Porous Layer Thickness Research Articles

Analysis of in-situ acoustical performance of a removable urban pavement with a porous top layer

A demonstrator of a new removable urban pavement with functionalized surface was implemented in the inner city of Nantes within the I-STREET CUD-SF project. Designed for easy maintenance operation, it is made of hexagonal cement concrete slabs with a dense body and a 4 cm thick porous top layer of grading 0/6 and porosity 25% for drainability. The noise performance of the pavement was assessed at urban speeds by simultaneous Coast-By and Close-Proximity noise measurements performed with a dedicated test vehicle after closure of the road to traffic. The results are compared with noise levels obtained with three reference surfaces, a DAC 0/10 and two VTAC of grading 0/4 and 0/6. The tested pavement gets ranked differently depending on the noise measurement method considered. The results are analyzed in the light of 3D texture measurements as well as sound absorption measurements performed in situ by the extended surface method and with Kundt's tube on core samples. The influence of texture irregularities at the junction between slabs and sand used for slabs stabilization is addressed. Finally, the Coast-By noise levels are compared with those obtained with the HyRoNE prediction model from 3D texture and sound absorption. The discrepancies observed are discussed.

In situ acoustic characterization of a perforated panel on a cavity by means of PU measurement and model fitting

The in situ characterization of materials is a crucial challenge in room acoustics, as laboratories measurement cannot always be applied in consultancy practices. In particular, there is a lack of method to characterize in situ systems with perforated facings, which are commonly encountered systems in room acoustics. In this paper, the in situ characterization of a rigidly-backed porous material behind a rigid perforated facing by means of pressure–velocity measurements is presented. The method includes an inverse impedance model fitting based on measurement in a limited frequency range. The applicability of this method was studied by measuring a variety of perforated facings, whether in front of an air cavity or backed by a porous layer, and comparing the obtained impedance model parameters to reference values. Good agreement was observed between the retrieved parameters and the references, with the errors in all retrieved parameters moving mass, facing thickness, cavity depth, porous layer thickness and porous layer flow resistivity not exceeding 15%.

Corrosion shielding effect of polyaluminium sulphate on metallic aluminium during the solidification of radioactive incineration bottom ash by low alkalinity cement

Radioactive incineration bottom ash containing metallic Al is difficult to be directly solidified in the cement matrix due to the generation of hydrogen gas during the reaction of aluminium with alkali pore solution of cement paste. In this study, the simulated incineration bottom ash (SIBA) containing metallic Al was successfully and directly solidified by polyaluminium sulphate (PAS)-modified low alkalinity cement (LAC), and the mechanism of the corrosion shielding effect of PAS on metallic Al was characterized by a range of analytical techniques. The results indicate that the cement waste form containing 29.56 wt% SIBA achieved a compressive strength of 16.6 MPa at 28 days of hydration, which increased by 13.3 % and 36.1 % after freeze-thawing test and immersion test, respectively. The 42d cumulative fraction leached of Nd3+ and Ce3+ were 1.74×10−7 cm and 3.40×10−7 cm, respectively. The corrosion degree and corrosion rate of Al sheets in LAC with PAS addition was much lower than that without PAS at early and late age hydration, by transforming thick porous corrosion layer to thin dense one. The mineral phase of corrosion product remained as bayerite (Al(OH)3), regardless of whether PAS was added. The addition of PAS reduced the hydrogen gas generation and prevented the dissolution of Al(OH)4- from metallic Al sheet. The hydrolysis of PAS produced a large amount of Al(OH)4- in pore solution, which extended the pH range for Al(OH)3 passivation by preventing the transformation of Al(OH)3 protection layer on the Al sheet surface to Al(OH)4- in the pore solution, and accelerated the formation of ettringite to decrease the pH of pore solution. This study cast the light on the direct solidification of metallic-aluminium-containing incineration bottom ash or Al bulks by cement-based materials without the need for complex pretreatment processes.

Numerical study on thermal and hydraulic performance of supercritical CO2 flowing in a microchannel heat sink with porous substrates

Supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) is widely acknowledged for its potential applications in various energy utilization systems, particularly in addressing the critical challenge of heat transfer. This study utilizes numerical simulation to model sCO2 flow within a microchannel heat sink (MCHS) equipped with porous substrates, aiming to evaluate both its thermal and hydraulic performance. The analysis investigates the influence of significant parameters such as shape, inlet temperature, Reynolds number, porous layer thickness, and operating pressure on key variables like pressure drop, Nusselt (Nu) number, thermal resistance, and Figure of Merit (FOM) within the microchannel. Findings reveal a progressive improvement in heat transfer efficiency, as demonstrated by Nu/Nu0, with rising inlet temperature. However, extending the inlet temperature beyond the critical threshold results in diminished Nu numbers across all models. Near the critical point (Tin = 305 K), the FOM reaches 3.59 for M1 (Model1) and 3.61 for M3, highlighting their effectiveness in balancing heat transfer enhancement and energy consumption. At each operating pressure, Nu undergoes a significant rise near the critical point, with the peak Nu notably observed at an operating pressure of 8 MPa, surpassing those at 9 MPa and 10 MPa due to the significantly higher heat capacity of the fluid at 8 MPa. Furthermore, the findings reveal a decreasing trend in FOM as porous thickness increases for the models, suggesting that utilizing porous inserts with smaller thickness values is more efficient when considering both heat transfer enhancement and required pumping power. All examined models successfully reduce thermal resistance, consistently maintaining values below those of non-porous MCHS across all Reynolds numbers. Additionally, increasing Reynolds number enhances heat transfer and reduces thermal resistance for all configurations.

Heat transfer analysis of nanofluid flow with entropy generation in a corrugated heat exchanger channel partially filled with porous medium

AbstractHeat exchanger research is mainly exploited to develop and optimize new engineering systems with high thermal efficiency. Passive methods based on nanofluids, fins, wavy walls, and the porous medium are the most attractive ways to achieve this goal. This investigation focuses on heat transfer and entropy production in a nanofluid laminar flow inside a plate corrugated channel (PCC). The channel geometry comprises three sections, partially filled with a porous layer located at the intermediate corrugate channel section. The physical modeling is based on the laminar, two‐dimensional Darcy–Brinkman–Forchheimer formulation for nanofluid flow and the local thermal equilibrium model for the heat equation, including the viscous dissipation term. Numerical solutions were obtained using ANSYS Fluent software based on the finite volume technique and the appropriate meshed geometries. The numerical results are validated with theoretical, numerical, and experimental studies. The simulations are performed for CuO–water nanofluid and AISI 304 porous medium. The coupled effects of porous layer thickness (δ), Reynolds number (Re), and nanoparticle fraction (φ) on velocity, streamlines, isotherm contours, Nusselt number (Nu), and entropy generation (S) are analyzed and illustrated. The simulation results demonstrate that heat transfer enhancement in clear PCC can be achieved using a porous layer insert. For the porous thickness range of [0.1–0.6], the corresponding range of average Nusselt number increase is [35.7%–176.9%], and the average entropy generation is [105.4%–771.9%]. The effect of the Reynolds number is more important in a porous duct than in a clear one. For δ = 0.4 and φ = 5%, the increase of Re in the range of [200–500] induces an increase in average Nusselt number in the range of [80.9%–108.4%] and average entropy in [222.9%–309.1%] comparatively to clear PCC. The effect of φ is practically the same for porous and clear channels. For φ = 5%, the increase on average Nu is about 9%, and entropy generation is 5%. Accordingly, important improvements in heat transfer in PCC can be achieved through the combined effect of flow Reynolds number and porous layer thickness.

Broad bandwidth and excellent thermal stability in BiScO3-PbTiO3 high-temperature ultrasonic transducer for non-destructive testing

High-temperature ultrasonic transducer (HTUT) is essential for non-destructive testing (NDT) in harsh environments. In this paper, a HTUT based on BiScO3-PbTiO3 (BS-PT) piezoelectric ceramics was developed, and the effect of different backing layers on its bandwidth were analyzed. The HTUT demonstrates a broad bandwidth and excellent thermal stability with operation temperature up to 400 °C. By using a 10 mm thick porous alumina backing layer, the HTUT achieves a broad −6 dB bandwidth of 100 %, which is about 4 times superior to the transducer with an air backing layer. The center frequency (fc) of the HTUT remains stable with fluctuations of less than 10 % across the temperature range from room temperature to 400 °C. The HTUT successfully detected simulated defects in pulse-echo mode for NDT over 200 °C. This research not only advances high-temperature ultrasonic transducer technology but also expands the NDT applications in harsh environmental conditions.

Comprehensive evaluation of the influence of PEM water electrolyzers structure on mass transfer performance based on entropy weight method

The proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) has broad prospects in hydrogen production due to its green and efficient advantages. This paper comprehensively analyzes the performance and water-gas transport characteristics of PEMWE with different cell structures, in which polarization curves, flow velocity distribution, oxygen concentration, temperature, liquid water saturation, and pressure are investigated. Simultaneously, the study explores the effects of variations in inlet velocity, inlet temperature, porosity, and thickness of the anode porous transport layer (APTL) on the four flow fields. Finally, the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) based on entropy weight method is employed for a comprehensive evaluation of the flow fields. The results indicate that, compared to parallel flow field (PFF), sinusoidal wave flow field (SWFF), intercepted flow field (ICFF), and single-serpentine flow field (SSFF) exhibit stronger exhaust capabilities, with temperature uniformity increasing by 83.65 %, 59.24 %, and 70.15 %, respectively. However, the longer flow channel of SSFF results in a high pressure drop and lower liquid water saturation. An increase in inlet velocity leads to a decrease in temperature, causing an increase in voltage, as higher temperatures reduce activation and ohmic overpotentials. Additionally, an increase in the porosity and thickness of APTL deteriorates the polarization performance of PEMWE. The research results of this study can provide valuable assistance for the future design of PEMWE.

Thermal analysis on porous evaporation composite wall integrated with solar chimney

This paper introduces a composite wall integrated with a solar chimney and a wet porous layer for evaporation cooling without consumption of electrical power, in which the airflow is driven by the buoyancy force from solar chimney effect, and water for evaporation on surface is supplied by capillary forces in wet porous layer. A numerical study on heat and mass transfer in composite wall was conducted to analyze the impact of environmental conditions and composite wall structure on cooling performance. More convection between airflow and surface of porous layer under higher solar irradiation, and larger evaporation on surface of wet porous layer under lower relative humidity benefits for cooling to be obtained. The 3.3 or 2.1 K smaller temperature of indoor surface of composite wall below ambient occurs at about 12:30 in a sunny day. The effective cooling and cooling efficiency are defined to be evaluated the cooling performances in composite wall. The solid matrix material, thickness and porosity of wet porous layer relating to its thermal resistance and thermal capacity, as well as channel width and window-to-wall ratio relating to effects of airflow amount and evaporation surface size influence effective cooling and cooling efficiency greatly. The higher cooling and lower cooling efficiency occur in case with thinner porous wall at initial stage, and the cooling efficiency increases in case with thicker porous wall with thickness above 0.1 m. The larger cooling and lower cooling efficiency occur in cases with smaller channel width or window-to-wall ratio. All these results should be taken into account for the utilization of the porous evaporation composite wall integrated with solar chimney.

Determination of critical thickness of porous layer for passive heat transfer enhancement for flow over 2-D cylinder

This study focuses on flow and heat transfer around a circular cylinder having porous surface. The Reynolds number (Re) is constant at Re = 100 and Darcy number (Da) is varied from 10– 6 to 10– 2 for porous layer thickness d = 0.2 R − 0.5 R . While various parametric studies have been carried out to study this geometry, no study has provided a critical thickness of porous layer for the range of (Da) studied herein. The specific focus of the parametric nature of the study is novel in that it approaches the problem from the perspective of flow and heat transfer variables to determine the critical thickness of porous layer, as opposed to viewing it as a whole. This differs from previous studies in that the problem is fundamentally limited to this simplistic system without adding many interconnected variables that will further increase complexity. The dependency of flow and heat transfer modification on various physical parameters such as the porous layer thickness, upstream and downstream lengths is investigated in detail, and a critical thickness (which optimizes the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics) h = 0.5 R is determined. Finally, the heat transfer characteristics are analyzed to study the heat transfer behavior of the porous layer, and to determine the critical thickness of porous layer for efficient heat transfer.

Free vibration analysis of a sandwich conical shell with a magnetorheological elastomer core, enriched with carbone nanotubes and functionally graded porous face layers

In this paper, the free vibration behaviors of a sandwich conical shell with a magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) core enriched with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and two functionally graded (FG) porous face layers are investigated. The mathematical modeling of the shell is performed via the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) incorporating the continuity conditions between the face layers and the core. The porosity parameters are adjusted to provide the same mass for all porosity dispersion patterns. The governing equations and boundary conditions are derived via Hamilton’s principle and are solved through a semi-analytical solution to attain the natural frequencies and the loss factors for various boundary conditions. First, appropriate triangular functions are utilized to provide an exact solution in the circumferential direction. Then, a numerical solution is presented in the meridional direction utilizing the differential quadrature method (DQM). The influences of various factors on the natural frequencies and loss factors are investigated including intensity of the applied magnetic field, mass fraction of the CNTs subjoined to the core, thickness of the CNT-reinforced MRE core, thickness of the FG porous face layers, porosity parameter and dispersion pattern of the pores in the FG porous face layers, and the boundary conditions. Numerical results show that although subjoining CNTs to the MRE core and applying magnetic field have weak effects on the natural frequencies of the shell, increases in the mass fraction of the CNTs and intensity of the applied magnetic field result in remarkable increases in the loss factors, and provide stronger vibration suppression.

Micropolar Fluid Flows Past a Porous Shell: A Model for Drug Delivery Using Porous Microspheres

The creeping flow of an incompressible, bounded micropolar fluid past a porous shell is investigated. The porous shell is modeled using a Darcy equation, sandwiched between a pair of transition Brinkman regions. Analytical expressions for the stream function, pressure, and microrotations are given for each region. Streamline patterns are presented for variations in hydraulic resistivity, micropolar constants, porous layer thickness, and Ochoa-Tapia stress jump coefficient. An expression for the dimensionless drag for the unbounded case of the system is presented, and its variation with hydraulic resistivity and porous shell thickness is presented. The unbounded case represents a theoretical model for oral drug delivery using porous microspheres. It was found that optimal circulation between the porous region and the outer fluid occurred for low values of hydraulic resistivity and for a complete porous sphere.

MICROPOLAR FLUID FLOWS RELATIVE TO A SWARM OF SPHERICAL POROUS SHELLS

This article investigates the creeping axisymmetric flow of an incompressible micropolar fluid past a swarm of porous shells. Employing the Darcy and a transition Brinkman porous layer, the study presents an analytical model that captures the flow behavior by integrating continuity conditions for velocity, normal and tangential stresses, and microrotations at fluid-porous interface regions.Distinct unit cell techniques, including those proposed by Happel, Kuwabara, Kvashnin, and Mehta and Morse, are analyzed to observe the effects of hydraulic resistivity, porous layer thickness, and porosity on the dimensionless drag for a bounded micropolar fluid system. The results, graphically represented in a series of plots, reveal a complex interplay between these parameters, significantly impacting drag forces and providing insight into the hydrodynamics of a swarm of porous particles, akin to that encountered in oral drug delivery systems.The study identifies a general inverse relationship between hydraulic resistivity and drag and highlights the nuanced effects of porous layer thickness and porosity on fluid resistance, with stark contrasts observed among different unit cell models. These findings underscore the importance of the chosen unit cell technique in predicting and optimizing the flow behavior in micropolar fluid systems.

Effect of chlorides and sulfates on the corrosion of SS347 and GH3539 in molten solar salt

Adding an appropriate amount of chloride or sulfate salts to molten nitrates is an effective way to improve the thermal stability temperature and energy density of solar salts. However, the corrosivity of the mixed solar salts is enhanced significantly. In this paper, the effect of chlorides and sulfates on the corrosion of SS347 and GH3539 in molten solar salt is investigated. The high oxygen pressure and basic environment in molten nitrates causes the formation of an external Fe oxides layer and inner FeCr2O4 layer for SS347. Unlike SS347, the corroded GH3539 presents an exclusive film of NiO and many core-shell structured nodules with Ni as core and NiO as shell, followed by a region of internal oxidation involving Ni, W and Cr. The additives chlorides produce an oxidation-chlorination environment, causing spallation of oxide scale from SS347, but without significant effect on GH3539 due to lower thermodynamic stabilities of Ni and W chlorides than Fe and Cr chlorides. The addition of sulfates to solar salt also harms the adhesion of the scale on SS347 to a certain extent. While the additives sulfides accelerate the corrosion of GH3539, forming a thick porous NiO layer and a serious internal sulfidation zone.

Thermal analysis and structure optimization of wavy microchannel with combining ribs of porous layer and solid wall in multi objective genetic algorithm

The combining rib of porous layer and solid wall is set in wavy microchannel heat sink to enlarge heat transfer area and convection with smaller increase in flow resistance, in which the consumption of pump power relates to the ratios of wave amplitude to length or to width and the thickness of porous layer due to vortices generation while coolant passing through channel. The local thermal equilibrium occurs in porous layer, and the Forchheimer-Brinkman-Darcy relations were used to describe the flow inside porous ribs. The effects of channel-to-pitch width ratio, width ratio of porous layer to pitch and microchannel height on its cooling performance are investigated, and the parameter of figure of merit (FOM) is defined to evaluate thermo-hydraulic performance in wavy microchannel. Besides, the multi objective genetic algorithm method is employed to optimize structure parameters in wavy microchannel to obtain better performances, in which the increase in thermal resistance from 0.062 K/W to 0.166 K/W together with consumption of pump power decreasing from 0.00416 W to 0.00185 W can be obtained in the Pareto front set, and it relates to the heat dissipation in convection between coolant and bottom surface or vertical side ribs. Compared to wavy microchannel with solid rib, the 37.61% and 16.67% decreases respectively in thermal resistance and consumption of pump power occur in the case with optimal combining rib of porous layer and solid wall.

Computational study of magneto-convective flow of aqueous-Fe3O4 nanoliquid in a tilted cylindrical chamber partially layered by porous medium: Entropy generation analysis

In various industrial applications, the main objective is to enhance thermal efficiency by minimizing the generation of entropy. Specifically, achieving optimal thermal efficiency in a tilted cylindrical chamber poses significant challenges due to the combined effects of tangential and normal gravity components. Our study focuses on the flow dynamics, thermal transport, and entropy generation of Fe3O4/H2O nanoliquid within a cylindrical annular enclosure by incorporating the synergistic effects of magnetic force, geometric inclination angle, and thickness of the porous region. The Brinkman–Forchheimer-extended Darcy model for ferrofluid motion and the one-equation model for heat transfer are applied in the porous region, while the conventional Navier–Stokes and energy equations are used in the fluid-only region. A series of computations is performed for various key parameters, such as Hartmann number (0≤Ha≤60), Darcy number (10−5≤Da≤10−1), porous layer thickness (0.1≤ε≤0.9), and angle of inclination (−60°≤γ≤60°). Our results reveal that the heat transport rate is enhanced by 48.6% with an increase in the Darcy number from 10−5 to 10−1. Moreover, the flow circulation and heat transport can be optimized by tilting the enclosure anticlockwise. It has been found that 91.8% of flow strength can be enhanced by rotating the enclosure from −60° to 60°. Finally, this study suggests that the inclination angle of 30° and a porous layer thickness of 0.3 emerge as the ideal configuration to obtain optimal performance, particularly for lower Hartmann and higher Darcy numbers. Our findings will provide insight into optimizing thermal processes in nanoliquid-filled enclosures subjected to magnetic force.

MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF PERISTALTIC FLUID TRANSPORT IN AXISYMMETRIC, POROUS STRUCTURES

Peristaltic transport, a fundamental physiological and engineering process, involves the movement of fluid through a distensible tube via sequential compression and relaxation. This study investigates the peristaltic transport of an incompressible Newtonian fluid in an axisymmetric, porous, corrugated tube, emphasizing the interplay between fluid dynamics and the tube's structural characteristics. Utilizing lubrication theory and perturbation analysis within a wave frame of reference, we explore the effects of hydraulic resistivity, geometric parameters of the corrugation, and porous layer thickness on the phenomena of trapping and circulation. Our findings reveal that hydraulic resistivity significantly influences the development of circulation regions within the fluid core, which has implications for the efficiency of mixing and nutrient absorption in biological and industrial applications. Additionally, the geometric configuration of the wavy porous layer—specifically its amplitude and thickness—critically impacts the formation of trapping and circulation regions, thereby affecting fluid transport efficiency. This work not only advances our understanding of peristaltic pumping mechanisms but also highlights the potential for optimizing fluid transport processes in both biological systems and industrial applications. The insights gained from this study contribute to the design of more efficient peristaltic pumps and offer a valuable framework for future research aimed at enhancing substance delivery and mixing through peristaltic transport.

Porous Waterborne Polyurethane Films Templated from Pickering Foams for Fabrication of Synthetic Leather.

Waterborne polyurethane (WPU) latex nanoparticles with proven interfacial activity were utilized to stabilize air-water interfaces of Pickering foams through interfacial interaction with hydrophobic fumed silica particles (SPs). The rheological properties of the Pickering foam were tailored through adjustment of their SP content, which influenced their formability and stability. A Pickering foam stabilized with WPU and SPs was used as a template to prepare a WPU-SP composite porous film. The as-prepared film had intact open-cell porous structures, which increased its water absorption and water-vapor permeability. The porous film was used as a middle layer in the preparation of synthetic leather via a four-step "drying method". Compared with commercial synthetic leather, the lab-made synthetic leather with a middle layer made of the WPU-SP composite porous film exhibited a richer porous structure, acceptable wetting on a fabric substrate, a thicker porous layer, and higher water-vapor permeability. This work provides a novel and facile approach for preparing WPU-SP Pickering foams. Furthermore, the foams have the potential to function as a sustainable material for creating a porous-structured synthetic leather made from WPU, which may be utilized as an alternative to solvent-based synthetic leather.

Stability analysis of Poiseuille flow in an annulus partially filled with porous medium

The linear stability analysis of fluid flow, driven by an axial pressure gradient, inside the annular region partially filled with porous medium is investigated. The porous layer is attached to the inner cylinder. The flow is governed by the unsteady Darcy model in the porous region and the Navier–Stokes equation in the viscous region. The effect of the curvature parameter C (ratio of the inner cylinder radius to the gap between cylinders), the ratio of the fluid to the porous layer thickness (t̂), and the Darcy number (Da) on the stability characteristics are explored. In addition, the help of the radial velocity contours and the kinetic energy balance is taken to get an insight into the mode and the cause of instability, respectively. The results show that depending upon the value of t̂, a decrease in the value of C causes a shift in the neutral stability curve from bimodal to trimodal. For low values of t̂, when the onset of instability is dominated by a porous mode, C destabilizes the flow, whereas it has a stabilizing impact on the flow stability for the odd-fluid mode and the even-fluid mode. At high values of t̂, C has again destabilizing characteristics and instability is dominated by even-fluid mode. When axisymmetric disturbances are dominant, it is observed that the value of t̂ for which similar instability characteristics are found varies directly as the square root of Da. However, the correlation between t̂ and Da does not hold when the non-axisymmetric disturbances are least stable. Contrary to the unconditional stability of the annular Poiseuille flow under non-axisymmetric disturbances for C < 0.1325, the present system is unstable even for C = 0.005 and t̂≤1. This shows the significant impact of the curved fluid–porous interface on the stability characteristics.

Free convection in two composite enclosures filled with water and nano encapsulated phase change particles

Phase change heat transfer in two composite enclosures were studied numerically in the current study. Both enclosures consist of porous and fluid layers, with the all layers filled with the water-nano encapsulated phase change materials (NEPCPs). The first enclosure is surrounded by a porous layer having different sizes and permeabilities, while the second enclosure is center-inserted by a porous layer. As the porous layer thickness approaches zero, both enclosures transition into clear-fluid enclosure. The NEPCPs are fabricated using a polyurethane shell encapsulating an n-nonadecane core. The n-nonadecane undergoes a phase transition, enabling it to store or release a substantial amount of latent heat. To solve the governing equations, a Galerkin finite element method is employed. Our present model’s results are compared to those of earlier published studies. The governing parameters under consideration are: the volume ratio scale of porous medium, 0≤θS≤π/2, the NEPCPs volume fraction, 0.0≤ϕ≤0.05, the fusion temperature, 0.1≤TF≤0.5, the thermal conductivity ratio, 0.5≤ke≤10 and the Darcy number, 10−5≤Da≤10−2. The findings show that heat transfer performance of the both enclosures are complex functions of the NEPCPs concentration, fusion temperature and two-layer configuration. An increase in values of Nu¯I up to 66% is obtained when the concentration is adjusted from 1% to 5%. Similarly, an increase in values of Nu¯II up to 36% is obtained as the concentration is adjusted from 1% to 5%.

MHD Convection with Joule Heating and Internal Heat Generation in a Two‐Layer Discretely Heated Chamber Partly Filled with Porous Medium

The present research presents an innovative approach by integrating magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow with resistive heating, integrating a partly permeable layer and interior heat production to scrutinize natural convective flow within a square domain. It also examines both straight and wavy interfaces between the porous and fluid domains. Engaging the Galerkin finite element‐based weighted residual approach, numerical solutions are obtained by unraveling the two‐dimensional Navier–Stokes and thermal energy equations for pure fluid and fluid‐saturated porous domains. The parametric variations include Rayleigh numbers (Ra), porous layer thickness (H), corrugation frequency (f), corrugation amplitude (A), Hartmann number (Ha), and the heat production coefficient (∆). This study assesses the thermal effectiveness of a discrete thermal source, considering variations in porous layer thickness, corrugation frequency and amplitude, magnetic force intensity, and heat production impacts. The discoveries are demonstrated resolvably through the Nusselt number along the warmed edge, thermal performance criterion, and a qualitative portrayal of flow and thermal fields. After extensive analysis, it becomes apparent that reduced thickness of the porous layer, corrugation frequency, and amplitude enhance thermal performance. However, diminished porous layer thickness and corrugation frequency contribute to higher thermal performance criterion (TPC), whereas decreased corrugation amplitude results in a lower TPC. Specifically, the lowest values of H, A, and f result in 11.5%, 0.6%, and 0.1% higher thermal performance, respectively, compared to their highest values. Furthermore, a straight fluid‐saturated porous to the pure fluid domain interface, as opposed to a wavy interface at the highest H, A, and f values, offers a 0.7% improvement in thermal performance.