Thin Graphene Sheets Research Articles

A perspective of recent advances in PECVD-grown graphene thin films for scientific research and technological applications

The purpose of this review is to provide a perspective on some of the recent advances in applying graphene thin films, including monolayer and multilayer graphene sheets synthesized by a scalable approach based on plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), to scientific research and technologies. The technological applications present here include the use of graphene in flexible electronics, for anticorrosion of metals, and for Si-based technologies including superlubricity and optoelectronics. In the case of fundamental scientific research, we demonstrate that periodic patterns of nanoscale strain distributions in monolayer graphene can lead to local giant pseudomagnetic fields as well as global modifications to the electronic properties of monolayer graphene, including strain-induced valley Hall signals and quantized Landau levels in the absence of external magnetic fields, edge states, as well as increasing electronic correlation with increasing strain. These findings suggest new approaches towards developing emerging quantum states with tunable electronic correlation based on graphene straintronics.

Green synthesis of Ag and Au NPs decorated rGO nanocomposite for high impedimetric electrochemical sensor as well as enhanced antimicrobial performance against foodborne pathogens

In the present study, Allium cepa L. leaves extract mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) decorated reduced graphene oxide (Ag/Au/rGO NC’s) were synthesized and demonstrated their biological and electrochemical sensing applications. Interestingly, the synthesis of AgNPs and AuNPs was achieved rapidly within 1 h and 4 h, respectively. Whereas the production of both reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Ag/Au/rGO NC’s was achieved at 96 h. The achieved results from the UV–Vis spectrum of 432 nm for AgNPs and 550 nm of AuNPs and the shifting of the characteristic GO absorption band of 230 nm into 270 nm as well as an absence of 305 nm confirmed the rGO synthesis. In addition, HR-XRD analyses confirmed the JCPDS file No. 04–0783 and 01–1174 pertaining to Ag and Au NPs. Further, the Raman spectroscopy, FT-IR and EDS analyses confirmed the evidence of nanomaterials biosynthesis. A polydisperse, spherical shaped average size AgNPs of 1 to 30 nm, spherical and triangular shaped AuNPs with an average size of 1 to 120 nm, and silk like appearance of a thin layered graphene sheet in rGO were observed through TEM. Also, the recorded results evident the uniform decoration of Ag and Au NPs into the rGO sheet. The electrochemical properties of as-synthesized materials were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. Interestingly, the Ag/Au/rGO NC’s modified electrode exhibited higher electrical conductivity and good electrocatalytic properties towards the electrooxidation of nitrite in a neutral medium than other nanomaterials. Eventually, Ag/Au/rGO NC’s confirmed the enhanced antibacterial against Gram-negative bacteria and dose dependent antifungal inhibitory activities against foodborne fungal pathogens of Fusarium graminearum, Alternaria alternata, and phytopathogenic fungus of Curvularia lunata and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at the maximum tested conc. of 2 mg/mL, compared to other nanomaterials. From the result of zebrafish embryotoxicity (ZET), the highest toxicity was observed for AgNPs at 0.19 μg/mL. But in the case of Ag/Au/rGO NC’s the reduced toxicity was observed. Hence, the achieved results concluded the Ag/Au/rGO NC’s could be suitable for development of both as biomaterials for biomedical and effective sensors for environmental applications.

Liquid Phase Graphene Exfoliation with a Vibration-Based Acoustofluidic Effector.

Liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) has emerged as a promising method for the industrial-scale production of graphene. However, one of its critical steps, namely sonication, has faced challenges due to high power consumption and low efficiency, leading to limited applicability in industrial settings. This study introduces a novel, cost-effective microfluidic sonication device designed to significantly reduce power consumption while efficiently assisting the LPE process for graphene production. By coupling a capillary with a buzzer and applying an appropriate electric signal, simulation and particle tracing experiments reveal the generation of robust shear forces resulting from acoustic streaming and cavitation when the capillary end is immersed in the liquid. For the first time, the capillary-based sonication device was effectively utilized for graphene exfoliation in a DMF (N,N-Dimethylformamide) + NaOH liquid phase system. The SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and Raman characterization results corroborate the successful exfoliation of 100 nm with thicknesses below 10 nm graphene sheets from graphite flakes using this pioneering device. The values of I2D/IG increase after processing, which suggests the exfoliation of graphite flakes into thinner graphene sheets. The vibration-based acoustofluidic effector represents a versatile and scalable miniature device, capable of being employed individually for small-batch production, thereby optimizing the utilization of raw 2D materials, particularly in experimental scenarios. Alternatively, it holds the potential for large-scale manufacturing through extensive parallelization, offering distinct advantages in terms of cost-efficiency and minimal power consumption.

Long-term stable solid concentrated graphene dispersion assisted by a highly aromatic ionic liquid

HypothesisThe sonochemical exfoliation of graphite in solution has been demonstrated as a promising and easy technique for producing graphene dispersions. This is usually done in organic solvents and leads to unstable dispersions with very low graphene concentration. Ionic liquids (ILs) represent a versatile and safe alternative to traditional organic solvents. A few recent studies reported the use of commercial ILs with bulky anions, such as bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and aromatic cations, such as imidazolium, which favour the exfoliation of graphite through π-π and cation-π interactions. Although recently investigated, the role of aromatic groups on imidazolium cations is still controversial and systematic studies are still necessary. Besides, these studies were limited to liquid dispersions at room temperature. ExperimentsHerein, we prepared four highly aromatic imidazolium-based ILs, including the newly reported 1-(naphthylmethyl)-3-benzylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, [(Np)(Bn)im][NTf2]. These ILs were used for the sonochemical exfoliation of graphite and compared with a commercial benchmark, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [Bmim][NTf2]. FindingsInterestingly, [(Np)(Bn)im][NTf2] allowed reaching solid dispersions at room temperature containing thin few layer graphene sheets with long-term stability (up to 2 years) and high concentration (3.6 mg/mL). Such graphene dispersion combines long-term stability in the solid-state and high processability in the liquid state, by a simple heating above 60 °C.

Graphene based microstrip patch antenna on photonic crystal substrate for 5G application

One of the strongest and thinnest substances known to exist is graphene. It can be efficiently used for antenna fabrication and significant benefits can be analyzed such as size miniaturization, gain and return loss enhancement, flexibility and increase in bandwidth, etc. In this paper, a graphene patch antenna has been designed and fabricated for 5G applications at 28.3 GHz. Different 5G frequency allocation throughout the world is shown in tabular form. Photonic crystal substrate is used to reduce surface wave loss which in turn, increases the radiation efficiency of the antenna. The ground plane is made up of copper, treated as a Perfect Electric Conductor Several unique properties of graphene are analyzed and shown. Then, a thin graphene sheet is used as a patch and an antenna is designed and fabricated. The patch has dimensions of 3.4 mm by 2.38 mm. The simulated return loss is maximum at −33.69 dB at 28.3 GHz, whereas for the measured design it is −26.31 dB at 28.04 GHz. It is observed that graphene can be a good alternative to existing conductors, especially at higher frequencies. The proposed antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS software.

Design and Implementation of Graphene-Based Tunable Microwave Filter for THz Applications.

A reconfigurable Substrate-Integrated Waveguide (SIW) filter operating in the THz region was designed in this work. Two SIW resonators were coupled through a magnetic iris to form a second-order filter with a double-layer substrate. The first substrate was silicon of permittivity 11.9; on top of it, silicon dioxide of permittivity 3.9 was placed. The ground and upper plane were composed of gold plates. Graphene material was then used for the tunability of the filter. A thin graphene sheet was sandwiched between the silicon dioxide substrate and the upper gold plate. An external DC bias voltage was then applied to change the chemical potential of graphene, which, in turn, managed to change the operational center frequency of the filter within the range of 1.289 THz to 1.297 THz, which translated to a bandwidth range of 8 GHz. The second part of this work centered on changing the aspect ratio of the graphene patch to change the center frequency. It was observed that the frequency changed within the range of 1.2908 THz to 1.2929 THz, which gave a bandwidth of 2.1 GHz change.

Scaphium scaphigerum/graphene hybrid aerogel for composite phase change material with high phase change enthalpy and high thermal conductivity for energy storage

Based on the disadvantages of the low thermal conductivity and easy leakage of the organic phase change energy storage material, Scaphium scaphigerum/graphene hybrid aerogel (SGA) with sparse porous structure was prepared by the template method and used as a thermally conductive reinforcing material to fabricate PEG forming composite PCMs of SGA/PEG. The results show that the three-dimensional pore structure of the SGA is composed of extremely thin graphene sheets interwoven and connected to each other. The EDA reducing agent can effectively remove the oxygen-containing functional groups, allowing the graphene sheets to re-adhere to the SC soft stencil and continuously aggregate, stack and self-assemble, resulting in thermally stable SGA. DSC result shows SGA/PEG composite has excellent overall thermal performance, especially SGA/PEG-8 with a latent thermal storage energy of 166.11 J/g, which is 99.35 % of that of pure PEG, and remains 99.20 % even after 100 heating-cooling cycles. The XRD, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy results show that there is no chemical reaction in the SGA composite with PEG and that it is physically bonded. The TGA results show that the SGA can effectively conduct heat from the surface of the sample, showing a beneficial effect on the thermal stability of the composite. The SEM results directly demonstrate that the three-dimensional pore structure of the SGA is uniformly wrapped by PEG and that the surface of the lamellae is relatively smooth, without any significant accumulation of PEG. Furthermore, the shape-stable SGA/PEG exhibited a high thermal conductivity of 1.0621 W/(m K) which was enhanced to 378 % relative to pure PEG. This novel strategy offers enlightening prospects for the preparation of composite phase change materials with good thermal storage properties, thermal conductivity and thermal stability for a wide range of applications in energy storage.

A Multitrace Surface Integral Equation Solver to Simulate Graphene-Based Devices

A multitrace surface integral equation (MT-SIE) solver is proposed to analyze electromagnetic field interactions on composite devices involving magnetized and nonmagnetized graphene sheets. The computation domain is decomposed into two subdomains: an exterior subdomain that represents the unbounded background medium where the device resides in an interior subdomain that represents the dielectric substrate. Resistive Robin transmission conditions (RRTCs) are formulated to describe the infinitesimally thin graphene sheet that partially covers the surface between the two subdomains. On the rest of this surface, traditional Robin transmission conditions (RTCs) are enforced. The electric and magnetic field equations are used as the governing equations in each subdomain. The governing equations of a subdomain are locally coupled to the governing equations of its neighbor using RRTCs and RTCs. The accuracy and the applicability of the proposed MT-SIE solver are demonstrated by various numerical examples.

Varactor–Graphene-Based Bandpass Filter With Independently Tunable Characteristics of Frequency and Amplitude

This article presents a frequency–amplitude independently tunable bandpass filter (BPF). The filter uses an electrically tunable coaxial substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) resonator, which has a compact size and a constant fractional bandwidth (FBW). The surface-gap coaxial SIW resonator is loaded with eight varactors and a thin graphene sheet at the top and bottom, respectively, which results in possessing independent tuning characteristics of frequency and quality factors. The variable capacitance values of the varactor are used to achieve frequency reconfigurability, and the graphene located on the bottom surface of the resonator is equivalent to a tunable lumped resistor used to control the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -factor. In addition, detailed steps of BPF design are provided. For validation, a prototype third-order varactor–graphene-loaded multitunable coaxial SIW BPF is fabricated. The measurements show that within the tunable range of the varactors, the proposed filter can be tuned from 0.68 to 1.03 GHz with 5% ± 0.2% 1-dB FBW and the insertion loss of passband can be continuously tuned over 2.68–6.37 dB. The frequency tuning and amplitude tuning functions are not dependent on each other. Over the frequency tuning range, the transmission amplitude at an arbitrary center frequency can be dynamically tuned by controlling the bias voltage applied to the graphene.

Highly Efficient Cellular Acoustic Absorber of Graphene Ultrathin Drums.

Atomically thin 2D graphene sheets exhibit unparalleled in-plane stiffness and large out-of-plane elasticity, thereby providing strong mechanical resonance for nanomechanical devices. The exceptional resonance behavior of ultrathin graphene, which promises the fabrication of superior acoustic absorption materials, however, remains unfulfilled for the lack of applicable form and assembly methods. Here, a highly efficient acoustic absorber is presented, wherein cellular networks of ultrathin graphene membranes are constructed into polymer foams. The ultrathin graphene drums exhibit strong resonances and efficiently dissipate sound waves in a broad frequency range. A record specific noise reduction coefficient (51.3 at 30mm) is achieved in the graphene-based acoustic absorber, fully realizing the superior resonance properties of graphene sheets. The scalable method facilely transforms commercial polymer foams to superior acoustic absorbers with a ≈320% enhancement in average absorption coefficient across wide frequencies from 200 to 6000Hz. The graphene acoustic absorber offers a convenient method to exploit the extraordinary resonance properties of 2D sheets, opening extensive new applications in noise protection, building design, instruments and acoustic devices.

Mechanical Properties and Deformation Mechanisms of Graphene Foams with Bi-Modal Sheet Thickness by Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Graphene foams (GrFs) have been widely used as structural and/or functional materials in many practical applications. They are always assembled by thin and thick graphene sheets with multiple thicknesses; however, the effect of this basic structural feature has been poorly understood by existing theoretical models. Here, we propose a coarse-grained bi-modal GrF model composed of a mixture of 1-layer flexible and 8-layer stiff sheets to study the mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms based on the mesoscopic model of graphene sheets (Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2011, 19, 54003). It is found that the modulus increases almost linearly with an increased proportion of 8-layer sheets, which is well explained by the mixture rule; the strength decreases first and reaches the minimum value at a critical proportion of stiff sheets ~30%, which is well explained by the analysis of structural connectivity and deformation energy of bi-modal GrFs. Furthermore, high-stress regions are mainly dispersed in thick sheets, while large-strain areas mainly locate in thin ones. Both of them have a highly uneven distribution in GrFs due to the intrinsic heterogeneity in both structures and the mechanical properties of sheets. Moreover, the elastic recovery ability of GrFs can be enhanced by adding more thick sheets. These results should be helpful for us to understand and further guide the design of advanced GrF-based materials.

Propagation matrix for electromagnetic interaction through electrostatically and magnetostatically biased graphene sheet

The reflection and transmission of plane electromagnetic waves on monolayer graphene are studied theoretically in this paper. From an electromagnetic point of view, monolayer graphene is described as an “infinitely thin” graphene sheet characterized by a surface conductivity, and based on a microscopic quantum dynamical approach, the graphene sheet becomes anisotropic in the presence of both an electrostatic and a magnetic bias. In this work, starting from boundary conditions and phase-matching conditions, the propagation matrix for the analysis of the interaction between an electromagnetic field and thin graphene sheet which is biased electrostatically and magnetostatically, and then characterized by an anisotropic conductivity, is derived. Furthermore, the analytical solutions of co- and cross-polarization reflective and transmittance coefficients through an anisotropic graphene planar surface are obtained from the proposal matrix above, which couples the fundamental transverse electric (TE) polarization and transverse magnetic (TM) polarization and includes the possible effects of electrostatic and/or magnetostatic bias. In conclusion, the cross-polarization reflective coefficient of TE wave and that of TM wave are equal, and their cross-polarization transmittance coefficients have opposite phase. Finally, a new propagation matrix for stratified medium containing anisotropic graphene interfaces is deduced by embedding the matrix across graphene sheet mentioned above into the traditional propagation matrix for isotropic stratified medium. The proposed new matrix can be used to investigate the propagation properties of plane wave in a complex structure of layered medium and anisotropic conductivity interfaces (including graphene sheet) analytically and quickly, and represents a very simple tool for the relevant analysis and design.

Assembly of Foldable 3D Microstructures Using Graphene Hinges.

Origami/kirigami-inspired 3D assembly approaches have recently attracted attention for a variety of applications, such as advanced optoelectronic devices and biomedical sensors. The results reported here describe an approach to construct classes of multiple foldable 3D microstructures that involve deformations that typical conductive materials, such as conventional metal films, cannot tolerate. Atomically thin graphene sheets serve as folding hinges during a process of 2D to 3D conversion via a deterministic buckling process. The exceptional mechanical properties of graphene enable the controlled, geometric transformation of a 2D precursor bonded at selective sites on a prestretched elastomer into folded 3D microstructures, in a reversible manner without adverse effects on the electrical properties. Experimental and computational investigations of the folding mechanisms for such types of 3D objects reveal the underlying physics and the dependence of the process on the thickness of the graphene/supporting films that define the hinges.

Exact analytical solutions to the problem of relative post-buckling stiffness of thin nonlocal graphene sheets

Abstract The main purpose of this research is to obtain analytical formulations for exact calculation of relative post-buckling stiffness of nonlocal graphene sheets. In addition to calculating the post-buckling stiffness reduction, the buckling and initial post-buckling responses of these structures, when they are subjected to end-shortening strain, have also been studied. To investigate these phenomena, a new technique called semi-Galerkin technique is used in which the out-of-plane deflection function is firstly postulated as the only displacement field and then, exact nonlocal stress function is calculated through a complete solution of the von-Karman compatibility equation. Finally, Galerkin's method is used to solve the unknown parameter considered in the proposed technique. The nano-sheets are modeled as an orthotropic layer with Kirchhoff assumptions and nonlocal differential elasticity theory is employed to achieve the buckling loads and exact relative stiffness values. For in-plane movements of the longitudinal edges of the nano-sheets, two essential and natural boundary conditions are adopted to be “straightly movable” or “freely movable”. The effects of aspect ratio and nonlocal parameter have been studied for each type of boundary conditions and for graphene sheets with different materials. The stress distribution along the length and the width of the nano-sheets is also investigated and discussed by the two local and nonlocal theories and for various values of nonlocal parameter.

Localized Building Titania-Graphene Charge Transfer Interfaces for Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance.

Achieving high photocatalytic activity of titania-graphene composites calls for well-controlled titania size and efficient charge transfer interfaces. However, it is rather difficult because of easy restacking of graphene sheets and random nucleation and growth of titania nanoparticles in solution. Here, we reported a facile way to control the TiO2 sizes and interfaces by localizing the nucleation and growth of titania on graphene sheets, which prohibits both restacking of graphene and random growth of TiO2. As a result, a composite with controllably less than 10-nm-sized TiO2 nanoparticles evenly distributed on thin graphene sheets was achieved. Thanks to the small size of titania and efficient charge transfer interfaces, the TiO2/graphene composite exhibits a significant enhancement of photocatalytic H2 evolution activity, reaching 1.35 mmol g-1 h-1. Furthermore, the composite also shows high photocatalytic activity on dye degradation under visible light illumination.

Smart Graphene-Based Frequency Selective Surface Designed to Act as Single or Dual Band Device with Reconfigurable Operation Bands

In this paper, a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) formulation, based on the exponential matrix and on thin material sheet methods is developed for modeling subcellular thin graphene sheets. This formulation is validated by reproducing graphene frequency selective surfaces (FSS) known from literature. Then, we propose in this work a smart graphene FSS device. Smartness is obtained by means of a unity cell formed by a graphene ring with a graphene sheet placed in its aperture. By properly regulating the chemical potentials of the graphene elements, two frequency-tunable modus operandi are obtained: single- or dual-band rejection modes. When the device operates in its dual-band rejection mode, either of the rejection bands can be shifted individually in the frequency spectrum. Additionally, both rejection bands can also be reconfigured simultaneously.

Silicon Nanoparticles Embedded in N-Doped Few-Layered Graphene: Facile Synthesis and Application as an Effective Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries.

A fast one-step arc discharge exfoliation method is employed to synthesize Si/graphene composites by using a graphite rod filled with a mixture of Si powder and urea as a cathode. During the arc discharge process, the use of urea allows both the introduction of nitrogen atoms into the graphene and the uniform sealing of Si nanoparticles between the thin graphene sheets to occur simultaneously. The resulting N-doped graphene nanosheets embedded with Si (Si@NG) can act as an electrode material for lithium-ion batteries and delivers the reversible capacity of 1030 mAh g-1 with a current density of 200 mA g-1 over 100 cycles along with an outstanding coulombic efficiency of 96.84 %. The remarkable electrochemical rate capability performance can be owed to the multiple role of NG, which not only serves as a three-dimensional conductive support, but also effectively limits the volume variation of Si nanoparticles. The approach proposed here is expected to be extended to the preparation of other alloy anode/graphene hybrids for lithium ion batteries.

Magnetically tunable multiband near-field radiative heat transfer between two graphene sheets

Near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) is strongly related with many applications such as near-field imaging, thermo-photovoltaics and thermal circuit devices. The active control of NFRHT is of great interest since it provides a degree of tunability by external means. In this work, a magnetically tunable multiband NFRHT is revealed in a system of two suspended graphene sheets at room temperature. It is found that the single-band spectra for $B=0$ split into multiband spectra under an external magnetic field. Dual-band spectra can be realized for a modest magnetic field (e.g., $B=4\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$). One band is determined by intraband transitions in the classical regime, which undergoes a blue shift as the chemical potential increases. Meanwhile, the other band is contributed by inter-Landau-level transitions in the quantum regime, which is robust against the change of chemical potentials. For a strong magnetic field (e.g., $B=15\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$), there is an additional band with the resonant peak appearing at near-zero frequency (microwave regime), stemming from the magnetoplasmon zero modes. The great enhancement of NFRHT at such low frequency has been little reported. This work may pave a way for multiband thermal information transfer based on atomically thin graphene sheets.

Bottom-Up Synthesis of Graphene Monolayers with Tunable Crystallinity and Porosity.

We present a method for a bottom-up synthesis of atomically thin graphene sheets with tunable crystallinity and porosity using aromatic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) as molecular precursors. To this end, we employ SAMs with pyridine and pyrrole constituents on polycrystalline copper foils and convert them initially into molecular nanosheets-carbon nanomembranes (CNMs)- via low-energy electron irradiation induced cross-linking and then into graphene monolayers via pyrolysis. As the nitrogen atoms are leaving the nanosheets during pyrolysis, nanopores are generated in the formed single-layer graphene. We elucidate the structural changes upon the cross-linking and pyrolysis down to the atomic scale by complementary spectroscopy and microscopy techniques including X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopy, low energy electron diffraction, atomic force, helium ion, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and electrical transport measurements. We demonstrate that the crystallinity and porosity of the formed graphene can be adjusted via the choice of molecular precursors and pyrolysis temperature, and we present a kinetic growth model quantitatively describing the conversion of molecular CNMs into graphene. The synthesized nanoporous graphene monolayers resemble a percolated network of graphene nanoribbons with a high charge carrier mobility (∼600 cm2/(V s)), making them attractive for implementations in electronic field-effect devices.

Novel synthesis of LaNiSbWO4-G-PANI Designed as Quaternary Type Composite for High Photocatalytic Performance of Anionic Dye and Trihydroxybenzoic acid under Visible-Light

In this study, we describe the special properties of LaNiSbWO4-G-PANI (LNSWGP) polymer composites with exploited interfacial coupling and their use as visible light photocatalysts. These quaternary composites are newly designed materials by easiest hydrothermal method. Thin graphene (G) sheets could completely cover LaNiSbWO4 (LNSW) with highly conductive polyaniline by means of an evaporation-induced hydrothermal process. The increased surface adsorption outcome of G, a huge improvement of the photoactivity of LNSW, has been proved by the degradation of anionic methylene orange (MO) and trihydroxybenzoic acid (a type of phenolic acid) upon the covering of polyaniline. The improved photocatalytic activity is recognized as developing from the well-defined LNSWGP interfaces, which considerably increase the charge-separation efficacy. The efficiency of degradation was obtained MO (85%) & trihydroxybenzoic acid (92%). Our study found that the photocatalytic performance of LNSWGP in the existence of polymer was better than that of any other composite in an aqueous medium. Considering its ease of preparation and excellent performance, LNSWGP could be a promising, competitive, and safe visible-light-driven photocatalyst in the field of battery separators, solar cells, and environmental remediation.