Thin Layer Chromatography Test Research Articles

The Effect of Different Ethanol Concentrations as The Extraction Solvent on Total Flavonoid Content of White Mulberry Leaves Extracts (Morus alba L.)

White mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) contain flavonoid which empirically have many health benefits, such as reducing fever, relieving headaches and throats, coughs, dysentery, digestive disorders, flu, and according to research it has antioxidant activity. Many factors effect the total flavonoid content, one of which is the concentration of the extraction solvent. The purpose of the research was to determine the effect of different ethanol concentrations as the extraction solvent on total flavonoid content of white mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves extract. White mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) were extracted using the maceration method, the extract was tested for phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography using chloroform: ethyl acetate (6: 4) as the eluent. The resulting spots were observed visually and with λ 254 nm and λ 366 nm UV light. Determination of flavonoid content by UV-Vis spectrophotometry using the AlCl3 colorimetric method at a maximum wavelength of 415 nm. The research results showed that the yield of 50% and 96% ethanol extract of white mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) was 17.42 % and 11.04 %. Phytochemical screening showed that both extracts positively contained flavonoids. The presence of flavonoids was confirmed using a thin layer chromatography test, resulting in an average Rf value for 50% and 96% ethanol extracts are 0.71 and 0.70, close to quercetin Rf standard is 0,73 as comparison. The total flavonoid content obtained from the 50% ethanol extract was 36.0902 mgQE/g and the 96% ethanol extract was 56.4699 mgQE/g. The conclusions are the concentration of the extraction solvent effect the yield and total flavonoid content.

PERBANDINGAN TOTAL SENYAWA FLAVONOID EKSTRAK ETANOL KULIT DAN BIJI BUAH OKRA HIJAU (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

Green okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is a plant belonging to the Malvaceae family. Green okra fruit contains many secondary metabolites, one of which is flavonoids, which have potential as antioxidants to stabilize free radicals. This study aims to determine and compare the total flavonoid content of seeds and skin, so that it can be ascertained which part of the fruit has the highest total flavonoid content. The okra fruit extraction process was carried out by maceration with 70% ethanol solvent. Phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography tests were performed on green okra seeds and skin extracts. The total flavonoid content was determined using the colorimetric-aluminum chloride method with UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that the ethanol extract of green okra fruit peels contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids, while the ethanol extract of green okra fruit seeds contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The results of the thin layer chromatography test showed that the ethanol extract of green okra fruit skin and seeds contained a flavonoid compound as quercetin. The results of the total flavonoid content of the ethanol extract of green okra fruit skin : okra fruit seeds were 6.4589 mg QE/g extract ± 0.86 : 27.7583 mg QE/g extract ± 0.36. Based on statistical results with an Independent T test using SPSS, the significance value (2-tailed) of both samples was < 0.05, which means that there is a real difference between the total flavonoid compounds of skin ethanol extract and ethanol extract of green okra fruit seeds.

Uji Antioksidan Limbah Kulit Nanas (Ananas comosus L.) Menggunakan Metode 2,2-Difenil-1-Pikrilhidrazil (DPPH)

Pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) is a plant that has the potential as a source of bioactive compounds for antioxidants. The flavonoid content in this plant contains an antioxidant mechanism by inhibiting the initiation process of radical compounds, so that the oxidation process inhibited and prevents oxidative stress in the body. This research aimed to identify secondary metabolites in pineapple peel waste and the potential antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of pineapple peel. This research began with an extraction process using a multilevel maceration method with three different solvents encompassing n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Each fraction was subjected to a phytochemical screening test, thin layer chromatography test, and antioxidant test qualitatively by spraying 0,2% DPPH. Subsequently, the positive fraction in the qualitative test was continued with the quantitative test using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. As a result, the secondary metabolites detected in pineapple peel fraction were alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, and tannin. Meanwhile, the potential antioxidant activity was the ethyl acetate fraction of pineapple peel with an IC50 value of 40,52 ppm which was included in the very strong antioxidant category

Antioxidant Activity of Mahogany Parasite Leaves (Dendrophthu pentandra (L.) Miq.) Assessed Using the DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl) Method

Synthetic antioxidants, such as butyl hydroxyanisole (BHA), have carcinogenic (cancer-causing) adverse effects because they can cause type I alveolar damage and damage to lung endothelial genes. The objective of this study was to use the DPPH (2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method to investigate the antioxidant activity of natural substances found in the leaves of the mahogany parasite (Dendrophthu pentandra (L.) Miq.). Extraction, chromatography, and spectrophotometry are the techniques used. Maceration in stages utilizing n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol as solvents yielded mahogany parasite leaf extract. Phytochemical screening, thin layer chromatography testing, antioxidant activity testing utilizing a Visible Spectrophotometer, and estimating the IC50 were all performed on mahogany parasite leaf extract. The phytochemical screening results revealed that the samples included four types of secondary metabolites: flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. A thin layer chromatographic test revealed four well-separated stains using n-hexane and ethyl acetate eluent in a volume ratio of 5:5, showing the Rf as the value of the four secondary metabolites mentioned above. Based on the results of the experiments, it is possible to conclude that mahogany parasite leaves have strong antioxidant activity, with an IC50 of 8.47 ppm.

Candidates for antimalarial compounds in secondary metabolites of Streptomyces sp. InaCC 1497 and AB8

One effort to reduce the transmission of malaria is the provision of antimalarial drugs. However, the use of drugs that are not according to standards causes resistance to Plasmodium. This condition triggers the exploration of various natural compounds to prevent malaria. Secondary metabolites derived from Streptomyces sp. are known to have antimalarial activity. However, information related to secondary metabolites from Streptomyces sp. strains InaCC A497 and AB8 as antimalarials are not yet known. The purpose of this study was to determine the metabolite compounds secondary contained in Streptomyces sp. strains InaCC A497 and AB8 as antimalarial candidates. This research method is descriptive by testing secondary metabolites which are carried out through chemical compound tests, thin layer chromatography (TLC), fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR), and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Test results of chemical compounds and FT-IR analysis of Streptomyces sp. InaCC A497 contains alkaloids, flavonoids, and triterpenoids, while Streptomyces sp. AB8 contains alkaloids and tannins. In the TLC test, Streptomyces sp. InaCC A497 produced an Rf value of 0.257 and Streptomyces sp. AB8 of 0.314. Based on the GC-MS test, Streptomyces sp. InaCC A497 produces acetic acid compounds, ethyl ester including the ester group, and 1,2-benzene dicarboxylic acid, dioctyl ester including the alkaloid group. Streptomyces sp. AB8 produces the compound 2-pentadecyn-1-ol which belongs to the aromatic alcohol group and cochlioquinone A belongs to the quinone group. Both compounds have antimalarial activity.

Profil Noda Ekstrak Kloroform : Metanol (2:1) dan Aktivitas Bslt Kulit Batang Nyirih (Xylocarpus Granatum)

Nyirih plants (Xylocarpus granatum) grows along the edge of the sea, and in other salty environments. Chemical compounds contained in the bark of the betel nut (Xylocarpus granatum) include alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids, saponins, and flavonoids. The content of lipid compounds in the bark of betel nut (Xylocarpus granatum) has not been widely studied, including toxicity to cells. This study aims to determine the profile of stains on the bark extract of nyirih (Xylocarpus granatum) and to determine the toxicity of the bark extract of nyirih (Xylocarpus granatum). This research method is experimental which includes the manufacture of betel nut bark extract (Xylocarpus granatum) using maceration method with Chloroform:Methanol (2:1) solvent. The stain profile of Nyirih Stem Bark (Xylocarpus granatum) extract was characterized by Thin Layer Chromatography with n-Hexana:Ethyl Acetate as eluent (7:3). Nyirih Bark Extract (Xylocarpus granatum) was tested for toxicity by the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Nyirih Stem Bark Simplisia (Xylocarpus granatum) 630 grams yielded 90 grams thick extract with a yield percentage of 14,28%. The results of the thin layer chromatography test showed that the stain profile visually produced 3 spots, UV 254 nm light had 5 spots, and UV 366 nm light had 4 spots. The LC50 value of coroform:methanol extract of betel nut bark (Xylocarpus granatum) using probit analysis was 130,7 µg/ml so it was classified as toxic and has the potential to be developed as cytotoxic.

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF HYDROQUINONE CONTENT IN MARKETPLACE FACIAL WHITENING CREAMS

Hydroquinone is one of the dangerous ingredients in facial whitening cream cosmetics which can cause skin irritation, skin redness and a burning feeling. The purpose of this study was to determine the hydroquinone content in facial whitening cream cosmetics sold in the marketplace. The method used in this study was a qualitative test using a colour reagent test and the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method with toluene:glacial acetic acid as the mobile phase (5:5) and Silica Gel254 Plate as the stationary phase. Quantitative analysis used the UV Vis spectrophotometry method at a wavelength of 541 nm. The results of the qualitative test in the TLC test showed that 4 samples tested positive for hydroquinone in samples A, B, D, and E, with a range of Rf values of 0.44, 0.5, 0.52, and 0.5, respectively. The results of the quantitative test showed that 9 samples contained hydroquinone with a sample content range of 0.22 to 3.62 ppm with an LoD value of 0.637 ppm and an LoQ of 2.124 ppm. The results of this study indicate that there are still cosmetics containing hydroquinone, these results are not following the Regulation of Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan (BPOM) No. KH. 00.01.43.2503 of 2009 where the use of this hydroquinone ingredient is prohibited for use in facial whitening creams because it can endanger health.Keywords: Analysis, Hydroquinone, TLC, Whitening Cream

Daya Hambat Fraksi n-heksan, Etil Asetat, dan Air dari Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis

Background: Clove flower plants are known as traditional plants that can be used in food, drink and medicine. Clove flower ethanol extract (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry) has antibacterial activity. Antibacterial is a substance that can interfere with the growth or kill bacteria by interfering with the metabolism of harmful microbes.Objective: This study was conducted to determine how effective the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions from clove the ethanol extract of clove flower (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill &Perry) in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria.Method: Extract were made by the maceration method with 70% ethanol as a solvent. Then proceed with the fractionation process using a liquid-liquid extraction method using three solvents, namely n-hexane solvent (non-polar), ethyl acetate solvent (semi-polar), and water solvent (polar). Identification of clove flower extract and fraction flower was carried out by organoleptic test, phytochemical screening test, and thin layer chromatography test. A Bacterial inhibition test was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method using concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% with positive control used chloramphenicol while the negative control used distilled water.Result: The results of the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fraction had bacterial inhibition at concentrations of 60%, 80%, and 100%. The water fraction had a zone of bacterial inhibition at 100% concentration.Conclusion: Based on the results of the study was found that the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions had effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria.

ISOLATION PINOSTROBIN COMPOUND IN TEMU KUNCI (KAEMPFERIA PANDURATA ROXB) RHIZOME

Isolation and identification of Pinostrobin compounds in Temu Kunci Rhizomes (Kaempferia pandurata Roxb) were conducted in this study. The isolation and identification methods used were extraction, crystallization & recrystallization, Thin Layer Chromatography, and (4) Infrared (IR) Testing. The extraction results were followed by crystallization and recrystallization processes. The recrystallization produced a yellow solid isolate. A Thin Layer Chromatography test was carried out to determine the purity of the isolate using the eluent Chloroform : n-hexane of 6:4, Chloroform : Ethylacetate of 7:3. A comparison of the Retention Factor (Rf), and the Rf value of the phinostrobin standard indicates that the positive test sample contained the Pinostrobin compound. The Infrared spectrum indicates that the sample belongs to the flavonol group. It is confirmed from the functional groups of the isolates that are compatible or identical to the functional groups in the pinostrobin compound.

Optimization of the Evaluation Indexes for Asphalt UV Aging Behaviors based on Multi-scale Characterization Methods: from the Evolution of Their Physical-Chemical Properties and Microscope Morphology

Aiming to propose some suitable evaluation indexes to quantitatively characterize the UV aging resistance of asphalt binders, firstly, effects of UV aging on asphalt’s properties were comprehensively explored from the multiple scales, including their physical rheological properties, chemical compositions and microscope morphology. The above properties of asphalt binders before and after UV aging were respectively measured with the conventional physical properties tests, dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test, thin-layer chromatography test (TLC) test, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) test and atomic force microscopy (AFM) test. Subsequently, based on some principles for establishing evaluation indexes, such as discrimination, regularity and consistency, the optimal evaluation indexes were proposed to quantitatively characterize the UV aging resistance of asphalt binders. Finally, relationships between the physical properties, chemical compositions and micro morphology of asphalt binders were discussed with the Pearson correlation coefficient method. Test results show that UV aging has a significant effect on physical rheological properties of asphalt, and ranking of aging resistances among asphalt binders evaluated by different macro indices are nearly consistent. Among these macro indexes, the G-R parameter aging index are proved to be the evaluation index with the highest discrimination degree, followed by complex shear modulus G* aging index (60 °C, 10 rad/s, 1 %) and zero shearing viscosity ZSV aging index (60 °C). Chemical composition test results demonstrate that with the growth of UV aging degree, resins components in asphalt increase gradually, while aromatics components decrease, which results in the proportion of larger molecular size (LMS) in asphalt gradually increases. And AFM test results show that UV aging will cause the number of the “bee structure” and roughness values of asphalt gradually decrease, thus promoting the transformation of the asphalt micro structure to smooth. Pearson correlation analysis indicates the compared with the roughness Ra, the Gel index Ic and LMS possesses higher correlation with G-R and G*, whose R values both exceed 0.8. Thus, it may be appropriate to adopt some chemical composition evaluation indexes (such as Ic, LMS) to characterize the UV aging degree of asphalt binders from the microscope perspective.

Phytochemical Screening and In-Vitro α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity Analysis of Ethanol Extract of Mangifera quadrifida

Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia caused by B cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, or both. Indonesia and worldwide have an increasing incidence that leads to a significant socio-economic burden. The effective treatment of Type 2 DM with minimal side effects is still challenging. This research aims to identify phytochemical properties in ethanol extract of Mangifera quadrifida and the effectivity as an alfa-glucosidase inhibitor beneficial to research on the treatment of type 2 DM. Method: Mangifera quadrifida was extracted by ethanol as solvent. The phytochemical analysis is conducted by phytochemical screening methods and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The antidiabetic properties in ethanol extract of Mangifera quadrifida is tested by inhibitory activity on alpha-glukosidase. Result: The ethanol extract of Mangifera quadrifida contains tanin, triterpenoid, flavonoid, and glycoside. TLC test on the ethanol extract of Mangifera quadrifida was detected 4 points (Rf 0,15; 0,464, 0,511; and 0,63). The IC50 to α-glucosidase of Mangifera quadrifida and the acarbose as positive control are 18,19 ppm and 4,88 ppm respectively. Discussion: Tanin, triterpenoid, flavonoid, and glycoside of Mangifera quadrifida have antidiabetic properties. The result on IC50 value in ethanol extract of Mangifera quadrifida is among the active class of antidiabetic group although the value is higher the acarbose. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of the Mangifera quadrifida has phytochemical compunds that have antiadiabetic potential. Acarbose has better IC50 to α-glucosidase compared to Ethanol extract of Mangifera quadrifida.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIJAMUR EKSTRAK DAUN (Ipomoea carnea Jacq) TERHADAP Candida albicans

Infectious diseases can be transmitted from one person to another or from animals to humans of the causes of infection diseases is fungi. Fungi are microorganisms in the form of cells or branched threads. These microorganisms have a rigid cell wall and composed of polysaccharides or chitin, have nuclei and spores, are not chlorophyllous and do not multiply sexually and asexually. Based on this, research was carried using of the welling method on antifungal bioactivity as well as a thin layer chromatography test of spotting to determine the content of secondary metabolites contained in the leaves of kale fence. This study aims to determine the bioactivity of secondary metabolites in n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate, and methanol of kangkong pagar leaves (Ipomoea carnea Jacq) against Candida albicans fungi. This study made four different concentrations namely 60%, 80%, 100%, 120%, for positive control using ketoconazole and negative control using CMC 1%. Data analysis is using the One Way ANOVA test. From this study, the results were that kale fence leaf extract contains secondary metabolites, namely flavonoids, tannins, steroids. Then the results of the antifungal activity test of fencing kale leaves have activities that can inhibit fungi at a concentration of 120% with an inhibitory zone diameter of 11,254 mm so that they can be classified as strong antifungal bioactivity, in the results of the One Way ANOVA analysis of the three samples (N Hexana, Methanol and ethyl Acetate), it is known that the Sig value is 0.000 < 0.05 so it can be said that the rata_rata is "Significantly Different".

Phytochemical Screening and TLC Profiling of Combination Extracts of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) and Papaya (Carica papaya) Leaves from Timor Island

Traditionally in the village of Alor, East Nusa Tenggara Province, a combination of avocado and papaya leaves is often used to treat malaria. To be able to be developed as an ingredient in traditional medicine, it is necessary to conduct preliminary research to determine the content of secondary metabolites contained in the combination of avocado and papaya leaves. This study aims to determine the secondary metabolites contained in avocado and papaya leaves through phytochemical screening and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis. Extraction was carried out using methanol solvent by maceration, and the extract yield was 91.4%. Testing the content of secondary metabolites in avocado and papaya leaf extracts was carried out by phytochemical screening. Furthermore, the TLC test was carried out to confirm the presence of a positive group of compounds on phytochemical screening, and to determine the chromatographic profile of the extract. After being tested by phytochemical and TLC analysis, the extract contains several metabolites, including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. The TLC system used in this study can separate the phytochemical content and give positive results that confirm the results of the phytochemical screening.

Phytochemistry and Cytotoxicity Analysis of Kemang (Mangifera kemanga) Fruit Extract on HeLa Cervical Cancer Cell Line

Mango extract has been proven in its anticancer effect against cervical cancer, however kemang (Mangifera kemanga), despite being a relative of mango, has not been thoroughly researched although expected to give the same effect. Objective: To identify the contents contained in the ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extract of kemang flesh and examine its cytotoxic effect on HeLa cervical cancer cells. Methods: Kemang flesh was extracted using ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane. Phytochemical tests and thin-layer chromatography on the extracts were conducted to identify the phytochemical contents. MTT assay was carried out using the extracts against HeLa cells to find out the cytotoxic effect of the samples in IC50 values. Results: Phytochemical tests revealed that kemang flesh extract contains flavonoid, tannin, triterpenoid, and alkaloid. Thin-layer chromatography test with nonpolar eluent showed one spot with Rf of 0.82 in ethanol extract; six spots with Rf of 0.16, 0.36, 0.49, 0.76, 0.82, and 0.94 in ethyl acetate extract; and six spots with Rf of 0.36, 0.48, 0.63, 0.75, 0.83, and 0.93 in n-hexane extract. MTT assay obtained IC50 values for HeLa cells, respectively for ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts, were 44.34, 16.41, and 43.23ppm. Conclusion: Kemang fruit extract has potential as an anticancer agent against cervical cancer.

Kajian Fitokimia dan Identifikasi Senyawa Metaboli Sekunder Daun Pare (Momordica Charantia L.)

Pare plant is a plant that is found in almost every region in the country Indonesia. Plant is used as a traditional medicine to eliminate some diseases. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the compounds terpenoids methanol extract fraction of n-hexane pare leaf (Momordica charantia L.) using UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Insulation done by maceration method using methanol to produce condensed methanol extract as much as 36.25 grams. Extracts condensed methanol produced is tested phytochemical. Phytochemical test results shows that it contains alkaloids, saponins and steroid / terpenoids. Condensed methanol extract then fractionated using liquid-liquid partition with solvent n-hexane and methanol with a ratio of 4: 2 ie 133 ml of n-hexane and 67 mL of methanol. Non-polar phase (phase n-hexane) results of further partitioning is evaporated using a rotary evaporator to produce a thick n-hexane extract as much as 1.25 grams hereinafter in the TLC test ratio of solvent to produce the best. Solvents are chosen that n-hexane: ethyl acetate (3: 1). Separation and purification was performed using Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (KCV) using silica gel GF254 as stationary phase and solvent n-hexane: methanol as mobile phase and eluted gradually. Isolates were then tested using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Isolates were identified using UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Analysis of physicochemical data qualitatively using UV-VIS spectrophotometry on samples of the methanol extract of N-Hexane fraction pare leaf (Momordica charantia L.) class of compounds containing triterpenoids. This is because the absorption band at a wavelength of 274.2 nm and 432.8 nm with absorbance respectively 0.601 and 0.177 were suspected because of the transition of an electron from n à π*.

Antibacterial Activity Test of Ganitri (Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb.) Leaf Methanol Extract against Bacteria (Propionibacterium acne)

Ganitri plant (Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb.) is one type of plant that can be discovered in several countries, such as Indonesia. This plant has a number of benefits as it contains flavonoid, tannins, phenolics, alkaloids, along with triterpenoids. In addition, that plant has significant role to decrease microbial activities including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans and Penicillium sp. These activities consist of three stages as follows inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis, then followed by hampering cell membrane function and finally decreasing bacterial energy metabolism. The mechanism denatures cell proteins leading an imbalance of molecules, ions and cell lysis as well. Extraction process has been completed by maceration method of 3-kg-wet leaves, a 1-kg-dry simplicial, a 500-g macerated simplicial mixed with 5 L methanol solvent and 33.33 % of simplicial, and 95.08 g of yield extract with 19.01%. Its process generated green color extract having bitter taste and thick form, 0.5% of water, 15.9% of ash, and 0.4% of insoluble acid. Identification of these active ingredients that using positive phytochemical resulted flavonoids. TLC (Thin-layer chromatography) test was used with 0.75 of positive control quercetin and 0.81 of flavonoid extract. Antibacterial activity testing was applied by calculating the inhibitory power of Nutrient Agar with negative control using sterile water. Afterwards, implemented a positive control using clindamycin resulted of several concentration as follows of 10 % (10.6), 20% (10.6), 30% (9.25), 40% (10.12), 50% (9.37) and 100% (38.75).

Analisis Kadar Hidrokuinon Pada Krim Pemutih Yang Beredar Online Dengan Metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (Klt) Dan Spektrofotometri UV-Vis

Cosmetics are preparations that are applied to the external surface of the body for the purpose of cleaning, perfuming, changing the appearance or keeping the body in good condition. Currently, people are very interested in using facial whitening cream cosmetics that are sold online and often found the content in whitening creams is Hydroquinone. The use of hydroquinone in whitening creams has been limited due to adverse side effects. This study aims to determine the levels of hydroquinone in whitening creams circulating online.The method used was qualitative analysis on 3 samples of whitening cream which were suspected to contain hydroquinone, the positive results of the qualitative test were followed by analysis using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) with methanol:chloroform (50:50) and n-Hexane:acetone (3:2) as mobile phase, and UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis. The results of this study are TLC testing on samples obtained Rf values ​​of 0.8 and 0.4, respectively. Determination of the maximum wavelength at 294nm resulted in the average level of hydroquinone content from sample 1 of 2,020µg/ml, the second sample of 16,244µg/ml, while in the third sample of 9,387µg/ml. In conclusion, the levels of hydroquinone in each cream sample were 2,020µg/ml, 16,244µg/ml, 9,387µg/ml where these levels were not in accordance with the 2008 BPOM RI regulations.   Keywords: hydroquinone, whitening cream, thin layer chromatography, UV-Vis spectrophotometry

Discrepancies in the German Pharmacopoeia procedure for quality control of Quillaja saponin extracts.

This study focused on the evaluation of Quillaja saponin extracts with the additional quality designation DAB-which means the abbreviation of the German Pharmacopoeia (Deutsches Arzneibuch). This label suggests that Quillaja saponin extracts marked in this way are of pharmacopoeial quality and thus stand out from other Quillaja saponin extracts. The DAB ninth edition listed Quillaia saponin as a reagent. According to DAB, its quality must be checked by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and three closely spaced zones in a defined retention factor (Rf) interval specify the saponin reagent. All the Quillaja saponin extracts obtained from different manufacturers and labeled as DAB quality complied with the TLC test. However, the analysis with high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-ToF-MS) clearly showed additionally an intense peak pattern of Madhuca saponins in all measured samples. The TLC test for Mahua seed cake, which is the press residue from Madhuca longifolia, surprisingly showed the same three closely spaced zones in the defined Rf interval. The three zones could be identified as Mi-saponins from Madhuca after scraping and extracting them from the stationary phase of the TLC plate and subsequent measurement by HPLC-Q-ToF-MS. Therefore, the specification of the saponin reagent in DAB characterizes erroneously Madhuca saponins that are not listed as a saponin plant source for the saponin reagent.

EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS BY BIOAUTOGRAPHY

Background Acacia cyanophylla is a medicinal plant of the Fabaceae family that is widely distributed in Australia and Asia, also it has many medicinal properties such as antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is wildly used in natural product extract analysis as a finger print. Aim and objective: This study is aimed to conducting a qualitative detection of the active compounds in Acacia cyanophylla, Phlomis syriaca and Scolymus hispanicus plants by thin layer chromatography (TLC) method and studying their antibacterial activity. Methods: the qualitative detection of three plants was conducting using thin layer chromatography (TLC) method. Then, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the aerial parts of the three plants were extracted using an Ultrasonic bath. The antibacterial activity on E. coli isolates for six extracts was evaluated using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. The active compounds that may be responsible for the antibacterial effect was isolated by direct bioautograph method. Results: Performing Thin-layer chromatography TLC tests show that the three plant contain flavonoids, saponin, bitter principles and essential oils, and all extracts showed antibacterial activity on E. coli isolates, but the ethanolic extract of Acacia cyanophylla was the most effective as the MIC values ranged from 0.097to 3.125mg/mL. Bioautography showed that Escherichia coli was inhibited by most of the separated flavonoids on the TLC plates where four inhibiting spots appeared in yellow color with Acacia cyanophylla and five spots with Scolymus hispanicus, while only one spot appeared with Phlomis syriaca. Conclusion: Acacia cyanophylla extract has been considered as the best antibacterial properties among the selected plants due to the presence of flavonoids Peer Review History: Received: 19 July 2021; Revised: 7 August; Accepted: 2 September, Available online: 15 September 2021 Academic Editor: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, sangeetha@utar.edu.my Taha A.I. El Bassossy, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt, tahachemist2008@gmail.com Similar Articles: EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL RESISTANCE OF BIOFILM FORMS OF AVIAN SALMONELLA GALLINARUM TO FLUOROQUINOLONES

Potensi Ekstrak Air Dan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Avicennia Marina Sebagai Nutraceutical

This research was conducted to prove that the leaves of avicennia marina contain ingredients that are potential as nutraceuticals, as well as to determine the comparison of the extraction results using water extract and ethanol extract. Avicennia marina leaves collected randomly and turn it into powder. The avicennia marina leaves powder processed with water extraction and ethanol extraction. The result of extraction process were tested by phytochemical screening tests to determine the content of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, and examined for flavonoid levels by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The results of phytochemical screening test for ethanol extract of avicennia marina leaves showed positive results for the content of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, and saponins, but showed negative results for triterpenoid content. The water extract of avicennia marina leaves showed positive results for the content of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and steroids, but showed negative results for saponins and triterpenoids content. At thin layer chromatography test, the flavonoid content showed that ethanol extract of avicennia marina leaves had 2.46%, while water extract of avicennia marina leaves had .80% of flavonoid content percentage. The results of ethanol extraction and water extraction from the leaves of avicennia marina show that they contain phytochemicals which are beneficial for health, and have the potential as a nutraceutical for medicinal purposes.