimens. Result: Bulbul's intestine length-to-body length and intestinal weight-to-body weight ratios were higher than a canary's. According to morphological studies, the small intestine is divided into three sections (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum). The duodenum was the same in both birds. The jejunum of bulbul is structured into short and wide segments that run caudally, and in canary, it forms a cone-shaped mass with outer centripetal and inner centrifugal turns, and the ileum is short in both birds. Histologically, the small intestine was lined by simple columnar cells and goblet cells. At the same time, the muscular mucosa of the duodenum is made up of two thick layers of smooth muscle that are divided into inner circular and outer longitudinal bundles; the submucosa was a loose connective tissue layer that was thick, tunica serosa appeared as a thin layer of loose connective tissue on the areolar surface. Keywords: canary, white-eared bulbul, small intestine, morphology, histology.

Passive Ankle Plantarflexion Position and Skin Surface Blood Flow Adjacent to the Achilles Tendon.

Open repair of the Achilles tendon carries a risk of wound complications and infection. The Achilles tendon is covered by a thin layer of skin and subcutaneous tissue, which has a fragile blood supply. The full plantarflexion position may cause sustained blanching of the skin above the Achilles tendon. However, no reports have described the in vivo blood flow (BF) changes at the skin surface with ankle position. This study aimed to use laser Doppler flowmetry to evaluate the in vivo BF at the skin surface and thereby clarify the changes in BF with ankle position. The study cohort comprised 30 feet in 15 participants with no history of Achilles tendon rupture. Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to measure the BF at the skin surface above the medial Achilles tendon in the natural plantarflexion (NP) and full plantarflexion (FP) positions. In the NP and FP positions, the BF at 5 cm proximal to the calcaneal insertion (frequent site of Achilles tendon rupture) was 1.50 ± 0.32 and 0.97 ± 0.28 mL/min/100 g, respectively (P < .0001). The BF at the skin surface adjacent to the medial Achilles tendon at 5 cm proximal to the calcaneal insertion was significantly less in the FP position than the NP position.

Structure and Properties of Composite Fibers Based on Chitosan and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration.

This study focused on a potential application of electrically conductive, biocompatible, bioresorbable fibers for tubular conduits aimed at the regeneration of peripheral nerves. The conducting, mechanical, and biological properties of composite fibers based on chitosan and single-walled carbon nanotubes were investigated in this paper. It was shown that introducing 0.5 wt.% of SWCNT into the composite fibers facilitated the formation of a denser fiber structure, resulting in improved strength (σ = 260 MPa) and elastic (E = 14 GPa) characteristics. Additionally, the composite fibers were found to be biocompatible and did not cause significant inflammation or deformation during in vivo studies. A thin layer of connective tissue formed around the fiber.

Fasciitis ossificans: imaging features, histology, and differential diagnosis

Aim To describe the imaging features of fasciitis ossificans and its histopathological features. Materials and methods Using a word search of existing pathology reports at the Mayo Clinic, six cases of fasciitis ossificans were identified. The clinical history, histology, and available imaging of the affected area were reviewed. Results Imaging consisted of radiographs, mammograms, ultrasound images, bone scintigraphs, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images. All cases demonstrated a soft-tissue mass. The characteristic MRI appearance was a T2 hyperintense enhancing mass with surrounding soft-tissue oedema. Peripheral calcifications were seen on radiographs, CT, and/or ultrasound. Histological sections showed distinct zonation, with nodular fasciitis-like zones of myofibroblastic proliferation, which merged with osteoblasts that rim the ill-defined trabeculae of woven bone and became continuous with the mature lamellar bone surrounded by a thin layer of compressed fibrous tissue. Conclusion Imaging features of fasciitis ossificans are that of an enhancing soft-tissue mass located within a fascial plane with prominent surrounding oedema and mature peripheral calcification. Imaging and histology are that of myositis ossificans but occurring within the fascia. It is important that radiologists are aware of the diagnosis of fasciitis ossificans and appreciate its similarity to myositis ossificans. This is particularly important in anatomical locations with fascias but no muscle. Given the radiographic and histological overlap between these entities, nomenclature that encompasses both could be considered in the future.

Modeling the radiative, thermal and chemical microenvironment of 3D scanned corals

Reef building corals are efficient biological collectors of solar radiation and consist of a thin stratified tissue layer spread over a light scattering calcium carbonate skeleton surface that together construct complex three dimensional (3D) colony structures forming the foundation of coral reefs. They exhibit a vast diversity of structural forms to maximize photosynthesis of their dinoflagellate endosymbionts (Symbiodiniaceae), while simultaneously minimizing photodamage, offer resistance to hydrodynamic stress, reduce attack by predators and increase prey capture and heterotrophic feeding. The symbiosis takes place in the presence of dynamic gradients of light, temperature and chemical species that are affected by the interaction of incident irradiance and water flow with the coral colony. We developed a multiphysics modelling approach to simulate the microscale spatial distribution of light, temperature and O2 in a coral fragment with its morphology determined by 3D scanning techniques. Model results compared well with spatial measurements of light, O2 and temperature under similar flow and light conditions. The model enabled us to infer the effect of coral morphology and light scattering in tissue and skeleton on the internal light environment experienced by the endosymbionts, as well as the combined contribution of light, water flow and ciliary movement on O2 and temperature distributions in the coral.

Armed to the teeth: The underestimated diversity in tooth shape in snakes and its relation to feeding behavior and diet.

The structure, composition, and shape of teeth have been related to dietary specialization in many vertebrate species, but comparative studies on snakes' teeth are lacking. Yet, snakes have diverse dietary habits that may impact the shape of their teeth. We hypothesize that prey properties, such as hardness and shape, as well as feeding behavior, such as aquatic or arboreal predation, or holding vigorous prey, impose constraints on the evolution of tooth shape in snakes. We compared the morphology of the dentary teeth of 63 species that cover the phylogenetic and dietary diversity of snakes, using 3D geometric morphometrics and linear measurements. Our results show that prey hardness, foraging substrate, and the main feeding mechanical challenge are important drivers of tooth shape, size, and curvature. Overall, long, slender, curved teeth with a thin layer of hard tissue are observed in species that need to maintain a grip on their prey. Short, stout, less curved teeth are associated with species that undergo high or repeated loads. Our study demonstrates the diversity of tooth morphology in snakes and the need to investigate its underlying functional implications to better understand the evolution of teeth in vertebrates.