Thin Layer Chromatography Test Research Articles

Phytochemical Screening and TLC Profiling of Combination Extracts of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) and Papaya (Carica papaya) Leaves from Timor Island

Traditionally in the village of Alor, East Nusa Tenggara Province, a combination of avocado and papaya leaves is often used to treat malaria. To be able to be developed as an ingredient in traditional medicine, it is necessary to conduct preliminary research to determine the content of secondary metabolites contained in the combination of avocado and papaya leaves. This study aims to determine the secondary metabolites contained in avocado and papaya leaves through phytochemical screening and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis. Extraction was carried out using methanol solvent by maceration, and the extract yield was 91.4%. Testing the content of secondary metabolites in avocado and papaya leaf extracts was carried out by phytochemical screening. Furthermore, the TLC test was carried out to confirm the presence of a positive group of compounds on phytochemical screening, and to determine the chromatographic profile of the extract. After being tested by phytochemical and TLC analysis, the extract contains several metabolites, including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. The TLC system used in this study can separate the phytochemical content and give positive results that confirm the results of the phytochemical screening.

Phytochemistry and Cytotoxicity Analysis of Kemang (Mangifera kemanga) Fruit Extract on HeLa Cervical Cancer Cell Line

Mango extract has been proven in its anticancer effect against cervical cancer, however kemang (Mangifera kemanga), despite being a relative of mango, has not been thoroughly researched although expected to give the same effect. Objective: To identify the contents contained in the ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extract of kemang flesh and examine its cytotoxic effect on HeLa cervical cancer cells. Methods: Kemang flesh was extracted using ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane. Phytochemical tests and thin-layer chromatography on the extracts were conducted to identify the phytochemical contents. MTT assay was carried out using the extracts against HeLa cells to find out the cytotoxic effect of the samples in IC50 values. Results: Phytochemical tests revealed that kemang flesh extract contains flavonoid, tannin, triterpenoid, and alkaloid. Thin-layer chromatography test with nonpolar eluent showed one spot with Rf of 0.82 in ethanol extract; six spots with Rf of 0.16, 0.36, 0.49, 0.76, 0.82, and 0.94 in ethyl acetate extract; and six spots with Rf of 0.36, 0.48, 0.63, 0.75, 0.83, and 0.93 in n-hexane extract. MTT assay obtained IC50 values for HeLa cells, respectively for ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts, were 44.34, 16.41, and 43.23ppm. Conclusion: Kemang fruit extract has potential as an anticancer agent against cervical cancer.

Kajian Fitokimia dan Identifikasi Senyawa Metaboli Sekunder Daun Pare (Momordica Charantia L.)

Pare plant is a plant that is found in almost every region in the country Indonesia. Plant is used as a traditional medicine to eliminate some diseases. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the compounds terpenoids methanol extract fraction of n-hexane pare leaf (Momordica charantia L.) using UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Insulation done by maceration method using methanol to produce condensed methanol extract as much as 36.25 grams. Extracts condensed methanol produced is tested phytochemical. Phytochemical test results shows that it contains alkaloids, saponins and steroid / terpenoids. Condensed methanol extract then fractionated using liquid-liquid partition with solvent n-hexane and methanol with a ratio of 4: 2 ie 133 ml of n-hexane and 67 mL of methanol. Non-polar phase (phase n-hexane) results of further partitioning is evaporated using a rotary evaporator to produce a thick n-hexane extract as much as 1.25 grams hereinafter in the TLC test ratio of solvent to produce the best. Solvents are chosen that n-hexane: ethyl acetate (3: 1). Separation and purification was performed using Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (KCV) using silica gel GF254 as stationary phase and solvent n-hexane: methanol as mobile phase and eluted gradually. Isolates were then tested using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Isolates were identified using UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Analysis of physicochemical data qualitatively using UV-VIS spectrophotometry on samples of the methanol extract of N-Hexane fraction pare leaf (Momordica charantia L.) class of compounds containing triterpenoids. This is because the absorption band at a wavelength of 274.2 nm and 432.8 nm with absorbance respectively 0.601 and 0.177 were suspected because of the transition of an electron from n à π*.

Antibacterial Activity Test of Ganitri (Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb.) Leaf Methanol Extract against Bacteria (Propionibacterium acne)

Ganitri plant (Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb.) is one type of plant that can be discovered in several countries, such as Indonesia. This plant has a number of benefits as it contains flavonoid, tannins, phenolics, alkaloids, along with triterpenoids. In addition, that plant has significant role to decrease microbial activities including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans and Penicillium sp. These activities consist of three stages as follows inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis, then followed by hampering cell membrane function and finally decreasing bacterial energy metabolism. The mechanism denatures cell proteins leading an imbalance of molecules, ions and cell lysis as well. Extraction process has been completed by maceration method of 3-kg-wet leaves, a 1-kg-dry simplicial, a 500-g macerated simplicial mixed with 5 L methanol solvent and 33.33 % of simplicial, and 95.08 g of yield extract with 19.01%. Its process generated green color extract having bitter taste and thick form, 0.5% of water, 15.9% of ash, and 0.4% of insoluble acid. Identification of these active ingredients that using positive phytochemical resulted flavonoids. TLC (Thin-layer chromatography) test was used with 0.75 of positive control quercetin and 0.81 of flavonoid extract. Antibacterial activity testing was applied by calculating the inhibitory power of Nutrient Agar with negative control using sterile water. Afterwards, implemented a positive control using clindamycin resulted of several concentration as follows of 10 % (10.6), 20% (10.6), 30% (9.25), 40% (10.12), 50% (9.37) and 100% (38.75).

Analisis Kadar Hidrokuinon Pada Krim Pemutih Yang Beredar Online Dengan Metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (Klt) Dan Spektrofotometri UV-Vis

Cosmetics are preparations that are applied to the external surface of the body for the purpose of cleaning, perfuming, changing the appearance or keeping the body in good condition. Currently, people are very interested in using facial whitening cream cosmetics that are sold online and often found the content in whitening creams is Hydroquinone. The use of hydroquinone in whitening creams has been limited due to adverse side effects. This study aims to determine the levels of hydroquinone in whitening creams circulating online.The method used was qualitative analysis on 3 samples of whitening cream which were suspected to contain hydroquinone, the positive results of the qualitative test were followed by analysis using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) with methanol:chloroform (50:50) and n-Hexane:acetone (3:2) as mobile phase, and UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis. The results of this study are TLC testing on samples obtained Rf values ​​of 0.8 and 0.4, respectively. Determination of the maximum wavelength at 294nm resulted in the average level of hydroquinone content from sample 1 of 2,020µg/ml, the second sample of 16,244µg/ml, while in the third sample of 9,387µg/ml. In conclusion, the levels of hydroquinone in each cream sample were 2,020µg/ml, 16,244µg/ml, 9,387µg/ml where these levels were not in accordance with the 2008 BPOM RI regulations.   Keywords: hydroquinone, whitening cream, thin layer chromatography, UV-Vis spectrophotometry

Discrepancies in the German Pharmacopoeia procedure for quality control of Quillaja saponin extracts.

This study focused on the evaluation of Quillaja saponin extracts with the additional quality designation DAB-which means the abbreviation of the German Pharmacopoeia (Deutsches Arzneibuch). This label suggests that Quillaja saponin extracts marked in this way are of pharmacopoeial quality and thus stand out from other Quillaja saponin extracts. The DAB ninth edition listed Quillaia saponin as a reagent. According to DAB, its quality must be checked by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and three closely spaced zones in a defined retention factor (Rf) interval specify the saponin reagent. All the Quillaja saponin extracts obtained from different manufacturers and labeled as DAB quality complied with the TLC test. However, the analysis with high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-ToF-MS) clearly showed additionally an intense peak pattern of Madhuca saponins in all measured samples. The TLC test for Mahua seed cake, which is the press residue from Madhuca longifolia, surprisingly showed the same three closely spaced zones in the defined Rf interval. The three zones could be identified as Mi-saponins from Madhuca after scraping and extracting them from the stationary phase of the TLC plate and subsequent measurement by HPLC-Q-ToF-MS. Therefore, the specification of the saponin reagent in DAB characterizes erroneously Madhuca saponins that are not listed as a saponin plant source for the saponin reagent.

EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS BY BIOAUTOGRAPHY

Background Acacia cyanophylla is a medicinal plant of the Fabaceae family that is widely distributed in Australia and Asia, also it has many medicinal properties such as antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is wildly used in natural product extract analysis as a finger print. Aim and objective: This study is aimed to conducting a qualitative detection of the active compounds in Acacia cyanophylla, Phlomis syriaca and Scolymus hispanicus plants by thin layer chromatography (TLC) method and studying their antibacterial activity. Methods: the qualitative detection of three plants was conducting using thin layer chromatography (TLC) method. Then, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the aerial parts of the three plants were extracted using an Ultrasonic bath. The antibacterial activity on E. coli isolates for six extracts was evaluated using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. The active compounds that may be responsible for the antibacterial effect was isolated by direct bioautograph method. Results: Performing Thin-layer chromatography TLC tests show that the three plant contain flavonoids, saponin, bitter principles and essential oils, and all extracts showed antibacterial activity on E. coli isolates, but the ethanolic extract of Acacia cyanophylla was the most effective as the MIC values ranged from 0.097to 3.125mg/mL. Bioautography showed that Escherichia coli was inhibited by most of the separated flavonoids on the TLC plates where four inhibiting spots appeared in yellow color with Acacia cyanophylla and five spots with Scolymus hispanicus, while only one spot appeared with Phlomis syriaca. Conclusion: Acacia cyanophylla extract has been considered as the best antibacterial properties among the selected plants due to the presence of flavonoids Peer Review History: Received: 19 July 2021; Revised: 7 August; Accepted: 2 September, Available online: 15 September 2021 Academic Editor: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, sangeetha@utar.edu.my Taha A.I. El Bassossy, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt, tahachemist2008@gmail.com Similar Articles: EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL RESISTANCE OF BIOFILM FORMS OF AVIAN SALMONELLA GALLINARUM TO FLUOROQUINOLONES

Potensi Ekstrak Air Dan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Avicennia Marina Sebagai Nutraceutical

This research was conducted to prove that the leaves of avicennia marina contain ingredients that are potential as nutraceuticals, as well as to determine the comparison of the extraction results using water extract and ethanol extract. Avicennia marina leaves collected randomly and turn it into powder. The avicennia marina leaves powder processed with water extraction and ethanol extraction. The result of extraction process were tested by phytochemical screening tests to determine the content of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, and examined for flavonoid levels by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The results of phytochemical screening test for ethanol extract of avicennia marina leaves showed positive results for the content of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, and saponins, but showed negative results for triterpenoid content. The water extract of avicennia marina leaves showed positive results for the content of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and steroids, but showed negative results for saponins and triterpenoids content. At thin layer chromatography test, the flavonoid content showed that ethanol extract of avicennia marina leaves had 2.46%, while water extract of avicennia marina leaves had .80% of flavonoid content percentage. The results of ethanol extraction and water extraction from the leaves of avicennia marina show that they contain phytochemicals which are beneficial for health, and have the potential as a nutraceutical for medicinal purposes.

Anacardic Acid Isolation from Cashew Seed Skin

Research on the isolation of anacardic acid compounds from cashew nut shells has been carried out. This study aims to develop a method of isolating anacardic acid compounds from cashew nut shells in an easier way but still produces pure compounds. In this study, isolation and identification of anacardic acid compounds contained in CNSL were carried out. The results of anacardic acid isolation contained in CNSL form a thick brown extract with a characteristic dark odor. Anacardic acid was isolated using a maceration method using methanol as a solvent. The results of the isolation of anacardic acid compounds were then tested for purity using a thin layer chromatography test (TLC) using an eluent or a mobile phase of methanol: chloroform. Furthermore, anacardic acid compounds were identified using IR spectroscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy. This identification was carried out to prove that the compound obtained was indeed an anacardic acid compound. The identification results found that the compound isolated in this study was indeed an anacardic acid compound. It can be compared with the structure of existing anacardic acid compounds.

Deteksi Golongan Senyawa Ekstrak Kasar Metabolit Ekstrasel Mikroalga Laut Spirulina sp. Sebagai Agen Antioksidan

Microalgae excrete antioxidant compounds as a defense system to protect themselves from the danger of ultraviolet rays. These compounds also can be used as the organic materials of cosmetics or medicines. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of marine microalgal extracellular metabolite extract of Spirulina sp.. Extracellular metabolites were extracted from the residual media filtrate from the harvesting. The qualitative antioxidant test’s results using the thin-layer chromatography technique and 2,2-diphenylpycrilhydrazil (DPPH) reagent showed antioxidant activity. Moreover, the component identification using ninhydrin and Dragendorff reagent in thin layer chromatography test showed alkaloid and peptide compounds. To support the results, the identification using infrared spectrum analysis showed the peaks at 1117 cm-1 (C-N and C-C stretching), 1458 cm-1 (C-H bending of methyl group), 1635 cm-1 (C=O stretching of amide group), and 3454 cm-1 (N-H stretching of amine and amide groups).

Identifikasi Senyawa Marker Dominan Ekstrak Daun Sirih Hitam dan Kuantifikasi Berdasarkan Perbedaan Lokasi Tanam

It has been revealed that the benefits of black betel leaf extract have created an opportunity for the black betel plant to be commercialized. The several benefits of black betel leaf extract are antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antioxidant. The extraction method uses maceration techniques. Identification of active markers as antimicrobials (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Candida albicans) begins with Bioautography Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), for isolation from macerated extracts followed by Vacuum Liquid Chromatography Fractionation (KCV), conventional Column Subfraction (KK), Layer Chromatography Thin Preparative (TLC). Quantification of marker compounds using a Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Scanner. Samples of black betel leaf (P. betle L. var Nigra) were collected from Samarinda (East Kalimantan), Wonosobo (Central Java), Godean (Yogyakarta), Banyuwangi (East Java) in June 2020. The results of the TLC test for bioautography of 70% ethanol extract and the ethanol fraction of 96% black betel leaf showed that the active spot of ethanol extract 70% for antibacterial activity on Streptococcus mutans Atcc 25175 and Streptococcus sanguinis Atcc 10556 was Rf 0.729 cm, the active spot of the ethanol fraction 96% for the activity of the fungus Candida albicans ATTC 10231; Rf 0.486 cm. Purification using TLC multi eluent with eluent I Hexane: Ethyl Acetate (7: 3) as non polar eluent and eluent II Chloroform: Ethyl Acetate (4: 1) as polar eluent on different TLC plates. The results obtained in the form of a single stain with Rf = 0.4 in eluent I and Rf = 0.73 in eluent II. The results of measuring the levels of the dominant marker compound using a TLC scanner showed that the highest marker compound area was from betel leaf grown in the Godean area (Yogyakarta) with the number 29869.4.

PENGARUH PROSES MASERASI DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI PELARUT ETANOL TERHADAP KANDUNGAN SENYAWA EKSTRAK DAUN PEPAYA (Carica papaya L.) DAN DAUN UBI JALAR UNGU (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam)

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) and purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) are commonly used empirically as traditional medicines, including for malaria, malnutrition, fever and hemorrhagic fever. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of differences in the concentration of ethanol solvents on the chromatogram profile and compound content. The research method began with maceration using 50%, 70%, and 96% ethanol, then thin layer chromatography test, and determination of total phenol and flavonoid levels with Elisa at λ of 750 nm and 415 nm, where the comparator used were gallic acid and quercetin . The results of total phenol levels obtained in papaya leaf extract were 3,493 mg GAE/gram and in sweet potato leaves the results were 4,786 mgGAE/mg. While the total flavonoid yield obtained from papaya leaf extract was obtained as much as 4,630 mg QE/gram and on sweetpotato which was 4,269 mgQE/mg. Characterisation of extract compound content was carried ouy by using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS), where comparison of extracts used in extract combination samples are 50:50, 75:25, and 25:75. The results showed that ethanol extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and triterpenoids. Characterization by using GC-MS for single extract and combination extract of papaya leaves and purple sweet potato leaves obtained the main active compounds are Phytol, Neoheptadine, and n-Hexadecanoic acid.

Identification of Active Compounds of Ethanol Extract of Citrus amblycarpa leaves by Analysis of Thin-layer Chromatography and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry as Bioinsecticide Candidates for Mosquitoes

BACKGROUND: The use of active compounds from plants becomes an alternative to control mosquitoes nowadays and in the future because they are environmentally-friendly and do not cause health problems. Citrus amblycarpa is a local orange of South Kalimantan potential as bioinsecticidal, which commonly used for controlling mosquitoes. Therefore, research needs to be done to find out the benefits of C. amblycarpa leaves as bioinsecticidal.
 AIM: The research aimed to identify active compounds contained in the extract ethanol of C. amblycarpa leaves as bioinsecticidal against mosquitoes.
 RESULTS: Based on thin-layer chromatography test, there were some secondary metabolite compounds found such as terpenoids/steroids, flavonoids, polyphenols, and saponins. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) test revealed that there were ten primary components of the fraction. The components were Maragenin I (18,82%), 1,3-benzenedicarboxamide (12.28%), 2,3,8-trioxocephalotaxane (10.39%), aristolone, 2H-cyclopropa[a] naphthalene-2-one, noruns-12-ene (7.46%), palmitic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid (7.21%), stigmasterol, demecolcine (7.03%), alpha-tocopherol (5.88%), 2,4,5-trimethylphenol, pseudocumenol (4.21%), germacrene-D (3.45%), and 9-octadecenoic acid (3.36%).
 CONCLUSION: These active compounds possess biological activity as bioinsecticidal. It was expected that those active compounds in C. amblycarpa leaves could be applied for controlling mosquitoes by replacing the use of resistant temephos.

Pemanfaatan pewarna alami sebagai pengganti zat pewarna sintetis Rhodamin B pada es krim

Background: Ice cream is a processed milk product that is made by freezing and mixing raw materials together. The making of ice cream uses additives that are developer ingredients, stabilizers and additional coloring agents.Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the replacement of Rhodamin B as a food additive in ice cream.Method: This type of research is an experimental nature using a completely randomized design (CRD) which is a study of 3 treatments and 3 repetitions. The object of the study was ice cream which was sold by 3 ice cream vendors, with each trader taking ice cream samples. The research method is to use thin layer chromatography test followed by the development of research namely organoleptic testing and variance testing.Results: The results of the study showed that there was an influence on the acceptability of ice cream given the coloring of dragon fruit. While the color (p = 0.102) in making ice cream from durian fruit did not show a difference in acceptability in the formulations of 5%, 10%, and 15%.Conclusion: The most appropriate formulation for the acceptability of ice cream flavor is a 10% formulation with the addition of dragon fruit to the aroma, taste and texture. It is expected that consumers will be able to recognize food and beverages sold that contain Rhodamin B and for ice cream manufacturers it is better to use coloring from fruits in making ice cream so that

Secondary metabolites in elaeocarpus grandiflorus cell culture in WPM medium with various concentrations of PGR

This study aims to analyze the influence of plant growth regulator (PGR) for secondary metabolites production in Elaeocarpus grandiflorus cell culture. Picloram (3.5, 5 and 7.5 ppm) and 2,4-D (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 ppm) were used as PGR of cell suspension culture. Cell cultures were obtained from callus grown in liquid WPM medium with various concentrations of PGR. Culture is maintained in shakers at a speed of 120 rpm in dark conditions. Harvesting is done after the age of culture reaches 30 days. Extraction was done by the maceration method with methanol as a solvent. A qualitative test using a thin layer chromatography test (TLC) was conducted to analyze the presence of various secondary metabolites. Phenolic quantitative tests were performed using a spectrophotometer using gallic acid standard compounds. The results showed that the cell culture contained alkaloids, phenolics, terpenoids, flavonoids. All treatments showed the presence of phenolic with varying total phenolic concentrations. PGR affects the type and concentration of secondary metabolites produced by E. grandiflorus cell suspension culture.

Antioxidant activity from ethanol extract of kupa leaves (Syzygium polycephalum(Miq.) Merr& L. M.Perry) using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil) method

Kupa is one of the endemic plants from Indonesia belong to guava family (Myrtaceae). This research conducted to determine antioxidant activity of kupa leaves (Syzygiumpolycephalum (Miq.) Merr& L. M. Perry) ethanol extract. Extraction of kupa leaves was carried out by maceration method using ethanol 96%. The antioxidant activity test was done qualitatively and quantitatively. The qualitative antioxidant test was carried out by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) using mobile phase chloroform: methanol: formic acid (8: 2: 1) and DPPH 0.2% spotting appearance. Quantitative testing of antioxidant was carried out using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil) assays. The TLC test results showed yellow spot on the DPPH with Rf value 0.381. Kupa leaves ethanol extract had the lowest IC50 of DPPH scavenging activity 10.327 ppm which was a very strong antioxidant.

A AKTIVITAS FAGOSITOSIS MAKROFAG MENCIT (Mus musculus L.) YANG DIINDUKSI EKSTRAK DAUN JERUK PURUT (Citrus hystrix D.C.)

Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) is Indonesia native plant. During this time, the use of kaffir lime plants is still limited to a small portion spices ingredients and aromatherapy oils for industry. The compounds of leaves of C. hystrix are alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, polyphenols, tannins, and essential oils that are cytotoxic to cancer cell lines. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of cytotoxicity and phagocytosis activity induced by leaves extract of C. hystrix on macrophage cells and the potention leaves extract of C. hystrix as imunomodulator. This study include sampling kaffir lime leaves, extraction with ethanol and methanol, qualitative phytochemical analysis using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), test of cytotoxicity with WST-1 assay, and macrophage cell phagocytosis activity test. TLC test results of methanol and ethanol extract showed that the leaves of C. hystrix contain secundary metabolite these are: tannins, terpenes, saponins and flavonoids. Cytotoxicity test results showed that IC50 value of the methanol extract of kaffir lime leaves was 0.677 µg / mL and toxic to the macrophage cells. The phagocytosis assay showed that the index value, activity and phagocytic capacity of C. hystrix at various dose was lower compared to that of control cells. Methanol extract lime leaves did not to improve the index, activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophages. Methanol extract lime leaves did not potential as imunomodulator.
 
 Keywords: Citrus hystrix D. C, macrophages, cytotoxicity, WST-1 assay, phagocytic activity

Immunomodulatory activity and phytochemical content determination of fractions of suji leaves (Dracaena angustifolia (Medik.)Roxb.)

Suji is a plant that has long been used as food colorant and medicinal plant in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the immunomodulatory activity of fractions obtained from suji leaves by using in vitro phagocytic macrophage assay and also to determine the phytochemical compounds of the most active fraction. Initially, Suji dry leaves powder were macerated with 96% ethanol upon filtration, then the filtrate obtained was evaporated to dryness. The extract obtained was triturated with chloroform to give fraction soluble (F1) and insoluble fraction (F2). Then, F1 was partitioned using a mixture of hexane-methanol-water (25: 14: 1 v /v) to give two layers, namely upper layer (F3) and lower layer (F4). Furthermore, the four fractions (F1, F2, F3 and F4) were tested by in vitro phagocytic macrophages method at the concentration of 10, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL. The parameters used were the Phagocytic Index (PI) and the Phagocytic Capacity (PC). Macrophage phagocytic in vitro assay showed that fractions of the suji leaf ethanolic extract could improve the phagocytic activity of macrophages. The fraction that demonstrated the highest activity was subjected to phytochemical study by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Based on the data obtained, F3 was the most active fraction, because it has the highest PC and PI values compared to other fractions or negative control. TLC test revealed that F3 contained terpenoids and flavonoids.

ISOLASI FITOSTEROL DARI BAWANG MERAH (Allium cepa L.)

Shallot is one of the kitchen spices that is often used by the community. Shallot contains several useful compounds and one of them is phytosterol. Along with the development of science and technology, phytosterol can be used to reduce blood cholesterol levels and prevent heart disease, so it is very beneficial for human health. In this study, phytosterol compounds were identified and isolated. The dried onion was then pureed and sifted to 100 mesh. The sieved powder was then extracted by reflux extraction method within 6 hours. The results of the extract were then isolated by column chromatography and identified by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The TLC test used -sitosterol as a standard and anisaldehyde reagent as a stain appearance. The TLC plate which had stained appearance was then analyzed using the TLC Scanner method. The results of the TLC test showed that the extract of positive red onion was purple and contained fitosterol. The results of the TLC Scanner also show that the peak and spectrum of the samples were the same as the standard -sitosterol and positively contained fitosterol.

Do Altitude Influence the Characterization of Dryopteris hirtipes (Bl.) Kuntze Biomedicinal Profile? A Study of Fascinating Fern from Baluran National Park and Raden Soerjo Grand Forest Park

Secondary metabolites of fern are increasingly recognized as medicine ingredient. The total of secondary metabolites in plants may form maximally related to the altitude, environment, nutrient, biotic and abiotic stresses. Dryopteris hirtipes (Bl.) Kuntze is easily found in Baluran National Park and Raden Soerjo Grand Forest Park. This study aimed to investigate the differences between secondary metabolites of Dryopteris hirtipes (Bl.) Kuntze from Baluran National Park and Raden Soerjo Grand Forest Park. The samples were taken from Baluran National Park which has a height of 0-1000 masl, with a rainfall intensity about 2000-4000 mm per year, and Raden Soerjo Forest Park which has an altitude of 1000-3000 masl, with rainfall intensity 1488 mm per year. The research was conducted by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method. Samples of Dryopteris hirtipes’ rhizome and fronds were made as powder then extracted using methanol (1:10). Methanol leaf extract subsequently tested by TLC test. Both of Dryopteris hirtipes (Bl.) Kuntze from Baluran National Park and Raden Soerjo Grand Forest Park have similarity chemical content of secondary metabolites such as alkaloid, terpenoid-saponin, tannin, but polyphenols only found from Baluran National Park, and flavonoids only found from Raden Soerjo Grand Forest Park.