Thin Layer Chromatography Analysis Research Articles

Catalytic and Multicomponent Reactions for Green Synthesis of Some Pyrazolone Compounds and Evaluation as Antimicrobial Agents.

A green synthetic approach and facile method was developed to produce pyrazole compounds (6a–d) by the reaction of ethyl acetoacetate (1), hydrazines (2a–d), and catalytic imidazole (3) in aqueous media. 4-Dicyanomethylene-2-pyrazoline-5-one derivatives (14a–d) were synthesized through the reaction of 2-pyrazoline-5-one derivatives (6a–d) with tetracyanoethylene (TCE) (7) by using catalytic imidazole (3) in an aqueous medium. Moreover, the 4-dicyanomethylene derivative (16) was obtained via treatment of 1-phenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione (15) with TCE (7). The spiropyrazoleoxirane derivatives (18 and 20) were prepared by treating the precursor 4-dicyanomethylene-2-pyrazoline-5-one derivative (14b) with hydrogen peroxide in various polar solvents under alkaline conditions. The spiropyrazole oxirane derivative (18) was used as a precursor for the design of functionalized pyrazolone derivatives (24 and 27a, b). The chemical structure of the novel designed derivatives was ascertained based on elemental analyses, mp, thin-layer chromatography, and spectral analyses. Furthermore, some of the synthesized derivatives were examined against different pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. Their results demonstrated that some of them revealed notable antimicrobial activities.

An open-source smartphone app for the quantitative evaluation of thin-layer chromatographic analyses in medicine quality screening

Substandard and falsified medicines present a serious threat to public health. Simple, low-cost screening tools are important in the identification of such products in low- and middle-income countries. In the present study, a smartphone-based imaging software was developed for the quantification of thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) analyses. A performance evaluation of this tool in the TLC analysis of 14 active pharmaceutical ingredients according to the procedures of the Global Pharma Health Fund (GPHF) Minilab was carried out, following international guidelines and assessing accuracy, repeatability, intermediate precision, specificity, linearity, range and robustness of the method. Relative standard deviations of 2.79% and 4.46% between individual measurements were observed in the assessments of repeatability and intermediate precision, respectively. Small deliberate variations of the conditions hardly affected the results. A locally producible wooden box was designed which ensures TLC photography under standardized conditions and shielding from ambient light. Photography and image analysis were carried out with a low-cost Android-based smartphone. The app allows to share TLC photos and quantification results using messaging apps, e-mail, cable or Bluetooth connections, or to upload them to a cloud. The app is available free of charge as General Public License (GPL) open-source software, and interested individuals or organizations are welcome to use and/or to further improve this software.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Coumarin Carboxamides as Selective and Potent Inhibitors of Carbonic Anhydrases IX and XII

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and proton. Inhibition of isoforms IX and XII could aid in the amelioration of cancer. A series of coumarin carboxamides (6a-j) were synthesized and were assayed against hCA isoforms I, II, IX, and XII. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis was done by utilizing Merck silica gel 60 F254 aluminum plates. Stuart Digital Melting Point Apparatus (SMP 30) was used in determining the melting points of the compounds, which are uncorrected. High Resolution Mass Spectra (HRMS) were determined by Agilent QTOF mass spectrometer 6540 series instrument and were performed using ESI techniques at 70eV. All the compounds selectively inhibited isoforms IX and XII as against hCAs I and II. Compounds 6a-e exhibited the best inhibitory profiles against hCA IX (Ki < 25 nM). The isoform hCA XII was effectively inhibited by all compounds showing the Ki values less than 65 nM. The Compounds 6a, 6b, 6g, 6h, and 6j exhibited Ki values less than 10 nM. The binding interactions of the most potent compounds, 6a and 6b, were investigated through docking studies with hCAs IX and XII. These compounds may be utilized as useful starting points for the design and development of selective and potent hCA IX and XII inhibitors.

Green Synthesis Optimization of Glucose Palm Oleate and Its Potential Use as Natural Surfactant in Cosmetic Emulsion

This study aimed to optimize the green synthesis of glucose palm oleate catalyzed by Carica papaya Lipase (CPL) through transesterification in a solvent-free system. Palm olein was used as a fatty acid donor for transesterification reactant and was also employed as a reaction medium. Reaction optimization was performed by using response surface methodology (RSM). Seventeen synthesis conditions were generated by a Box–Behnken design and the products were further determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Fatty acid compositions of palm olein identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) found that oleic acid (51.77 ± 0.67%) and palmitic acid (37.22 ± 0.48%) were major components. The synthesis variable factors of 50 °C, 45 h reaction time, and 1400 U of CPL were predicted by the RSM to be optimum conditions and thus provided the highest glucose palm oleate of 0.3542 mmol/g. Conjugation between palm olein fatty acids and glucose via transesterification resulted in glucose palm oleate being obviously verified by UPLC, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analyses. The synthesized sugar fatty acid ester revealed an HLB value of 6.20 represented by the lowest % creaming index (%CI) of 35.40 ± 3.21%. It also exhibited a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 3.16 × 10−5 M. This study is the first report to reveal the transesterification of glucose and palm olein catalyzed by CPL in a system without using any solvent. Glucose palm oleate has been shown to be derived from an environmentally friendly synthesis process and would be promising as a potential alternative natural surfactant for cosmetic application.

Optimization of PHB production utilizing agro-waste as a sustainable substrate by the native isolate Bacillus cereus

Microbial synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), eco-friendly biopolymers is gaining more attention towards restricting environmental pollution by substituting the conventional non-biodegradable petroleum-based plastics. The current study is aimed to economize the polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production by optimizing the production media using sago waste as the cheapest carbon source. Bacillus cereus is a native isolate obtained from the soil where sago waste is disposed in and around Salem District, Tamil Nadu, India. PHB production media was optimized by Placket Burman design and Box Behnken design (pH: 7.07, temperature: 36.36 °C and sago waste: 19.7g/l)) and maximum OD values of 2.006 were observed in shake flask culture. The dry weight of PHB extracted under optimized conditions was measured by the chloroform extraction method and it was found to be 5.2g/l. In addition, Fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the characteristic features of the PHB polymer. Thus, this study concludes that the utilization of sago waste for the synthesis of value-added products like PHB will not only help in reducing the cost of the PHB production process but also will assist to manage the problems associated with solid waste disposal.

Characterization of quality differences of Ophiopogonis Radix from different origins by TLC, HPLC, UHPLC-MS and multivariate statistical analyses

Ophiopogonis Radix is normally used as a traditional medicine and healthy food in China. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), total saponin content analysis, high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) fingerprinting, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) tandem mass (MS) spectra and multivariate statistical analyses were used to analyze differences in quality of Ophiopogonis Radix from three main producing areas in China. The TLC spots of samples obtained from Zhejiang were clearer and darker than samples from Sichuan and Shandong. Additionally, HPLC fingerprinting analysis of 14 common peaks of the Ophiopogonis Radix samples indicated that the similarities of the 15 batches of samples were between 0.94 and 0.99. Finally, UPLC-Orbitrap MS analysis was used to identify the 13 common peaks of Ophiopogonis Radix. These results showed that Ophiopogonis Radix obtained from different regions can be distinguished well using a combination of analytical techniques, based on differences in their chemical components. The combination of these techniques allows comprehensive and reliable quality evaluation of Ophiopogonis Radix. This study provides references for determining the quality of Ophiopogonis Radix obtained from different regions, which will guide its use as medicine or food.

Bioproduction, purification and physicochemical characterization of melanin from Streptomyces sp. strain MR28

Melanin has been produced and extracted from various microorganisms because of its therapeutic nature and diverse applications in various fields. Hence we isolated actinomycetes from soil which is capable of producing melanin pigment from L-tyrosine and it was identified as Streptomyces sp. strain MR28 on the basis of biochemical, morphological characterization, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Production of melanin pigment was achieved by using standardized tyrosine broth. The melanin pigment was purified, and characterized by using various techniques such as Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), 1H NMR spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Elemental analysis (EDX), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The pigment exhibit maximum UV-Vis absorption spectrum at 299 nm, FTIR peaks confirm the occurrence of C-H, C-N, C-O, and CC functional groups which are key functional groups in indole/pyrrole structure. TLC analysis showed a single band with a significant Retardation factor (Rf) of 0.68, Resonance peaks at 6.66, 7.18, and 7.28 ppm exhibit aromatic hydrogen in the indole/pyrole system in 1H NMR. The EDX reports the presence of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur which are key elements in melanin structure, and TGA exhibits the thermal stability of the melanin. Overall, the successful production and extraction of melanin was achieved by using soil actinomycetes Streptomyces sp. strain MR28, and its characterization confirms the nature of the melanin pigment which has significant value in the industrial and biomedical field.

Assessment of the Quality of Injectable Antibiotics in Benin.

Substandard and falsified medicines are an enormous threat to global health. Poor quality antibiotic preparations contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance. In surgery, where the occurrence of healthcare-associated infections is high, healthcare teams need to rely on the quality of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent infections. We assessed the quality of antibiotics used for surgical infection prophylaxis in Benin. Thirty-three samples were collected from six hospitals located in various departments in Benin. The antibiotics (powders for injection: amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, ampicillin, ceftriaxone; solutions for injection: ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, metronidazole) were assessed using visual inspection, pharmacotechnical tests (including uniformity of mass, pH measure, sterility test, and active pharmaceutical ingredient identification), and assay tests (including a simple analytical method thin layer chromatography) and complex analytical techniques (ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection, conductometry). Because the material needed for the methods recommended by the pharmacopeias to assess the dosage of gentamicin was not available, we developed and validated a conductometry method. Results showed that 97% (n = 32) of the samples passed visual inspection; 100% (n = 33) of the samples passed the pharmacotechnical tests, identification of active ingredients, and sterility test; 88% (n = 29) passed the test for percentage of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Overall, 15% of the samples did not pass the quality test (3% on visual inspection and 12% for excess active ingredients). Although most of the samples passed the quality tests, it appears important to perform routine quality control for intravenous medicines.

First cadmium coordination compound as an efficient flocculant for Congo red

• New Cd(II) coordination compound of 2-phenylimidazo[4,5- f ][1,10]phenanthroline was synthesized via hydrolysis of acetonitrile to acetate. • This compound proves to be the first coordination compound for rapid, specific and complete flocculation of Congo red. • The flocculation mechanism is rationally proposed based on various methods. A cadmium coordination compound, [Cd(pip) 2 (OAc) 2 ]·H 2 O (pip is 2-phenylimidazo[4,5- f ][1,10]phenanthroline), has been successfully synthesized hydrothermally through an in situ hydrolysis of acetonitrile to acetate, and structurally characterized. This compound was found to be able to flocculate Congo red (CR) rapidly and almost quantitatively at pH 7 with low dosage, representing the first coordination compound of such capability. Based on various criteria including infrared spectra, thin layer chromatography and zeta potential analysis, the flocculation mechanism has been proposed to involve displacement of acetate in the complex by CR anion and successive hydrogen bonding and bridging effect, different from the mechanism for traditional polyelectrolyte flocculants.

Phytochemical Study of Iraqi Cydonia oblonga Miller Fruit

Quince (Cydonia oblonga) fruit has a lot of phytochemicals that draw the attention of many researchers nowadays for its important medicinal values. This study concerns the identification and isolation of two flavonoids (Astragalin) flavonol glycoside and (Isorhamnetin) from fruit ethyl acetate extract of Iraqi cultivated Cydonia oblonga. The identification was carried out by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis techniques. The yield of isolated compound was (1.6 and 1.3 %) for astragalin and isorhamnetin, respectively. This was achieved by using preparative thin layer chromatography glass plate (20×20) cm. This is followed by structure elucidation of isolated compounds through fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), ultraviolet (UV), nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13CNMR). analysis procedures.

Bacillus subtilis spores in probiotic feed quantified via bacterial metabolite using planar chromatography

Interest in probiotics in animal production has increased due to the European ban on antibiotic growth promoters in 2006. Bacillus subtilis DSM 29784 (B. s. 29784) is one such probiotic feed additive used in poultry. Cell counting has been the most common tool for feed analysis, besides flow cytometry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. However, quantification of the active probiotic in feed is challenging, since results are influenced by cultivation conditions, viable but non-culturable bacteria and the high contents of feed ingredients. This study presents the first quantitative analysis of a metabolite generated by B. s. 29784 spores in feed to draw conclusions on the amount of active dried spores in the feed. Thus, it is the first quantification of active probiotic bacteria at the trace level in feed based on metabolite production but not cell counting. To generate the calibration standards, solutions with different amounts of dried B. s. 29784 spores were cultured under the same conditions as the feed sample, ensuring independence from growth performance. Upstream cultivation, metabolite extraction and high-performance thin-layer chromatography analysis were proven to be highly reliable and reproducible. The repeatability of the method (RSD 1.9%) and the recovery (111% ± 21% in feed additive matrix, 96% ± 13% in ionized feed matrix) were excellent. The variations during cultivation occurred due to the complex spore germination process and presence of other microbes in the feed. This new procedure, detecting only those cells that produced the metabolite of interest, has several advantages as it takes into account bacterial viability, cultivation conditions, spore germination process, growth behavior and the influence of the nutrient-rich feed matrix. It truly reflects the activity of the probiotic in the feed product, allows side-by-side comparison of characteristic metabolite patterns and nutrient consumptions to understand the metabolism of dried spores in matrix.

Bioconversion of waste lubricant oil by Achromobacter xylosoxidans PSA5 employing a Central Composite Design approach for enhanced biosurfactant production

A biosurfactant producing bacterial strain was isolated from oil-contaminated soils in Visakhapatnam, India and identified as Achromobacter xylosoxidans PSA5 by 16S rRNA sequencing. The Central Composite Design of Response Surface Methodology was deployed in the present study to ascertain the optimum conditions for producing biosurfactant from A. xylosoxidans PSA5. A temperature of 35°C, pH 7.0, 2.0% waste lubricant oil and a five-day incubation time were found to be optimal for biosurfactant production with a maximum emulsification index of 60.0%. Under optimum conditions, 4.46 g/L of the biosurfactant was produced which was 4.5 times higher than the yield obtained under unoptimized conditions. The kinetic study showed that biosurfactant production was growth-associated, signifying that biosurfactant is a primary metabolite. Partial characterization of the biosurfactant by thin-layer chromatographic analysis revealed that the putative biosurfactant was of glycolipid type.

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of Tripterygium hypoglaucum in Yinning Tablets, a compound traditional Chinese herbal preparation

To conduct qualitative and quantitative analyses of Tripterygium hypoglaucum in Yinning Tablets, a compound preparation of traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was used for qualitative analysis of Tripterygium hypoglaucum in Yining Tablets and the analytical protocols were optimized. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantitatively analyze the content of triptolide (the main active ingredient of Tripterygium hypoglaucum) in Yinning Tablets. The results of TLC analysis showed that the test sample of Yinning Tablets and the positive control samples both produced clear, well separated spots without obvious interference in the blank samples. Assessment of the influences of the thin-layer plates from different manufacturers, temperature and humidity on the test results demonstrated good durability of the test. HPLC analysis of triptolide showed a good linear relationship within the concentration range of 1-100 μg/mL (regression equation: A=22.219C-19.165, r=0.9999); the contents of triptolide in 3 batches of Yinning tablets were 0.34, 0.34, and 0.28 μg per tablet, all within the range of 0.28-0.34 μg per tablet. It was finally determined that each Yinning tablet should not contain more than 0.6 μg of triptolide. TLC and HPLC are simple, accurate, durable and specific for qualitative and quantitative analyses of Tripterygium hypoglaucum in Yinning Tablets.

Genome Analysis of a Novel Polysaccharide-Degrading Bacterium Paenibacillus algicola and Determination of Alginate Lyases.

Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) are an important characteristic of bacteria in marine systems. We herein describe the CAZymes of Paenibacillus algicola HB172198T, a novel type species isolated from brown algae in Qishui Bay, Hainan, China. The genome of strain HB172198T is a 4,475,055 bp circular chromosome with an average GC content of 51.2%. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the predicted genes shows that strain HB172198T encodes 191 CAZymes. Abundant putative enzymes involved in the degradation of polysaccharides were identified, such as alginate lyase, agarase, carrageenase, xanthanase, xylanase, amylases, cellulase, chitinase, fucosidase and glucanase. Four of the putative polysaccharide lyases from families 7, 15 and 38 were involved in alginate degradation. The alginate lyases of strain HB172198T exhibited the maximum activity 152 U/mL at 50 °C and pH 8.0, and were relatively stable at pH 7.0 and temperatures lower than 40 °C. The average degree of polymerization (DP) of the sodium alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) degraded by the partially purified alginate lyases remained around 14.2, and the thin layer chromatography (TCL) analysis indicated that it contained DP2-DP8 oligosaccharides. The complete genome sequence of P. algicola HB172198T will enrich our knowledge of the mechanism of polysaccharide lyase production and provide insights into its potential applications in the degradation of polysaccharides such as alginate.

Quantitative and rapid quality assessment methods for the multi‐class bioactive constituents of Tinospora cordifolia using high‐performance liquid and thin layer chromatography analysis with tandem mass spectrometry characterization

AbstractTinospora cordifolia is an important traditional botanical medicine used as an immunomodulator with diversified therapeutic potential. The present study used the systematic isolated Tinospora cordifolia compounds (tinosporide, 8‐hydroxy tinosporide, tinosporaside, cordifolioside A, 20‐β‐hydroxy ecdysone, and columbin) with four alkaloids (syringin, magnoflorine, tetrahydropalmatine, and jatrorrhizine) to develop and validate a high‐performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous quantification of these multi‐class bioactive. This novel method showed good specificity with excellent linearity (r2 > 0.99), precision (relative standard deviation < 5.0%), and robust and accurate performance (93.68–99.76%) for 10 Tinospora cordifolia compounds as an effective strategy for quantification using the single and multi‐class standards approach. The rapid marker‐based qualitative high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography methods were also developed to analyze samples as a visual quality control tool.These methods were first applied to analyze 15 Tinospora cordifolia samples using the external standard method. By analyzing the results based on the multi‐class (%relative error 2.19–10.56) and single standard (%relative error 25.00–70.50) approach, the multi‐class standard assessment can be effectively adapted for Tinospora cordifolia samples. The quantitative‐qualitative analysis was further confirmed with mass spectroscopy characterization. This multi‐faceted analytical approach provides a unique solution for fingerprint, quality assurance, and identification of Tinospora cordifolia with tinosporide, 8‐hydroxy tinosporide, and tinosporaside as an authenticated marker.

Phytochemical Screening and TLC Profiling of Combination Extracts of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) and Papaya (Carica papaya) Leaves from Timor Island

Traditionally in the village of Alor, East Nusa Tenggara Province, a combination of avocado and papaya leaves is often used to treat malaria. To be able to be developed as an ingredient in traditional medicine, it is necessary to conduct preliminary research to determine the content of secondary metabolites contained in the combination of avocado and papaya leaves. This study aims to determine the secondary metabolites contained in avocado and papaya leaves through phytochemical screening and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis. Extraction was carried out using methanol solvent by maceration, and the extract yield was 91.4%. Testing the content of secondary metabolites in avocado and papaya leaf extracts was carried out by phytochemical screening. Furthermore, the TLC test was carried out to confirm the presence of a positive group of compounds on phytochemical screening, and to determine the chromatographic profile of the extract. After being tested by phytochemical and TLC analysis, the extract contains several metabolites, including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. The TLC system used in this study can separate the phytochemical content and give positive results that confirm the results of the phytochemical screening.

Identifikasi Kandungan Senyawa Kimiawi Psidium Guajava Linn. dan Anacardium Occicentale Linn. dan Efeknya terhadap Penyembuhan Luka pada Mus Musculus Linn.

The aims of this research is to identify the types of chemical compounds that have the most role in wound treatment in mice (Mus musculus Linn.) using guava leaves (Psidium guajava Linn.) and cashew nuts (Anacardium occidentale Linn.). Based on TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) analysis, the compounds contained in guava leaves and cashew leaves are flavonoids, saponins, tannins and alkaloids with a significant effect on wound treatment in mice. The amount of chemical compounds in guava leaves was 35.105 ppm, 31.508 ppm,9.400 ppm and 1.985 ppm, respectively. While in cashew leaves 42.752 ppm, 31.616 ppm, 8,001 and 1,832 ppm.

Bacillus suaedae sp. nov., isolated from the stem of Suaeda aralocaspica in north-west China

A bacterial strain, designated YZJH907-2T, was isolated from the stem of Suaeda aralocaspica, collected from the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut desert, Xinjiang, PR China. Cells of strain YZJH907-2T were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic and rod-shaped. They formed white or colourless circular colonies with smooth convex surfaces. Strain YZJH907-2T grew at 4-50 °C (optimum, 28-30 °C), pH 7.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 8.0-9.0) and with 0-10 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 3-7 %). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain YZJH907-2T was 38.1 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity showed that the strain was most closely related to Bacillus alcalophilus DSM 485T (97.37 %), Bacillus kiskunsagensis B16-24T (96.87 %) and Bacillus bogoriensis LBB3T (96.71 %). Average nucleotide identity values between YZJH907-2T and B. alcalophilus DSM 485Tand B. bogoriensis LBB3T were 69.2 and 69.0 %, respectively. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of YZJH907-2T with B. alcalophilus DSM 485T and B. bogoriensis LBB3T were 19.6 and 20.4 %, respectively. The cell wall of strain YZJH907-2T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, and the major and secondary isoprenoid quinones were MK-7 and MK-5, respectively. Results of fatty acids showed that anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 0 were the predominant cellular fatty acids. Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography analysis indicated that the polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified glycolipids. Based on the genomic, phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses, strain YZJH907-2T represented a novel species of the genus Bacillus, and thus the name Bacillus suaedae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YZJH907-2T (=CGMCC 1.18763T=KCTC 43335T).

Isolation and Identification of Secondary Metabolic Compounds from Mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata) and their Bioactivity Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria

Bacteria are often found as the cause of disease in the human body because they are pathogenic. One of the bacteria that cause infectious diseases is Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Mangrove plants that are rich in secondary metabolites are used to obtain antibacterial substances that can play a role in inhibiting bacterial growth. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of secondary metabolites of alkaloids in mangrove plants (Rhizophora mucronata) and to determine the antibacterial activity of alkaloid compounds in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The research method was carried out by remaceration and isolation of alkaloid compounds, analysis of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography, and characterization tests using FT-IR and UV-Vis. The results of the analysis showed the presence of isoquinoline-derived alkaloids supported by FT-IR absorption at 3317 cm-1 indicating the N-H functional group which is a characteristic of alkaloids and the UV-Vis wavelength of 230 nm. These compounds can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria by 2 nm and Escherichia coli by 0 nm. The inhibition obtained against Escherichia coli bacteria was caused by the cell membrane layer of gram-negative bacteria consisting of 3 layers so that it was resistant to antibacterial and difficult to penetrate. Staphylococcus aureus only has a single layer, so it is more easily penetrated by antibacterials by causing lysis and inhibiting DNA intercalation.

Anti-Obesity Action of Boerhavia diffusa in Rats against High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity by Blocking the Cannabinoid Receptors.

Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular illnesses have known risk factors in the pathophysiology of an unhealthy diet. Obesity now affects almost a third of the world’s population and is widely seen as a side effect of the Industrial Revolution. The current study aimed to determine natural phytoconstituents that have a significant role in the management of obesity. In this view, we have selected the plant Boerhavia diffusa which has different pharmacological actions and is traditionally used to treat sickness caused by lifestyle modification. The methanolic extract of the plant material was prepared and then further fractionated by means of solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol, and water). The absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) analysis was done by taking the active constituent of the plant (Punarnavine, Boeravinone B, and Eupalitin). The molecular docking analysis of these compounds is also performed by targeting the cannabinoid receptor (CR). Structural analysis of the best complex was done using the Discovery Studio visualizer tool. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis was done by using a solvent system (chloroform and methanol in a ratio of 8:2). The in vivo study was done on the Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats treated with a high-fat diet to induce obesity and different parameters such as body weight, behavioral activity, organ fat pad weight, lipid profile, and liver biomarkers (AST, ALT, BUN, and creatinine) were estimated. The result of the study suggested that the phytoconstituents of B. diffusa upon molecular docking revealed the possible binding mechanisms with the CR and thus show potent anti-obesity action.