Thickness Of Thin Layer Research Articles

Machine learning for design of thin-film nanocomposite membranes

In this study, a novel machine learning approach is proposed for estimation of the permeate flux and foulant rejection in nanocomposite filtration membranes. Nine independent variables are fed to artificial neural networks (ANNs) including support, nanoparticles concentration, concentration of organic phase trimesoyl chloride (TMC) in-n-hexane (TMC in n-hexane), operation pressure, contact angle, thin layer thickness, location of the nanoparticles (NPs), post-treatment temperature and duration, and permeate flux and foulant rejection were derived as the outputs of the ANNs. The proposed method was evaluated on two datasets across training, validation and test datasets, and an unseen dataset. 2250 different initial weights and number of the neurons in the hidden layer for the proposed ANN models were considered and compared to find the optimized ANN models. The mean squared error (MSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) were employed to select the best 20 ANN models for further analysis. The proposed ANN models resulted in accurate estimates for both permeate flux and foulant rejection with R2 of 0.9958 and 0.9412 in all data included in the training, validation and test datasets and R2 of 0.9938 and 0.9811 in unseen dataset, respectively. In addition, results of sensitivity analysis revealed that post treatment temperature and contact angle were found the most important input variables for estimation of permeate flux and foulant rejection. The proposed method can provide valuable insights for formulating permeate flux and foulant rejection and considering the effects of each experimental condition on nanocomposite filtration membranes without doing real experiments, which is time-consuming and expensive.

The Development Characteristics and Distribution Predictions of the Paleogene Coal‐measure Source Rock in the Qiongdongnan Basin, Northern South China Sea

AbstractThere are known to be enormous Cenozoic coal‐type oil and gas resources located in the basins of the South China Sea, among which the Paleogene coal‐measure source rock are one of the main source rock. In order to more effectively analyze the distribution laws of coal‐measure source rock in marginal sea basins and guide coal‐type oil and gas explorations, the Oligocene coal‐measure source rock in the Qiongdongnan Basin were selected as examples in order to systematically analyze the types, development characteristics, control factors, and distribution prediction methods of coal‐measure source rock in marginal sea basins. The Qiongdongnan Basin is located in the northern region of the South China Sea. Previous explorations of the area have determined that the Oligocene coal‐measure source rock in the Qiongdongnan Basin have typical “binary structures”, which include coal seams and terrigenous marine mudstone. Among those, the terrigenous marine mudstone has been found to greatly expand the scope of the coal‐measure source rock. In addition, the coal seams which have been exposed by drilling have been observed to have the characteristics of thin single layer thickness, many layers, and poor stability. Meanwhile, the terrigenous marine mudstone has the characteristics of large thickness and wide distribution. The development of coal‐measure source rock is known to be controlled by many factors, such as paleoclimate and paleobotany condition, paleo‐structure and topography, paleo‐geography, rise and fall of base level, and so on. In accordance with the comprehensive analyses of various control factors of coal‐measure source rock, and the changes in water body energy in sedimentary environments, a genetic model of the “energy belt” for the development and distribution of coal‐measure source rock was proposed. Also, the development and distribution characteristics of coal‐measure source rock in different types of energy belts were clarified. Then, based on the development and distribution characteristics of coal‐measure source rock and their controlling factors, prediction methods of the distribution ranges of coal‐measure source rock were proposed from both qualitative and (semi‐) quantitative aspects. That is to say, a method for (semi‐) quantitative predictions of the distribution ranges of coal‐bearing intervals based on model wave impedance inversion and neural network wave impedance inversion, along with a method for (semi‐) quantitative predictions of the distribution ranges of terrigenous marine mudstone based on topographical slopes, were introduced in this study.

Chain-like Fe3O4@void@mSiO2@MnO2 composites with multiple porous shells toward highly effective microwave absorption application

High-efficiency microwave absorbers have become in heavy demand together with the development of 5G information technology, for they can defend against serious electromagnetic interference and radiation. Here, chain-like Fe 3 O 4 @void@mSiO 2 @MnO 2 composites with multiple porous shells have been successfully prepared and applied in the field of microwave absorption. Due to the special microstructure and components, these composites are endowed with a high specific surface area of 201.50 m 2 /g and saturation magnetization of 28.6 emu/g. With loading 40 wt % absorbers in the paraffin, Fe 3 O 4 @void@mSiO 2 composites can possess broader absorbing bandwidth of 6.80 GHz while Fe 3 O 4 @void@mSiO 2 @MnO 2 composites exhibit effective absorption in the range of 10.49–15.62 GHz (5.13 GHz) at the thinner layer thickness, moreover, the latter ones can acquire the minimum reflection loss value of −45.76 dB. The results demonstrate that the introduction of hierarchical MnO 2 shells contributes to improving the microwave absorption properties, meanwhile, it is implied that construction of multiple porous shells benefits broadband microwave absorption. Analyses of electromagnetic parameters reveal that microwave absorption mechanisms mainly involve impedance matching, abundant interfacial polarization, multiple scattering and reflections, natural resonance, and exchange resonance. This work provides a new strategy to achieve broadband microwave absorbers. • Chain-like yolk-shell Fe 3 O 4 @void@mSiO 2 composites were successfully prepared. • Hierarchical porous MnO 2 shells are first achieved via an interfacial reaction. • Construction of multiple porous shells benefits to broadband microwave absorption.

Iridium (IV) Oxide (IrO<sub>2</sub>) Nanoparticles and Cancers

In the current research, roles and applications of Iridium (IV) Oxide (IrO₂) nanoparticles in cancer nanobiotechnology using synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations is investigated. The calculation of thickness and optical constants of Iridium (IV) Oxide (IrO₂) roles and applications of Iridium (IV) Oxide (IrO₂) nanoparticles in cancer nanobiotechnology using synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations produced using sol–gel method over glassy medium through a single reflection spectrum is presented. To obtain an appropriate fit for reflection spectrum, the classic Drude–Lorentz model for parametric di–electric function is used. The best fitting parameters are determined to simulate the reflection spectrum using Lovenberg–Marquardt optimization method. The simulated reflectivity from the derived optical constants and thickness are in good agreement with experimental results. The results of optimization algorithm of Lovenberg–Marquardt with physical model of Drude–Lorentz for determining optical constants of Iridium (IV) Oxide (IrO₂)–roles and applications of Iridium (IV) Oxide (IrO₂) nanoparticles in cancer nanobiotechnology using synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations produced using sol–gel method through a single reflection spectrum show that higher doping leads to lower reflectivity and reflection coefficient and also, leads to increase in thickness of thin layer.

The effect of Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction on direct and backward transition between magnetic states of Pt/Co/Ir/Co/Pr synthetic ferrimagnet

In this paper, we present the study of domain structure accompanying interstate transitions in Pt/Co/Ir/Co/Pr synthetic ferrimagnet (SF) of 1.1 nm thick and 0.6 – 1.0 nm thin ferromagnetic Co layers. Variation in the thickness of the thin layer causes noticeable changes in the domain structure and mechanism of magnetization reversal revealed by MOKE (Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect) technique. Magnetization reversal includes coherent rotation of magnetization of the ferromagnetic layers, generation of magnetic nuclei, spreading of domain walls (DW), and development of areas similar with strip domains, dependently on thickness of the thin layer. Inequivalence of the direct and backward transitions between magnetic states of SF with parallel and antiparallel magnetizations was observed in sample with thin layer thicknesses 0.8 nm and 1.0 nm. Asymmetry of the transition between these states is expressed in difference fluctuation fields and shapes of reversal magnetization nucleus contributing to the correspondent forward and backward transitions. We proposed simple model based on asymmetry of Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction. This model explains competition between nucleation and domain wall propagation due to increase/decrease of the DW energy dependently on direction of the spin rotation into the DW in respect to external field.

Взаимодействие Дзялошинского-Мория в синтетических ферримагнетиках Pt/Co/Ir/Co/Pt

We had found nonreciprocity of spin waves in Pt/Co/Ir/Co/Pt synthetic ferrimagnets by Brillouin light scattering technique. It is shown that the main contribution to the nonreciprocity of spin waves is made by the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction with an energy density D ≈ 1.7 - 2.3 erg/cm2. The energy density of the Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya interaction in Pt/Co/Ir/Co/Pt synthetic ferrimagnets is higher than its values in heterostructures with one Co layer Pt/Co(1 nm)/Ir ~ 1.4 erg/cm2. The D value of synthetic ferrimagnets decreases with increasing thickness of the Co thin layer.

In-Search of Efficient Antireflection Coating Layer for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: Optimization of the Thickness of Nb2O5 Thin Layer

In-Search of Efficient Antireflection Coating Layer for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: Optimization of the Thickness of Nb2O5 Thin Layer

Application of seismic sedimentology to the western slope of northern Songliao basin

During the sedimentary period of Saertu reservoir on the western slope of the northern Songliao basin, delta front and shore-shallow lake subfacies are mainly developed, which have the characteristics of few sandstone layers and thin single layer thickness. The lithology of thin layer or thin interlayer can not be distinguished clearly by seismic response on conventional seismic section, and it is difficult to identify them. Geophysical response characteristics of channel sand bodies are defined by well-seismic combination. Under the guidance of seismic sedimentology, the qualitative and quantitative prediction of channel sand bodies is carried out by using 90°-phase conversion, stratal slicing and waveform indication inversion techniques. The results show that the seismic reflection axis is symmetrical with respect to the top and bottom surface of sandstone, and the channel sand body has obvious characteristics and completely corresponds to wave peak reflection. The channel bodies of S1 and S23 reservoir formation are separated respectively into two stages by using the amplitude attributes of stratal slices, and the coincidence rate of reservoir prediction to wells is 78%~84%, with an average of 79.7%. The waveform indicator inversion technique is used to predict the channel sand body thickness of the four stages, and the error of sand body thickness to well is 0~1.6m, with an average of 0.32m.

Thickness dependence of spin torque effect in Fe/MgO/Fe magnetic tunnel junction: Implementation of divide-and-conquer with first-principles calculation

In this study, we develop a divide-and-conquer (DC) method under the framework of first-principles calculation to prevent directly solving Hamiltonian of a large device with time-consuming self-consistent process. The DC implementation combined with JunPy package reveals the oscillatory decay of layer-resolved spin torques away from the MgO/Fe interface, and suggests a very thin Fe layer thickness below 2 nm to preserve the efficient current-driven magnetization switch. This newly developed JunPy-DC calculation may efficiently resolve current self-consistent difficulties in noncollinear spin torque effects for novel spintronic applications with complex magnetic heterostructures.

Dependence of the Magnetization Process on the Thickness of Fe70Pd30 Nanostructured Thin Film.

Fe–Pd magnetic shape-memory alloys are of major importance for microsystem applications due to their magnetically driven large reversible strains under moderate stresses. In this context, we focus on the synthesis of nanostructured Fe70Pd30 shape-memory alloy antidot array thin films with different layer thicknesses in the range from 20 nm to 80 nm, deposited onto nanostructured alumina membranes. A significant change in the magnetization process of nanostructured samples was detected by varying the layer thickness. The in-plane coercivity for the antidot array samples increased with decreasing layer thickness, whereas for non-patterned films the coercive field decreased. Anomalous coercivity dependence with temperature was detected for thinner antidot array samples, observing a critical temperature at which the in-plane coercivity behavior changed. A significant reduction in the Curie temperature for antidot samples with thinner layer thicknesses was observed. We attribute these effects to complex magnetization reversal processes and the three-dimensional magnetization profile induced by the nanoholes. These findings could be of major interest in the development of novel magnetic sensors and thermo-magnetic recording patterned media based on template-assisted deposition techniques.

Steel foil reinforcement for high performance bearing strength in Thin‐Ply composites

This study investigates the influence of local hybridization of Thin and Thick-Ply CFRP laminates on the open-hole and bearing properties. The area weight of the CFRP unidirectional prepregs used is 40 gsm in the case of Thin-Ply layers and 160 gsm in the case of Thick-Ply layers. The steel used is a 1.4310 stainless-steel foil with the same layer thickness as the prepregs. In the hybrid area, 90∘ layers were locally replaced by stainless steel patches. The local metal foil content varies from 6.25%, 12.5% to 25.0%. For notched laminates, the open hole tensile strength is significantly decreased with thinner layer thicknesses. The failure behavior changes from complex delamination dominated failure to brittle failure. By using stainless steel foils in the regions of stress concentrations, energy can be dissipated by plastic deformation of the steel foil and stresses can be deflected to neighbouring areas. For Thin-Ply samples with a local steel content of 25% the open hole tensile strength increases by 64% in comparison to the reference Thin-Ply specimens and the sensitivity towards stress concentrations decreases. The bearing strength of the hybrid CFRP laminates is increased by up to 54.6% in comparison to the reference material, due to the confinement of the steel foil and the resulting higher compressive strength and the plastic deformation at high stresses. The stress–strain diagrams and micrographs of the fibre metal samples reveal that damage is initiated before the maximum bearing strength. However, the damage offset bearing strength increase concerning the specific density of the material significantly.

Combined experimental and theoretical study, characterization, and nonlinear optical properties of doped-poly (p-nitroaniline -co- o-aminophenol) thin films

Hydrochloric acid doped poly (p-nitroaniline -co- o-aminophenol) [PpNAoAP] is synthesized via oxidative polymerization method using ferric chloride as an initiator and PEG200 as a soft template. By using PVD technique, the resulting doped [PpNAoAP]TF thin film was fabricated by evaporation of a thin layer (thickness ≈ 200 ± 5 nm) on a freshly cleaved mica substrate at a low deposition rate. Different techniques including FT-IR, 1HNMR, XRD, and SEM were used to characterize the resulting copolymer thin film. CATSTEP and DMol3 techniques were used to optimize the samples using DFT program. The optical constant values for the resulted [PpNAoAP]TF films are measured and comparable with experimental and CATSTEP processes. The computed structure and optical properties resulted from CATSTEP method are in good agreement with the obtained experimental data. The combined experimental of thin films and computed theoretical data of isolated molecules of [PpNAoAP]TF produce a promising outcome to be a good candidate for optoelectronic devices and polymer-solar cell applications.

Dual Solutions Analysis of Melting Phenomenon with Mixed Convection in a Nanofluid Flow and Heat Transfer Past a Permeable Stretching/Shrinking Sheet

The 2-D MHD nanofluid with mixed convection above a stretching/shrinking plate has been investigated. Melting heat transfer near surface is contemplated. Consider the saline water as base fluid with containing single SWCNTs as well as MWCNTs. Suitable similarity variables are employed to transform the governing PDEs into ODEs. These transformed equations which are coupled, and of high nonlinearity, have been solved through applying the bvp4c solver. The consequences of the relevant parameters like, the MHD parameter, mixed convection parameter, melting parameter, volume fraction on the flow field along with the skin friction and heat transfer rate are displayed in graphical form. Results show that the thin layer thickness diminishes as magnetic parameter enhances and at the same time temperature increases with magnetic parameter. It is also demonstrated that the melting parameter leads to a reduction in the thin layer thickness as well as dimensionless temperature. Obtain dual solutions for flow fields which delineates to identify the stable solution.

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes: Towards Electrochemical Reduction of CO2

The continuous increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration along with pollution of waters by organic wastes have led the scientific community to investigate novel strategies to address these worldwide environmental problem. Electrochemical methods are a promising approach to convert CO2 into a variety of useful chemicals and to remove contaminants from wastewater [1,2]. Nevertheless, it is necessary to develop inexpensive and chemically robust electrodes with long life-time in harsh electrochemical conditions for these processes to be efficient and economically viable.Boron-doped diamond (BDD) has been recently shown to be a promising material for electrochemical reduction of CO2 into formic acid and formaldehyde [3]. In contrast to thick microcrystalline BDD films, thin nanocrystalline BDD layers (thickness of 100 - 500 nm) provide a higher degree of flexibility in material properties, e.g. due to a variable diamond/non-diamond content, and allows efficient bottom-up nanostructuring, e.g. BDD growth on porous templates [4].In this work, we investigate nanocrystalline boron-doped diamond and composite BDD/SiC electrodes synthesized via microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MW PE CVD) method at different deposition temperatures (250 - 750°C) towards electrochemical reduction of CO2 in water-based electrolytes [5]. Fabricated electrodes were characterized by a variety of techniques, including Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy imaging and electrical conductivity measurements. Electrochemical properties of nanocrystalline BDD electrodes of various thickness, boron content and electrical conductivity were studied.This work has been supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (GACR) contract 19-09784Y.[1] I. Sirés et al., Environ Sci Pollut Res (2014) 21: 8336.[2] A. Goeppert et al., Chem. Soc. Rev. (2014), 43, 7995-8048.[3] K. Nakata et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. (2014), 53, 871 –874.[4] V Petrák et al., Carbon (2017), 114, 457.[5] A. Taylor et al., J. Alloys. Compd., (2019) 800, 327-333

Prediction of Elastic Properties Within CO2 Plume at Sleipner Field Using AVS Inversion Modified for Thin‐Layer Reflections Guided by Uncertainty Estimation

AbstractExisting amplitude variation with offset (AVO) and slowness (AVS) theories fail to interpret observed amplitudes in terms of actual elastic properties of the media for a reflection event resulting from a stack of thin layers. We propose a method to replace the stack of thin layers with an equivalent medium of elastic properties using the Backus averaging theory. Numerical examples show considerable deviation in intercept calculated from the modified AVO and AVS theories from the conventional methods. AVS theory is preferred as it can be applied irrespective of impedance contrast in both precritical and postcritical reflections, and no spherical divergence correction is required. P and S wave velocities, density, and thickness of thin layers are determined using the inversion scheme of very fast simulated annealing (VFSA). Uncertainty in prediction is evaluated using an approximate marginal posterior probability density function and a parameter correlation matrix. We demonstrate our methodology on synthetic and real seismic data from the Sleipner field, which is a good example of enhanced seismic amplitudes due to interference among reflections from thin layers. We select 11 common depth point (CDP) gathers for amplitude analysis of four identified reflectors along a line of 3‐D seismic data acquired in 2008. Predicted mean models of CO2‐saturated sand layers at all locations show that the thickness, density, and P and S wave velocities vary from 5–7 m, 1.8–2.0 g/cm3, and 1,460–1,490 and 630–650 m/s, respectively. Our analysis suggests that the model parameters are well constrained and independent except at a few locations.

Basalt–sediment configuration in the Tapti rift of central Indian region as derived from magnetotelluric (MT) studies and hydrocarbon prospects

Geochemical studies in Deccan syneclise have identified anomalous concentration of light hydrocarbon gases in the surface soil from the Tapti rift region in Narmada–Son Lineament, India. We have reanalysed and modelled broadband MT data from this region to delineate basalts and underlying sediment configuration, which is favourable for hydrocarbon accumulation. We carried out 1D and 3D modelling of the MT data for this purpose. Modelling studies brought regions of thick sub-basaltic sediments towards NW and SW of Nepanagar. But very less anomalous light hydrocarbon gas concentration is observed along NW of Nepanagar. This may be due to the presence of thick basalt cover in that area, which prevents the leakage of gaseous hydrocarbons on to the surface soil. We observed a comparatively thin basalt layer and high sediment thickness with a high concentration of light hydrocarbon gases near to Burhanpur area, which strongly suggests better hydrocarbon prospects in the area. It is inferred that the relatively thin and fractured/vesicular nature of basalt in this region facilitates the upward migration of light hydrocarbon components to the surface soil.

Spectroscopic Optical Coherence Tomography for Thin Layer and Foil Measurements.

The main goal of this research was to assess if it is possible to evaluate the thickness of thin layers (both thin films on the surface and thin layers below the surface of the tested object) and foils using optical coherence tomography (OCT) for thickness assessment under the resolution of the standard commercially available OCT measurement system. In the proposed solution, light backscattered from the evaluated thin layer has been expressed as a multiple beam interference. Therefore, the OCT system was modeled as a two-beam interferometer (e.g., Michelson), in which one beam propagates from the reference arm and the other comes from a Fabry–Pérot interferometer. As a consequence, the mathematical model consists of the main Michelson interferometer, in which the measuring arm represents the Fabry–Pérot interferometer. The parameters of the layer (or foil) are evaluated by analyzing the minimum value of the interference contrast. The model developed predicts the behavior of the thin layers made from different materials (with different refractive indexes) with different thickness and located at different depths. To verify the correctness of the proposed model, an experiment with a wedge cell has been carried out. The wedge cell was shifted across the scanning beam using a linear translation stage with a micrometer screw under the scanning head. The relationship between the thickness of the gap of the wedge cell and the OCT output signal is presented. For the additional verification of the proposed model, the results of the measurements of the thickness of the thin foil were compared with the theoretical results of the simulations. The film thickness was evaluated based on the calculated positions of the minimum value of interference contrast. A combination of the standard potentialities of OCT with the proposed approach to analyzing the signal produces new metrological possibilities. The method developed allows us to evaluate thickness under the resolution of the system and the location of the layer as well. This produces the possibility of measuring a layer which is covered by another layer. Moreover, it is possible to create a thickness map with high sensitivity to thickness changes. These experiments and simulations are the culmination of preliminary research for evaluating the potential of the proposed measurement method.

Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging for monitoring the thickness distribution of thin poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) layers

The thickness of thin layers of the conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS in the range between about 60 and 300 nm was determined by a near-infrared spectroscopic method using a hyperspectral camera. The reflection spectra of the layers do not contain bands, but consist of a moderate slope of the overall reflectance in the range between 1320 and 1850 nm. Despite the low thickness, the spectra show an extremely strong dependence on the thickness of the layers, which allows their use for quantitative measurements. The prediction of quantitative thickness data from the reflection spectra was based on a chemometric approach using the partial least squares (PLS) algorithm. Calibration was carried out by means of spin-coated layers of PEDOT:PSS, whose thickness was determined by white-light interferometry and stylus profilometry. Finally, this resulted in a calibration model with a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of about 9 nm. After external validation of this model, it was used for quantitative imaging of the thickness distribution in PEDOT:PSS layers. The precision of the predicted values was confirmed by comparison with data from the reference methods. Moreover, it was shown that this approach can be also used for hyperspectral imaging of the thickness of thin printed layers and structures of this conductive polymer on polymer film or paper with excellent thickness resolution. This analytical approach opens new possibilities for in-line process control by large-scale monitoring of thickness and homogeneity of thin layers of conductive polymers.

Dominated flow parameters applied in a recirculation microbial fuel cell

Scaling up of microbial fuel cells is a challenge for practical applications in wastewater treatment. In addition, the flow control is an important aspect for the electrochemical reactions occurring at the electrodes are influenced by fluid motions. By using dimensionless parameter analysis fluid regimes can be investigated in different scales of reactors. In this study, four important dimensionless flow parameters such as Reynolds number, Péclet number, Schmidt number, and Sherwood number were used for systematic analysis of hydrodynamic effects and power performance of recirculation mode microbial fuel cells together with computational fluid dynamics method. Results showed that the higher value of Reynolds number enhanced the convective flow of anolyte due to the dominant inertial forces in the flow field. Therefore, Reynolds number of 1.6 × 101 were obtained high mass transfer coefficient of 4.76 × 10−7 m s-1 and thin diffusion layer thickness of 2.52 × 10-3 m. Maximum power density and limited current density of 2422.8 mW m-2 and 4736.4 mA m-2 were obtained respectively which were higher than Reynolds number of 0 by 1.61 and 1.69 times. These findings shall be useful for effective recirculation flow mode MFCs power production and have a great possibility for large scale applications.

Understanding of multiple resistance states by current sweeping in MoS2-based non-volatile memory devices

Recently, various two-dimensional materials have been reported to exhibit non-volatile resistance switching phenomenon. The atomristors, featuring memristor effect in atomically thin nanomaterials such as monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides and hexagonal boron nitride, have drawn much attention due to the extremely thin active layer thickness with the advantages of forming-free characteristic, large on/off resistance ratio and fast switching speed. To investigate the switching mechanisms in the 2D monolayers, we introduced an electrical characterization method by current sweeping to illustrate the detailed information hidden in the commonly used voltage-sweep curves. Multiple transition steps have been observed in the SET process of MoS2-based resistance switching devices. The different behaviors of transition steps were attributed to the number of defects or vacancies associated with the switching phenomenon, which is consistent with the previously reported conductive-bridge-like model for 2D atomristors. This work provides an approach using current sweeping to precisely characterize the resistance switching effect and inspires further research to optimize the defect distribution in 2D materials for the applications in multi-bit non-volatile memory and neuromorphic computing.