Thin Fibrous Capsule Research Articles

Reduction of Inflammatory Responses and Enhancement of Extracellular Matrix Formation by Vanillin-Incorporated Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) Scaffolds

Vanillin is one of the major components of vanilla, a commonly used flavoring agent and preservative and is known to exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this work, vanillin-incorporated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) films and scaffolds were fabricated to evaluate the effects of vanillin on the inflammatory responses and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation in vitro and in vivo. The incorporation of vanillin to PLGA films induced hydrophilic nature, resulting in the higher cell attachment and proliferation than the pure PLGA film. Vanillin also reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells cultured on the pure PLGA film and significantly inhibited the PLGA-induced inflammatory responses in vivo, evidenced by the reduced accumulation of inflammatory cells and thinner fibrous capsules. The effects of vanillin on the ECM formation were evaluated using annulus fibrous (AF) cell-seeded porous PLGA/vanillin scaffolds. PLGA/vanillin scaffolds elicited the more production of glycosaminoglycan and collagen than the pure PLGA scaffold, in a concentration-dependent manner. Based on the low level of inflammatory responses and enhanced ECM formation, vanillin-incorporated PLGA constructs make them promising candidates in the future biomedical applications.

A case of oncocytic carcinoma arising from the submandibular gland with bilateral multiple cervical lymph node metastases

This article discusses a case of bilateral multiple cervical lymph node metastases of oncocytic carcinoma—an extremely rare neoplasm of the salivary glands—that was found in a 71-year-old Japanese female patient who presented with a painless swelling in the bilateral submandibular regions.Computed tomography demonstrated enlarged bilateral multiple lymph nodes. Multiple metastases to bilateral cervical lymph nodes were clinically suspected, and bilateral neck dissections were performed. The tumor tissue adjoined the submandibular gland with a thin fibrous connective tissue capsule. Histologically, the tumor was predominantly composed of large, round to polyhedral cells with fine granular eosinophilic cytoplasm, which were arranged in solid sheets, islands and cords.Ultrastructural analysis revealed numerous mitochondria with abnormal shapes packed in the cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells. The tumor was diagnosed as oncocytic carcinoma of the submandibular gland with bilateral multiple cervical lymph node metastases. The tumor developed neither recurrence nor distant metastasis for eight years after the operation.

LIPOMA – A CASE REPORT

Lipomas are benign mesenchymal neoplasms composed of mature adipocytes usually surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule. They are the most common soft tissue tumour , and about 20% of cases occur in the head and neck region. Lipomas occur with higher frequencies in areas like back, abdomen and shoulders of adults . In this study we describe a case of lipoma which was soft and mobile swelling , measuring 3cm x 5cm in size , and present on the right side of the occipital area of scalp which is considered to be a rare area of occurrence . The diagnosis is based on both clinical and histologic characteristics and the treatment is surgical exicision.

Low-grade malignant myoepithelioma arising in a pleomorphic adenoma: a rare case

Malignant myoepithelioma is a very rare salivary gland tumor that can arise de novo or within a pre-existing pleomorphic adenoma. We report a case of malignant myoepithelioma most probably arising in a pre-existing pleomorphic adenoma of the left parotid gland. The patient was a 60-year-old man who presented with a multinodular mass lesion over left side of the face and neck. He had undergone removal of a pleomorphic adenoma of the left parotid gland twice (8 and 22 years ago). Histological examination showed locally concentrated highly invasive myoepithelial cells with bland-looking morphology and no evidence of mitosis or necrosis. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the myoepithelial differentiation (S-100+, SMA+) and a low Ki-67 labeling index (<5%).

Anatomy of Tenons capsule

The microscopic and macroscopic anatomy of the anterior and posterior Tenons capsule is described. An observational anatomic study of twelve orbits of 6 cadavers (mean age 79.5 years) were examined microscopically and 8 orbits of 4 cadavers (mean age 76.8 years) were examined macroscopically. After orbital exenteration, an X-shaped incision was made in the specimens to include the posterior part of the globe. The sections were divided into four parts: superomedial; inferomedial; superolateral; and inferolateral. In the macroscopically examined specimens, the eyelids and globes were removed from the exenterated tissues and the appearance of Tenons capsule was studied. In the microscopic study, Tenons capsule covered the sclera beneath the conjunctiva and contained smooth muscle fibres in the anterior area. This anterior fascia, which had a thick appearance, reached the globe equator. From there, the capsule of the orbital fat, which contained no smooth muscle fibres, enveloped the sclera and reached the optic nerve. This was defined as the posterior capsule. In the macroscopic specimens, Tenons capsule had a thick and fibrous white appearance in the anterior area. More posteriorly, the capsule was thinner and more translucent. This thin capsular part was generally larger in the lateral area than in the medial area. Tenons capsule is composed of an anterior thick fibrous tissue comprising the orbital smooth muscle network and the posterior thin fibrous capsule of the orbital fat.

Intraoral Lipoma: A Rare Placement in Mental Foramen Area

ABSTRACTLipomas are the most common benign soft tissue tumors. They are usually surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule and composed of mature fat cells. Approximately 15 to 20% of cases occur in the head and neck region and only 1 to 4% occur in the oral cavity . The most common anatomic site in the oral cavity has frequently been reported as the buccal mucosa, followed by floor of the mouth, tongue and lower lip mucosa. They present as painless, well circumscribed, soft or firm, slow growing submucosal mass. Heredity, fatty tissue degeneration, hormonal imbalance, trauma, infection and chronic irritation have been proposed as etiological agents for lipomas; their etiology remains unknown.How to cite this articleFindik Y, Baykul T, Kökdere NN. Intraoral Lipoma: A Rare Placement in Mental Foramen Area. Int J Exper Dent Sci 2012;1(1):51-53.

Karpal tünel sendromunun nadir bir nedeni: Median sinirin intranöral lipofibroması

We determined fusiform expansion of the median nerve by a mass in a patient who admitted to our clinic with the complaints of swelling in the wrist, weakness of the fingers, and aggravating pain and tingling sensation at night. Surgical decompression revealed a fusiform expansion of the median nerve by the mass and an intact epineurium. The mass was completely removed by dissection. Pathologic examination revealed a lipofibroma surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule. The patient was symptom-free and complete remission of neurologic findings was noted on the last clinical examination at 20 months postoperatively. In conclusion, we think that intramural lipofibromas in the median nerve can be successfully treated with a precise surgery and respecting the nerve fibers.

Palisaded encapsulated neuroma of the upper lip

Palisaded encapsulated neuroma (PEN; solitary circumscribed neuroma) is a benign and hyperplastic lesion consisting of Schwann cells. PEN of the lower lip was reported by Tomich and Moll [1] 35 years ago. However, the accumulation of the information about PEN which occurred in the oral mucosa was not enough. This article describes a case of a PEN on the upper lip of a 41-year-old woman. The lesion with 0.7 cm diameter was performed excisional biopsy. Histologically, the tumor was almost circumscribed by thin fibrous capsule, and consisted of diffusely and dense proliferation of the spindle shape cells arranged in interlacing fascicles. Focal suggestions of nuclear pal-isaded growth were indicated within the tumor. Immunohistochemicallly, the fascicles of tumor cells were positive for S-100 protein, and vimentin and negative for α-actin and GFAP. A few numbers of axons were demonstrated by anti-neurofilament antibody in this lesion. Therefore, the definitive diagnosis was PEN.

39. A case of adenolipoma of thyroid gland

<h3>Introduction</h3> Adenolipoma of the thyroid gland is a thyroid adenoma containing mature fat tissue and is usually encapsulated. It is a rare benign neoplasm and usually biologically inactive. <h3>Case report</h3> A 52-year-old man presented a thyroid nodule which had been slowly increasing in size. Fine needle aspiration biopsy showed an atypical follicular pattern and right hemithyroidectomy was then performed. Grossly, a solid, well circumscribed nodule, 30x29x19mm, with a homogenous tan cut surface was present. Microscopically, the tumour showed a thin fibrous capsule with follicular epithelial cells arranged in a microfollicular pattern. Mature adipose tissue was seen in the tumour. No nuclear features of papillary carcinoma were seen. The follicular epithelial cells stained strongly with TTF-1. The diagnosis of adenolipoma was made. <h3>Discussion</h3> Adenolipoma of thyroid gland was first described by Schroder in 1984. It was reported to be seen in patients ranging from 23 to 75 years old and occurred equally in both sexes. Fine needle aspiration of the lesion may disclose follicular epithelial cells with admixed adipose tissue. Microscopically, it is typically enclosed within a fibrous capsule. The neoplastic follicles can show normofollicular, microfollicular and macrofollicular and occasionally, trabecular growth patterns. The tumour cells are cuboidal, columnar or polygonal and often have dark, round nuclei. Mitoses are rare. The stroma showed delicate capillaries. No capsular or vascular invasion is seen. The cells show staining with cytokeratin, thyroglobulin and TTF-1 but no staining with CK19, calcitonin or neuroendocrone markers. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Adenolipoma is a benign tumour and treatment is complete removal with surgery. The diagnosis should be supported by clinical, biochemical, radiological, cytological and histological findings.

Myxolipoma in the tongue - A clinical case report and review of the literature

In this article, we present our experience with a case of myxolipoma of the tongue.Lipoma is a mesenchymal benign tumor occurring with relatively high frequency. However, myxolipoma, one of the histological variant of lipoma characterized by mature adipose tissue and abundant mucoid substances, in the oral cavity is quite rare.The patient was a 52-year-old man who noticed a painless mass on the left border of tongue about 2 years ago. The lesion was noted at a complete medical checkup, and the patient was admitted to our institution for detailed examination. The mass was a palpable, soft and elastic nodule, 15 mm in diameter, covered with normal mucosa in the left inferior aspect of the tongue. The border of the tumor was well-defined, and computed tomography (CT) revealed a fat density within the mass. On the basis of these finding, the tumor was clinically diagnosed as lipoma and was excised under general anesthesia. Histopathologically, the tumor was a well-defined lobulated mass surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule within the muscle of the tongue. The tumor was diagnosed as myxolipoma because it was consisted of solid proliferation of mature adipocytes replaced by abundant mucoid substances. The post operative course was uneventful, and there was no evidence of recurrence 4 years after surgery.

The first case of renal lipoma in a child

Lipoma of the kidney is a rare benign renal tumor that previously had been reported only in adults. We present a case of this tumor in a 2-year-old boy. Serial imaging studies revealed a tumor with high fat content arising from the right kidney. Radical nephrectomy was performed for tumor excision. Macroscopically, the tumor consisted of a yellow fatty mass, which was surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule. The tumor was about 600 g, and the kidney was compressed laterally by the tumor. Microscopically, the tumor consisted of large fat cells that did not express human melanoma black-45 (HMB-45). It was diagnosed as a renal lipoma. Postoperatively, there has been no recurrence of tumor in the 10 months since the surgical excision.

The response of subcutaneous connective tissue to newly developed calcium phosphate‐based root canal sealers

To evaluate the histopathologic biocompatibility of two new calcium phosphate-based sealers (CPS-1 & CPS-2) with a commercially available calcium hydroxide-based sealer (Acroseal). Polyethylene tubes were filled with freshly mixed sealers and implanted subcutaneously in the dorsal connective tissue of rats. Empty tubes were used as controls. Histopathological examinations were conducted at 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days after the implantation procedure. The presence of inflammation and predominant cell types were analysed statistically with Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric tests. Fibrous connective tissue thickness adjacent to each sample was recorded. Differences were tested for significance using anova and 'Duncan's' multiple comparison test (P < 0.05). CPS-1 sealer was associated with severe inflammation and remained an irritation throughout the 90-day implantation period; the tissue reaction pattern was stromal fibrosis. The control, CPS-2 and Acroseal sealers had similar patterns of irritation, which were more severe initially and diminished with time creating a thin fibrous capsule around the implant with a complete absence of inflammatory cells. There was no difference in tissue reaction between the control, CPS-1, CPS-2 and Acroseal groups amongst the first two observation periods (P > 0.05). However, there was a highly significant difference between the same groups at the last two observation periods (P < 0.01). Also, there were highly significant differences between the observation periods within all four groups at 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days (P < 0.01). CPS-1 sealer was not biocompatible. CPS-2 sealer and Acroseal had a favourable biocompatibility level based on the histological findings.

Laparoscopic surgery for mesenteric Castleman's disease

We report herein a case of mesenteric Castleman's disease which was confirmed on pathology. A 60-year-old man was admitted to our hospital complaining of abdominal pain. On the physical examination, there was no palpable mass. Computed tomography findings and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a well circumscribed, lobulated round mass on the right side of the superior mesenteric vein. Laparoscopic surgery for the mesenteric tumor was carried out to obtain a definite diagnosis and treatment. In the operative field, the mass was located on the ascending colic mesentery and measured about 3 cm in size. It was solid and surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule. The histological diagnosis of the mesenteric tumor was hyaline vascular type Castleman's disease. The postoperative course of the patient was uneventful, and he was discharged on the 10th postoperative day.

Micronodular Thymoma with Lymphoid Stroma: A Case Report

Micronodular thymoma with lymphoid stroma (MNT) is an extremely rare tumor and has not been reported in Korea. Herein, we report a case of MNT diagnosed in a 75 year-old male. The mass was incidentally identified on thoracic computer tomography (CT) during work-up for a cardiac mass. The resected thymic mass was ovoid and solid measuring 3.5×3 cm in size and showed homogenously white tan, solid and firm cut surface. Microscopically, the tumor had a thin fibrous capsule except small foci of invasion to thymic adipose tissue, and consisted of characteristic multiple discrete epithelial nodules in abundant lymphoid stroma. The epithelial nests anastomosed each other, forming a vague cord-like structure. The cells in the epithelial nests were bland, spindle to oval shape with relatively abundant cytoplasm, slightly vesicular chromatin and one definite nucleolus. The lymphoid stroma contained prominent germinal centers. No evidence of recurrence or metastasis has been found within 4 years of surgery.

Characteristics and biocompatibility of a biodegradable genipin‐cross‐linked gelatin/β‐tricalcium phosphate reinforced nerve guide conduit

To modulate the mechanical properties of nerve guide conduit for surgical manipulation, this study develops a biodegradable composite containing genipin cross-linked gelatin annexed with β-tricalcium phosphate ceramic particles as a nerve guide material. The conduit was dark bluish and round with a rough and compact outer surface compared to the genipin cross-linked gelatin conduit (without β-tricalcium phosphate). Water uptake and swelling tests indicate that the conduit noticeably increases the stability in water, and the hydrated conduit does not collapse and stenose. The conduit has a sufficiently high level of mechanical properties to serve as a nerve guide. After subcutaneous implantation on the dorsal side of a rat, the degraded conduit only evokes a mild tissue response, and the formation of a very thin fibrous capsule surrounds the conduit. This paper assesses the effectiveness of the conduit as a guidance channel when we use it to repair a 10 mm gap in the rat's sciatic nerve. The experimental results show no gross inflammatory reactions of the peripheral nerve tissues at the implantation site in either group. In overall gross examination, the diameter of the intratubular and newly formed nerve fibers in the conduits exceeds that of the silicone tubes during the implantation period. The quantitative results indicate the superiority of the conduits over the silicone tubes. This study microscopically observes the nerve regeneration in the tissue section at the middle region of all implanted conduits. Therefore, the histomorphometric assessment demonstrates that the conduit could be a candidate for peripheral nerve repair.

Chronic inflammatory responses to microgel‐based implant coatings

Inflammatory responses to implanted biomedical devices elicit a foreign body fibrotic reaction that limits device integration and performance in various biomedical applications. We examined chronic inflammatory responses to microgel conformal coatings consisting of thin films of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel microparticles cross-linked with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate deposited on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). Unmodified and microgel-coated PET disks were implanted subcutaneously in rats for 4 weeks and explants were analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Microgel coatings reduced chronic inflammation and resulted in a more mature/organized fibrous capsule. Microgel-coated samples exhibited 22% thinner fibrous capsules that contained 40% fewer cells compared to unmodified PET disks. Furthermore, microgel-coated samples contained significantly higher levels of macrophages (80%) than unmodified PET controls. These results demonstrate that microgel coatings reduce chronic inflammation to implanted biomaterials. (c) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010.

Water-Clear Cell Adenoma of Parathyroid Gland: A Case Report and Literature Review

Parathyroid adenoma of water-clear cell type is an extremely rare neoplasm, and only very few cases have been reported to date. Here we report a case of waterclear cell adenoma of the parathyroid in a 59-year old female patient who presented with hypercalcemia and high parathyroid hormone (PTH) level. Sestamibi scan showed a possible parathyroid adenoma involving the right superior parathyroid gland. The surgically excised specimen weighed 13.3 grams and contained a cystic hemorrhagic mass measuring 1 x 1 x 0.8 cm. Histologically, the tumor mass was surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule with a compressed thin rim of normal parathyroid tissue. High power examination revealed the tumor to be composed of cells with vacuolated cytoplasm, and with minimal nuclear pleomorphism. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated positive staining for PTH and chromogranin. Histological examination of the right inferior parathyroid gland showed unremarkable parathyroid tissue. Postoperatively, the patient’s serum calcium level returned to normal. These findings support the diagnosis of waterclear cell adenoma of the parathyroid gland. In this report, we also reviewed related literature and compared our case with similar cases reported before.

Intra-oral lipoma

Lipomas are benign mesenchymal tumors that originate in mature fat cells, usually surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule. They are relatively rare in the oral cavity, accounting for 1% to 4% of all benign tumors and 0.5% to 5% of all benign oral cavity tumors. We present a case of a 60 year old male, who presented with a growth in lower left buccal mucosal region extending from mesial aspect of 35 to distal aspect of 36 that was treated by intra oral local excision. The purpose of this report is to highlight the existence of this rare but not uncommon disease and to emphasize that a high index of suspicion is needed in making a diagnosis. surgical excision as treatment is associated with an excellent outcome.

In Vivo Biocompatibility and Biodegradability of Dextrin-based Hydrogels

The in vivo biocompatibility of dextrin hydrogels obtained by polymerization of dextrin-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (dextrin-HEMA) and dextrin-vinyl acrylate (dextrin-VA) are reported in this work. The histological analysis of subcutaneous implants of these hydrogels, featuring inflammatory and reabsorption events, were carried out over a 16-week period in mice. The dextrin-HEMA hydrogel was quickly and completely degraded and reabsorbed, whereas the dextrin-VA degradation occurred slowly and a thin fibrous capsule surrounded the nondegradable hydrogel. The dextrin-HEMA was degraded after 16 weeks with only mild inflammation and a few detectable foamy macrophages around the implant. These events were followed by complete resorption and no sign of capsule formation or fibrosis associated to the implants. The results indicate that the dextrin hydrogels are biocompatible because no toxicity on the tissues surrounding the implants was found. It may be speculated that a controlled degradation rate of the hydrogels may be obtained by grafting dextrin to HEMA and VA in different proportions.

Coronary Arteries Angiogenesis in Ischemic Myocardium: Biocompatibility and Biodegradability of Various Hydrogels

To evaluate the biocompatibility and biodegradability of various hydrogels and choose suitable hydrogels for the coronary arteries angiogenesis in ischemic myocardium, we synthesized six kinds of hyaluronan hydrogels, fibrin hydrogel, poly(vinyl alcohol)-chitosan hydrogel, and obtained elastin hydrogels. We examined their degradation rates and cytotoxicity in vitro. Then, hydrogels were implanted into rat adductor muscles for 1, 2, or 4 weeks. Hydrogels and surrounding tissues were resected, followed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson's trichrome staining, and immunohistochemical staining for measurements of degradation, immune response, and angiogenesis. 2-Iminothiolane grafted hyaluronan hydrogel and periodate oxidated hyaluronan hydrogel presented rapid degradation rates, low quantity of inflammation-mediating cells (12 +/- 3 and 12 +/- 4 per 2.5 x 10(-3) mm(2), respectively, at week 2), thin fibrous capsules (scores were 3.8 +/- 0.1 and 4.0 +/- 0.3 per 0.33 mm(2), respectively, at week 2) with dense blood vessels in the areas surrounding the implanted hydrogels. 2-Iminothiolane grafted hyaluronan and periodate oxidated hyaluronan hydrogels with appropriate degradation rates and low immune responses were suitable for coronary arteries angiogenesis in ischemic myocardium.