Sublayer Thickness Research Articles

Влияние подслоя Ba-=SUB=-0.2-=/SUB=-Sr-=SUB=-0.8-=/SUB=-TiО-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=- на структуру и электрофизические характеристики пленок цирконата-титаната свинца на подложке Si(001)

Pb(ZrTi)O3/Ba0.2Sr0.8TiО3/Si(001) metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor hetero-structures were fabricated by radio-frequency cathodic sputtering. It was found that Pb(ZrTi)O3 films are single-phase, textured, and Ba0.2Sr0.8TiО3 sublayer thickness in-fluence on the texture preferred orientation (110 or 001). It has been shown that by varying the sublayer thickness and / or the amplitude of one period of the applied ex-ternal bipolar electric field, it is possible to create different electrophysical states of the structure. These electrophysical states can be used in creating of the memory cells and, in particular, a multi-level memory cells.

Viscous Fluid Flowing around the Plate: Turbulence

Diffusion of momentum gives rise to viscosity. This article presents a solution in the explicit form of the equation of the momentum diffusion for a viscous fluid flowing around a plate taking into account deceleration. Three characteristic regions of a viscous flow have been described: the mantle, the body of the boundary layer, the viscous sublayer. In the mantle, the effect of viscosity is significant at a considerable distance from the plate. The momentum diffusion is focused in the body of the boundary layer. The diffusion force that produces the momentum of force giving rise to eddies is localized in the viscous sublayer. At the beginning of the plate, a moment of force twists the liquid along the flow, creating eddies that roll along the plate. For this reason, they are pressed against the surface of the plate. But at some distance from the beginning of the plate, the moment of force changes its orientation to the opposite and twists the vortices in the opposite direction, causing the vortices to roll along the plate against the flow. This causes the liquid to detach from the surface of the plate. This is the beginning of turbulence. The diameter of the vortex produced in the viscous sublayer is small being of the order of the thickness of the viscous sublayer. The vortex possesses a large angular velocity. Due to the momentum diffusion and the effect of the eddies combined in passing along the plate, its diameter increases up to the size of the thickness of the boundary layer and even more, whereas its angular velocity decreases down to the values really observed. The value of the critical Reynolds number of the transition from the laminar flow to the turbulent one has been found, and it agrees with the experimental data. The value of the shear stress produced by the viscous fluid on the plate surface has also been obtained. The way of measurement of the friction coefficient characterizing the effect of the plate on the flow has been proposed. It has been shown that the boundary condition of adhesion to the surface of a body flown around, that is applied in the estimation of viscous flows, contradicts the real processes of the flow.

Study on laser-induced oxidation modification coupled with micro milling of WC-Co cemented carbide

Cemented carbide is known as “industrial tooth” and has wide applications in terms of military, aerospace and other fields. In this study, a compound processing approach named laser-induced oxidation modification coupled with micro milling (LCMM) is proposed to solve its poor micro machining performance. The oxidation mechanism of WC-Co cemented carbide is revealed. Surface morphology and cross-section of WC-Co cemented carbide are investigated after laser irradiation under various average laser power and two reaction environment. Research results present that at the average power of 5 W, scanning speed of 0.5 mm/s and oxygen-rich oxygen condition, the laser-induced oxidation process is optimal. The thickness of oxide layer and sub-layer is 9.1 μm and 2.7 μm, and the material surface generates porous and loose oxide layer. In addition, comparative analyses are performed and discussed in detail considering milling force, tool wear and surface quality of machined micro slot. In comparison with conventional micro milling (CONM), cutting force of Fx and thrust force of Fy generated in removing the oxide layer in LCMM are reduced by 56% and 58% to maximum extent, respectively. The machined surface quality in LCMM is better than that in CONM with a slower rate of increase in surface roughness (Sa). At ap = 2 μm and fz = 1.5 μm/z, surface quality of machined micro slot in LCMM is superior to that at other milling parameters, and the surface roughness reach 57 nm. Tool wear rate in LCMM is greatly improved and tool wear mechanism mainly includes slight adhesion wear and abrasion wear. While, in CONM the wear mechanisms are severe abrasion wear, chipping and adhesion wear. The tool service life in LCMM can be promoted more than double.

Influence of the AlN/Pt-ratio on the electro-mechanical properties of multilayered AlN/Pt thin film strain gauges at high temperatures

In this work, the impact of the AlN/Pt ratio on the strain-sensitive properties of multilayered AlN/Pt thin films is investigated. These thin film systems consisting of 10 bi-layers of AlN and Pt each with a thickness of 3 nm AlN and 7 nm Pt or 5 nm AlN and 5 nm Pt are fabricated, evaluated and compared to those realized with a sequence of 7 nm AlN and 3 nm Pt thin bi-layers. The thin film systems are sputter-deposited on oxidized silicon wafers or sapphire substrates. The influence of different annealing steps at 900 °C up to 24 h in Argon (Ar) atmosphere on the electrical film resistivity and the temperature coefficient of the electrical resistance (TCR) is investigated for these different multilayers using Van-der-Pauw measurements up to 330 °C in air. Furthermore, the impact of the AlN/Pt-ratio on the gauge factor of the thermally stabilized multilayers is determined using a purpose-built measurement setup up to 500 °C in air. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses are utilized to examine the microstructure and the crystallographic phase composition of the multilayers before and after thermal loading. Annealing the different multilayers at 900 °C leads to diffusion effects between the AlN and Pt thin films and recrystallizations processes in the Pt sublayers depending on the individual sublayer thickness values. After thermal pre-conditioning at 900 °C for 1 h in Ar the samples were stable even in air up to 500 °C. Finally, it is shown that the TCR as well as the gauge factor of an AlN/Pt multilayer can be tuned through the AlN/Pt-ratio. The highest gauge factor with a value of 4.7 (±0.3) at room temperature is achieved with a multilayer consisting of 5 nm AlN and 5 nm Pt (pure Pt thin film on Cr adhesion promotor: 3.2), while the lowest linear TCR with a value of α = 7.4 ∙ 10−4 K-1 is measured for multilayers with 7 nm AlN and 3 nm Pt sublayers (pure Pt thin film on Cr adhesion promotor: 3.66 ∙ 10-3 K-1).

Effect of Plasmonic Nanoparticles on the Electric Field Strength to Improve Performance of Single Crystalline Solar Cell

The effect of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) on the electric field strength and distribution for improvement solar cell performance is investigated and simulated. By manipulating the properties of nanoparticles, distribution of the electric field was altered. In this paper, classical solar cell (p-n junction) and improved structure (add an extra layer of SiO2 and gold nanoparticles on the top of p-n junction) is simulated. Different sizes of NPs, thickness of SiO2 sublayer, and spacing distance between NPs is done to improving the electric field and showing plamonic effect. Gold NPs deposition on single crystalline silicon solar cell is modelled by COMSOL 5.2 2D, Electromagnetic wave propagation in the frequency domain with periodic boundary conditions. The best wavelength found in our work is 550 nm. The electric field enhances when the size of NPs increases but it must be limited. When gold NPs are deposited on the SiO2 sublayer, the plasmonic effect appears due to decreasing the refractive index. Moreover, separation distance between NPs affect the electric field enhancement by manipulating the number of NPs, the distance decreases and the plasmonic interaction appears.

Enhancement of jet impingement heat transfer using surface roughness elements at different heat inputs

Experiments have been performed to characterise the heat transfer to a jet impinging normally on a heated surface, modified with multi-protrusions or V-grooves. The jet flow is in turbulent regime with Reynolds number lying in the range of 10,000–27,500. The dimensions of multi-protrusions and V-grooves are selected to be of the order of laminar sublayer thickness. Heat transfer enhancement for the surfaces modified by roughness elements is compared with the results for a smooth flat surface. The average Nusselt number is reported as a function of jet Reynolds number, nozzle-to-plate spacing, roughness type, and nozzle diameter for 60 W and 90 W heat inputs. The Nusselt number increase with surface roughness elements is partly due to area increase and partly due to turbulence enhancement. Well-separated multi-protrusions cause higher heat transfer enhancement than closely spaced V-grooves. For higher heat input (90 W) and longer stand-off distances (Z/d = 10), it is observed that the effects of weak impingement flow field are counter-acted by natural convection plume flow emanating from the heated surface. Hence, in such cases, impingement cooling is not effective.

Numerical investigation of different heat transfer behaviors of supercritical CO2 in a large vertical tube

The design and optimization of key heat exchange components in supercritical CO2 (sCO2) Brayton-cycle need a thorough understanding to heat transfer of sCO2. As a continuation of our experiments, numerical studies are performed to explore the mechanisms behind different heat transfer behaviors of sCO2 occurred at different mass fluxes. Seven turbulence models are assessed against the test data, and the v2f model and SST k-ω model are recommended for low and normal mass flux cases, respectively. A novel analysis approach is proposed by treating heat transfer of SCFs as a coupling of heat conduction of boundary layer, pseudo-phase-change heat transfer of large specific heat (cp) fluid and convective heat transfer of turbulence core. For low mass flux cases, the special heat transfer enhancement (HTE) in low fluid enthalpy (hb) region is mainly caused by strong buoyancy effect, which thins the thickness of viscous sub-layer and promotes turbulent kinetic energy (k). But for normal mass flux case, heat transfer deterioration (HTD) occurs due to decreasing fluid thermal conductivity (λ) of viscous sub-layer and suppressing turbulence via buoyancy. The buffer layer plays a bridge for heat transfer from viscous sub-layer to external turbulence region. Meanwhile, a noteworthy phenomenon is that, the heat conduction process of boundary layer shows a strong relevance with the evolution of heat transfer behaviors, and has a great effect on overall heat transfer of sCO2, but this is seldom concerned in former research.

Magnetic anisotropy and magnetoelastic properties of Fe10Ni90 films

This work is devoted to studying the effect of the thickness and type of the buffer sublayer on the magnetic anisotropy and the magnetoelastic properties of Fe10Ni90 films. It is established that the anisotropy of Fe films strongly depends on thickness, which can be associated with the influence of several mechanisms of anisotropy formation. Measurements of the magnetostriction of thin films using magnetoresistive curves were made. The value of the magnetostriction constant also depends on the thickness of the films.

Repeatability of Cornea and Sublayer Thickness Measurements Using Optical Coherence Tomography in Corneas of Anomalous Refractive Status.

To assess the repeatability of epithelial, stromal, and total corneal thickness measurements with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT; RTVue-XR; Optovue, Inc., Fremont, CA) in patients with myopia, keratoconus, and corneas after transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE), and femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK). A total of 352 eyes of 352 patients (75 myopic, 68 post-transepithelial PRK, 61 post-SMILE, 75 post-FS-LASIK, 20 mild keratoconus, and 53 advanced keratoconus eyes) were included. The epithelial, stromal, and total corneal thickness were recorded from the pachymetric map in the following four zones: (1) central 2-mm region, (2) eight paracentral regions within 2- to 5-mm diameter, (3) eight midperipheral regions within 5- to 7-mm diameter, and (4) eight peripheral regions within 7- to 9-mm diameter. Three successive scans were performed to evaluate the repeatability. For all zones up to 9-mm diameter, the coefficient of variation (CoV) for epithelial thickness measurements ranged from 1.7% to 3.5% for myopia, 2.6% to 6.2% for post-transepithelial PRK, 2.3% to 4.7% for post-SMILE, 4.0% to 6.3% for post-FS-LASIK, 2.5% to 6.2% for mild keratoconus, and 3.5% to 8.0% for advanced keratoconus. The CoV for stromal and total thickness measurements ranged from 0.2% to 2.0% for myopia, 0.7% to 4.2% for post-transepithelial PRK, 0.3% to 2.4% for post-SMILE, 0.3% to 1.9% for post-FS-LASIK, 0.6% to 3.0% for mild keratoconus, and 1.0% to 5.9% for advanced keratoconus. RTVue-XR SD-OCT showed excellent repeatability when generating the pachymetric map in myopic eyes. Measurements, especially for epithelial thickness, were relatively more variable for corneas with keratoconus and those having undergone keratorefractive surgery. [J Refract Surg. 2019;35(9):600-605.].

The effect of roughness and rainfall on hydrodynamic properties of overland flow

AbstractOverland flow is the initial driver of slope surface erosion. To discover resistance characteristics of overland flow influenced by rainfall intensity and roughness, indoor simulated rainfall experiments with six kinds of roughness, five flow discharges, and five rainfall intensities were investigated. Results showed that overland flow over rough surfaces could be considered as laminar and turbulent flow when using flow Reynolds number. According to roll waves observed, flow regimes belonged to the laminar transitional zone based on the viscosity-to-depth ratio. A critical water depth formula for overland flow was re-derived, and it showed that this test water flow consisted of supercritical flow in most cases, and subcritical flow in only a few cases. The flow resistance coefficient increased with increasing roughness, whereas it decreased as rainfall intensity increased. Considering the ‘increasing resistance’ phenomenon, this study focused on frictional resistance, thickness of the viscous sublayer, pressure drag and roll waves. Finally, a formula for sheet flow resistance was proposed based on resistance segmentation and multi-element linear regression. These findings are of significance both for understanding the characteristics and development of overland flow and overland flow dynamics.

Effect of Pt and FePt Layer Thickness on Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of L10FePt Films With Perpendicular Anisotropy

The effect of the thicknesses of the Pt intermediate layer and FePt magnetic layer in CrV/Pt/FePt multilayers on the microstructure and magnetic properties for the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy was investigated. The Pt (0–4 nm) and FePt (7–28 nm) layers were deposited on a 90 nm-thick Cr94V6 underlayer at 350 °C, and the crystal structure and magnetic properties of the fabricated CrV/Pt/FePt multilayers were characterized. X-ray diffraction and vibrating sample magnetometer measurements revealed that the out-of-plane coercivity (Hc-out) and squareness increase when the Pt intermediate layer is deposited between CrV and FePt because it protects against diffusion of Cr and V atoms into the FePt magnetic layer during deposition. In addition, we confirmed that Hc-out and squareness decrease with increasing FePt layer thickness in the range of 7–28 nm. As a result, the maximum Hc-out, S, and squareness were obtained for a multilayer with a CrV thickness of 90 nm, Pt thickness of 2 nm, and FePt thickness of 7 nm. This paper shows that highly ordered FePt L10 (001) can be fabricated by sublayer thickness control.

Microstructure of Low-Temperature Gas-Carbonitrided Layers on Austenitic Stainless Steel

This paper presents the results of microstructural examinations on gas carbonitrided layers using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), wavelength dispersive spectrometry X-ray microanalysis (WDS), magnetic force microscopy (MFM), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction. The main objective of the work is to discuss the microstructural and morphological changes occurring in the layers depending on the process parameter such as temperature and atmosphere composition. The carbonitrided layers comprise two sublayers: an outer layer enriched in nitrogen and an inner layer enriched in carbon. It is found that both the microstructure and the thickness depend on the technological parameters of the thermochemical treatment. The treatment temperature is particularly important, increasing both the total and the nitrogen-rich sublayer thickness regardless of the atmosphere type. The nitrogen potential has a positive influence on the thickness of the nitrogen-stabilised S-phase sublayer. Layers treated for 5 h at temperatures of 400 and 450 °C are composed of an internal carbon-enriched S-phase sublayer and an outer nitrogen-enriched S-phase sublayer that can be divided into ferromagnetic and paramagnetic zones. In the outer sublayer, symmetry distortion of the fcc crystal system is observed and stacking faults may have occurred. With layers produced at 500 °C for 5 h, the outer nitrogen-enriched sublayer contains fine precipitates of nitrides and carbides.

Elastic property determination of nanostructured W/Cu multilayer films on a flexible substrate

An experimental method for a single layer is extended to determine the elastic properties of nanostructured W/Cu multilayers on a flexible substrate. The strain difference between the W/Cu-polyimide-W/Cu composite and the uncoated substrate, measured by dual digital image correlation, allows us to extract the effective Young’s modulus of W/Cu multilayers (20 periods) equaling $$216 \pm 13\hbox { GPa}$$. Finite element method is then performed, which agrees well with the experiment and classical rule of mixture (ROM) theory demonstrating that the extension to multilayers is effective and reliable. The numerical analysis also interestingly shows that the strain difference is linearly related to the thickness ratio (W/Cu), periods and sublayer thickness, respectively. In contrast to ROM theory, this approach could potentially be used for the evaluation of properties and design of emerging/unknown functional multilayers, whether or not they are crystalline or amorphous.

A Mathematical Model of Local and Average Heat Transfer in Channels with Heat Transfer Intensifiers

The expressions derived previously from the three-layer Owen model of a turbulent boundary layer and the Deissler and the van Driest models are demonstrated to be valid for predicting heat transfer coefficients in the entrance region of channels. The basic parameters in these expressions are the dynamic velocity, dimensionless viscous sublayer thickness, and dimensionless turbulent boundary layer thickness. Correlations are presented for predicting these parameters in the entrance region of a plate or circular pipe. The predicted heat transfer coefficients agree with the available data. With consideration of the fact that the friction and the heat transfer laws established by S.S. Kutateladze and A.I. Leont’ev are conservative with respect to disturbances in the turbulent boundary layer, parameters of the expressions for average heat transfer coefficients in channels with heat transfer intensifiers (such as roughness, transverse ring protrusions, and annular groves in pipe walls) were determined. In calculating friction and heat transfer, the main characteristics are the dynamic velocity and the ratio of the friction coefficient on a smooth surface to that on a surface with heat transfer intensifiers. The expression was derived for calculating the Nusselt number as a function of the Reynolds number and the friction factor. The predicted average heat transfer coefficients agree well with the experimental data and the predictions by empirical correlations. Calculations were performed in a wide range of Reynolds number (from 104 to 106) and smooth-to-intensified surface friction factor ratio (from 1.92 to 9.2). The proposed correlations can be used for predicting local heat transfer coefficients in the entrance region on a body in a flow and average heat transfer coefficients in intensified channels.

Photoreceptor Degeneration is Correlated With the Deterioration of Macular Retinal Sensitivity in High Myopia

To investigate structural changes in the retinal outer layers and choroid using adaptive optics (AO) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in eyes with myopia, and to correlate the changes with decreased macular light sensitivity (MLS). This prospective study included 27 subjects with emmetropia and low myopia (EM/LM), 25 with moderate myopia (MM), and 25 with high myopia (HM). Microperimetry was used to quantify MLS in each subject, while AO and OCT images of fundus were analyzed to quantify cone density and regularity and thickness of outer retinal sublayers and choroid. Differences of MLS, cone distribution, and chorioretinal thicknesses were compared among the three groups, and the associations among photoreceptor morphological alterations, MLS, and other parameters were analyzed. In HM, the MLS, cone density and regularity, and thicknesses of the myoid and ellipsoid zone (MEZ), Henle fiber layer and outer nuclear layer, interdigitation zone and RPE/Bruch complex, and choroid were lower than in EM/LM. Decreased MLS was correlated with lower cone density and regularity, and thinner MEZ and choroid in the inner region, and with lower cone density, thinner MEZ and choroid, and longer axial length in the outer region. Multivariate regression showed that better MLS was correlated with thicker MEZ in the inner region and with higher cone density in the outer region. Altered cone distribution and outer retinal thickness, especially cone density and MEZ thickness, were significantly correlated with decline of MLS in HM, which may help to evaluate and monitor visual impairment in HM.

Evaluation of Corneal Morphology in Patients With Hemifacial Spasm.

To determine whether the corneal topographic parameter values, individual corneal layer thicknesses, and its endothelial layer morphology are different in patients with hemifacial spasm (HFS) than in the control contralateral eye. This study was designed as a prospective study. Among patients who applied to our hospital within the past 3-year period, those with HFS in one eye (study eyes) and a completely normal contralateral eye (control eyes) were included in this study. In addition to a complete ophthalmologic examination, all patients were scanned by the Pentacam Scheimpflug camera, and a corneal endothelium cell count was taken using a Topcon Specular Microscope. Also, the thickness of the corneal sublayers was measured on the central cornea with anterior segment module of spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Data entered using SPSS software were then evaluated by paired t test; P<0.05 value was considered statistically significant. Twenty-eight patients (16 women and 12 men) were evaluated. Steep K, Kmax, and astigmatism values were significantly higher in the study eyes of patients with HFS than in the control eyes (P<0.05, for all). In addition, the total corneal thickness and corneal stromal thickness measurements in the study eyes were statistically significantly thinner than the control eyes (P=0.04 and P<0.001, respectively). Specular microscopy parameters were not statistically significant between the study eyes and control eyes (P>0.05, for all). Corneal stromal thinning suggests that chronic exposure to hypoxia may induce this effect through extracellular matrix remodeling and losses in collagen framework content in patients with HFS.

The influence of the zirconium sublayer thickness on the surface microstructure of the magnetron ZrN coatings

The results of investigations the microstructure of ZrN coating with a thickness of about 3 μm obtained magnetron sputtering, are presented. The difference of the coatings is in the thickness of the zirconium underlayer: 250, 560 and 750 nm. The surface microstructure was investigated by profilometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The dependences in a grain size, a roughness, the number and size of microparticles of the coating on the underlayer thickness are established. The mechanical characteristics of the coatings (microhardness and elasticity modulus) are determined.

Turbulent windprint on a liquid surface

We investigate the effect of a light turbulent wind on a liquid surface, below the onset of wave generation. In that regime, the liquid surface is populated by small disorganised deformations elongated in the streamwise direction. Formally identified recently by Paquier et al. (Phys. Fluids, vol. 27, 2015, art. 122103), the deformations that occur below the wave onset were named wrinkles. We provide here a theoretical framework for this regime, using the viscous response of a free liquid surface submitted to arbitrary normal and tangential interfacial stresses at its upper boundary. We relate the spatio-temporal spectrum of the surface deformations to that of the applied interfacial pressure and shear stress fluctuations. For that, we evaluate the spatio-temporal statistics of the turbulent forcing using direct numerical simulation of a turbulent channel flow, assuming no coupling between the air and the liquid flows. Combining theory and numerical simulation, we obtain synthetic wrinkles fields that reproduce the experimental observations. We show that the wrinkles are a multi-scale superposition of random wakes generated by the turbulent fluctuations. They result mainly from the nearly isotropic pressure fluctuations generated in the boundary layer, rather than from the elongated shear stress fluctuations. The wrinkle regime described in this paper naturally arises as the viscous-saturated asymptotic of the inviscid growth theory of Phillips (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 2 (05), 1957, pp. 417–445). We finally discuss the possible relation between wrinkles and the onset of regular quasi-monochromatic waves at larger wind velocity. Experiments indicate that the onset of regular waves increases with liquid viscosity. Our theory suggests that regular waves are triggered when the wrinkle amplitude reaches a fraction of the viscous sublayer thickness. This implies that the turbulent fluctuations near the onset may play a key role in the triggering of exponential wave growth.

Determination of local heat transfer coefficients at the entrance region of streamlined bodies

Prandtl’s two-layer model of the turbulent boundary layer is considered and the expression obtained through the use of the model is applied to calculate the heat transfer coefficient, calculations for which agree well with experimental data on mean values of the coefficients for various bodies. Determination of parameters of this expression is shown for the case of calculating local heat transfer coefficients in the entrance regions of the channels. The main parameters are dynamic velocity, dimensionless thickness of the boundary layer and dimensionless thickness of the viscous sublayer. Based on the power-law and logarithmic velocity profiles, expressions are obtained for calculating the dimensionless parameters of the turbulent boundary layer. A satisfactory agreement of the results of calculations of loc al heat transfer coefficients for the flow over a flat plate and the pipe flow is shown. The presented approach represents a theoretical basis for modeling the local heat transfer for bodies of more complex shapes, if the friction coefficients are known.

Analysis of transport properties with varying parameters of slurry in horizontal pipeline using ANSYS fluent

The different slurry transport properties in horizontal pipeline are investigated using a steady three-dimensional hydrodynamic model based on the kinetic theory of granular flow. The flow velocity and solid concentration distributions of slurry transported by pipeline and their regularly changing trends with varying pipe diameter (D = 51.5, 54.9, 103, 263, and 495 mm), solid volume concentration (Cvf = 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%), grain diameter (dp = 0.09, 0.125, 0.165, 0.27, and 0.44 mm) and flow velocities (v = 2, 3, 4, and 5 m/s) are studied. The simulation result shows that under heterogeneous regime, fine particles, smaller than the sum of thickness of the viscous sublayer and buffer layer are most concentrated toward the pipe bottom (maximum concentration at the relative location ymax ≈ 0.02 D) while the greatest concentration of coarser particles is away from the pipe bottom (ymax ≈ 0.1 D). The results obtained in this work provide a solid foundation for further study of the resistance mechanism and pipe wear and can be used as a reference for analyzing the mesoscopic processes of slurry transport by pipeline.