Internode Thickness Research Articles

Dihydrogibberellin improves grain yield and lodging resistance of direct seeded rice

AbstractDihydrogibberellin (DIH) is an eco‐friendly and low‐toxic regulator with immense potential for application in the current rice industry, specifically for increasing yield and lodging resistance. However, limited research has been conducted to explore the impact of DIH on the yield and lodging resistance of direct‐seeded rice (DSR, Oryza sativa L.). Therefore, a 2‐year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of spraying different concentrations of 5% DIH emulsifiable concentrate on DSR during the tillering (1) and jointing (2) stages. Three concentrations of DIH were used: 27 (DIH27), 54 (DIH54), and 108 g ha−1 (DIH108). The commonly used paclobutrazol concentration in rice production (112.5 g ha−1) was compared and a clear water treatment was used as control (CK). The results of the experiment showed that the DIH treatments increased the DSR yield by 1.22%–22.64% and reduced lodging index by 8.9%–54.2% compared to the CK treatment. Additionally, the DIH treatments resulted in significant reductions in the length of the 1–3 basal internodes and plant height, as well as increases in the diameter and culm wall thickness of internodes. Moreover, the DIH treatments also led to higher dry matter percentages in stalks and leaf sheaths, as well as increased lignin and cellulose content. Furthermore, the best effect of DIH application was observed at the jointing stage in terms of increasing yield and lodging resistance. Therefore, this research demonstrates that the application of DIH to DSR at the jointing stage can be an effective strategy for increasing yield and improving lodging resistance.

Morphological and Anatomical Analysis of the Internodes of a New Dwarf Variant of Moso Bamboo, Phyllostachys edulis f. exaurita.

The lack of mutants due to the long periods between flowering of bamboo plants is one of the limiting factors inhibiting research progress in the culm development of bamboo plants. In this study, a stable new dwarf variant of Phyllostachys edulis (Moso bamboo), Phyllostachys edulis f. exaurita T. G. Chen, was discovered and was characterized morphologically, anatomically, and physiologically. The height, diameter at breast height, number of internodes, length and wall thickness of internodes, length, width and number of parenchyma cells of internodes, and morphology of the wide-type (WT) and dwarf variant vascular bundles were compared. The height of the variant was only 49% that of the WT Moso bamboo. It was concluded that the decrease in internode number and length was the cause of dwarfism in P. edulis f. exaurita. The decreased internode length was the result of a decrease in cell number and cell length in the internode. In addition, the laws of change of internode length, internode thickness, cell length, and cell number differed between the WT Moso bamboo and the variant. Furthermore, lower IAA and zeatin concentrations were detected in the buds of the variant. These results suggest that P. edulis f. exaurita is a variant with inhibited primary thickening growth, which is valuable for interpretating the molecular mechanisms underlying the primary thickening growth of bamboo that are still largely unknown.

Optimizing Row Spacing Increases Stalk Lodging Resistance by Improving Light Distribution in Dense Maize Populations

Dense planting effectively increases maize yield while increasing stalk lodging risk. Appropriate row spacing can improve the maize population structure and stalk lodging resistance, but its physiological ecological mechanisms and interaction with planting density are unclear. Here, a two-year field experiment to determine the joint effects of row spacing and planting density on maize stem characteristics and the quantitative relationship of the light condition within a maize population with stalk lodging resistance indicated that the stalk mechanical strength showed a quadratic function relationship with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), whereas the lodging rate showed an exponential function relationship with basal light transmittance (LT). Further, the basal LT was significantly positively correlated with basal internode thickness, dry weight per unit stem length (DWUL), mechanical and cortical tissue thickness, and lignin and cellulose contents. Increasing the planting density decreased the basal LT and PAR; correspondingly decreased the basal internode thickness, DWUL, mechanical and cortical tissue thickness, lignin and cellulose contents, and stalk mechanical strength; and increased the lodging rate, while increasing row spacing did the opposite. Thus, optimizing the row spacing enhanced the lodging resistance through LT and PAR improvement of the lower part of the population and further increased the grain yield by optimizing the yield components. The appropriate row spacing varied with the planting density. The proper strategy for high stalk lodging resistance and grain yielding under this experimental condition was 67,500 plants ha−1 density with 60 + 60 cm equal row spacing.

Dijalelna analiza nauta

This research was carried out at Dicle University, Faculty of Agriculture during the spring season in 2020. Four chickpea varieties (Cagatay, ILC 3279, Ak 71114 and Spanish chickpea) were used. Genetic parameters were estimated for plant and agricultural traits in 4 parents and their 6 F2 combinations obtained from their half-diallel crossbreeding in chickpea. Half diallel genetic parameters, ratios and graphs (Vr,Wr) were estimated using to methods of Hayman (1954a, 1954b, 1960) in the experiment. The study was carried out randomized complete blocks design with three replications. In the study, days to first flowering, plant height, internode length, the first flower node number, internode thickness was examined. Analysis of variance revealed that differences among genotypes were significant for days to first flowering days, plant height and first flower node number. However, internode length, 5th, 7th and 9th internodes thickness were nonsignificant. Dominant allele genes are more than the recessive allele genes in the days to first flowering, plant height and first flower node number. Epistatic gene effects were significant in the parents for days to first flowering. Cagatay and ILC 3279 had mostly dominant genes, but Ak 71114 had recessive genes. Additive genetic variance was significant for days to first flowering, plant height and internode length. Internode length for parents was mostly recessive genes, especially Spanish and Ak 71114. The dominant gene effect was significant for the first flower node number. In the narrow sense heritability degree was 42% for plant height and 45% for days to first flowering.

Performance of soybean plants subject to water deficit in different development stages

Soybean plants are constantly exposed to abiotic stresses that compromise production, among these, in areas of Brazilian Cerrado, mainly in the northeast region, periods of drought can occur due to irregular and summer rainfall. Thus, the objective of this work was to determine the physiological response of Monsoy 9350 soybean at different stages of development, when subjected to water stress. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in the experimental area of the campus of the Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI) in Bom Jesus-PI, assembled in a 3x3 factorial scheme, with water in the soil at three levels (50% VTP; 75% VTP and 100% VTP) and three phenological phases, budding to bloom (BF); bloom to complete grain filling (FE) and budding to complete grain filling (BE), the experiment consisted of 9 treatments, in a randomized block design, containing 4 replications. The evaluation of the experiment was standardized according to the phenological stages and not according to the time. The following variables were evaluated: plant height, internode length, internode thickness, number of branches, chlorophyll index, number of flowers, insertion of the first pod and number of pods. According to the evaluated results, the water stress in soybean for cultivating Monsoy 9350 mainly affects the period from budding to bloom, interfering negatively in height, chlorophyll and number of pods.

English

This study was designed to determine the accession series with the most outstanding characteristics and the interrelationships among the variables. It also evaluated variability among the principal components and determined sugarcane accessions studied with similar characteristics from forty sugarcane accessions. Twelve quantitative traits were selected for data analysis. Series C accessions exhibited the most desirable characteristics. Four groups (PC1, PC2, PC3 and PC4) emerged from the principal component analysis. The four components with eigen values greater than one accounted for 75.92% of all variability in the forty accessions. Strong positive correlations were observed between plant height and stalk height (r=0.89); relative leaf area and leaf width (r=0.84); relative leaf area and leaf length (r=0.76); internode thickness and leaf width (r=0.73); relative leaf area and internode thickness (r=0.64); relative leaf area and internode length (r=0.51). In addition, positive and significant relationships were observed in internode length and leaf length (r=0.58); internode thickness and length of scarious border (r=0.54); length of scarious border and leaf width (r=0.55). These characters have a direct impact on the yield of sugarcane. Based on the analysis, the above traits could be considered as useful characters in yield improvement. Key words: Sugarcane, quantitative traits, characterization, principal component analysis (PCA), evaluation.

The dwarf gene Rht15 improved lodging resistance but differentially affected agronomic and quality traits in durum wheat

• This is the first study on agronomic and quality traits of Rht15 in durum wheat. • Rht15 significantly reduced plant height by shortening the cell length. • Rht15 improved lodging resistance and some quality traits. • Rht15 had a certain negative effect on yield traits. The dwarfing gene Rht15 in durum wheat is considered a GA-responsive dwarfing gene. To explore the use of Rht15 in durum wheat improvement, the effects of Rht15 on plant height, internode characteristics, lodging resistance, yield components and quality traits were evaluated by the Rht15 dwarf and tall F 3:4 , F 4:5 and F 5:6 lines derived from reciprocal crosses between “Durox” ( Rht15 ) and “Langdon” ( rht15 ). Rht15 significantly reduced plant height by 31.5 % on average by shortening the cell length. Furthermore, the diameter and wall thickness of internodes were significantly increased by Rht15 , which decreased the height center of gravity (35.4 %), increased the mechanical strength of the basal internode (41.8 %), and finally improved the lodging resistance index (153.7 %). Rht15 reduced biomass plant −1 (-13.7 %), 1000-kernel weight (-12.9 %), grain number per spike (-2.3 %) and grain yield plant −1 (-10.3 %). However, Rht15 increased the grain protein content (8.7 %), wet gluten content (9.2 %) and starch content (2.3 %). In conclusion, Rht15 significantly reduced plant height and improved lodging resistance and some quality traits but had negative effects on some yield traits. Nonetheless, Rht15 has opened up an opportunity as an alternative dwarfing gene in wheat breeding and improvement.

WILD SUGARCANE - SACCHARUM SP. GERMPLASM COLLECTION IN THE STATES OF PUNJAB AND HARYANA, INDIA

The Indian sub-continent harbours a great wealth of diversity of Saccharum and its related genera. Several targeted expeditions were conducted to collect the range of diversity present in Saccharum complex from diverse parts of the country. But the north western states of Punjab and Haryana were hitherto unexplored. A targeted exploration was conducted during 2016 to collect the entire range of variability present in Saccharum complex. Collections were made from a wide range of habitats and altitudes. The Saccharum spontaneum was present mostly along the river banks and river beds and showed considerable variability for morphological characteristics. S. spontaneum was distributed throughout both the states and collections could be made from all the districts and union territory of Chandigarh. A total of 104 accessions comprising of 100 Saccharum spontaneum and four Erinathus sp. have been collected. They were occurring mostly as small population except in the canal bunds where larger population was noticed. Plant height ranged from 0.46 m to 4.5 m. Variation for leaf and stem characters were observed from the collections. Statistical analysis of altitude of the collection sites with plant characters showed no significant association. Correlation analysis among plant characters showed the highest correlation coefficient between plant height and internode thickness. Clustering of Haryana, Chandigarh and Punjab Saccharum spontaneum collections through complete linkage clustering resulted in five clear clusters among the collections. Geographic distance and environmental factors including local climates interplay in the formation of the genetic structure and geographic patterns of the native S. spontaneum populations. Haryana and Punjab state were not much explored during earlier period and hence the collection would add more diversity to the germplasm maintained. In addition to the 100 S. spontaneum, four Erianthus sp. were collected during the exploration which will enrich the gene pool.

Water Stress Permanently Alters Shoot Architecture in Common Bean Plants

The effects of water stress on crop yield through modifications of plant architecture are vital to crop performance such as common bean plants. To assess the extent of this effect, an outdoor experiment was conducted in which common bean plants received five treatments: fully irrigated, and irrigation deficits of 30% and 50% applied in flowering or pod formation stages onwards. Evapotranspiration, number and length of pods, shoot biomass, grain yield and harvest index were assessed, and architectural traits (length and thickness of internodes, length of petioles and petiolules, length and width of leaflet blades and angles) were recorded and analyzed using regression models. The highest irrigation deficit in the flowering stage had the most pronounced effect on plant architecture. Stressed plants were shorter, leaves were smaller and pointing downward, indicating that plants permanently altered their exposure to sunlight. The combined effect of irrigation deficit and less exposure to light lead to shorter pods, less shoot biomass and lower grain yield. Fitted empirical models between water deficit and plant architecture can be included in architectural simulation models to quantify plant light interception under water stress, which, in turn, can supply crop models adding a second order of water stress effects on crop yield simulation.

Ảnh hưởng của quản lý nước và kẽm sulfate lên sinh trưởng, năng suất lúa OM4900 trồng trong chậu

Zinc is an essential element and functions as cofactor for activity of plant enzymes. In this study, water management strategies and zinc supplement were combined to investigate their effects on growth and yield of OM4900 rice in the pot condition. The completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 4 replicates was employed in the experiment. Zinc was supplied at 15th day after sowing with 3 levels equivalent to 0, 15, and 30 kg of ZnSO4 per ha. There were 2 water regimes, continuous flooding and alternate wetting and drying irrigation. The result showed that alternate wetting and drying irrigation saved 671 m3 per ha, less than 36% of water usage in comparison to the continuous flooding. Zinc fertilization enhanced internode thickness, internode diameter, chlorophyll index but showed no effect on rice internode length. Yield components such as panicles per pot, filled spikelets per panicle, filled spikelet ratio were significantly improved when zinc supplemented but caused no change in the rice yield. The interactions between water managements and zinc levels were found on used water quantity, internode thickness, and filled spikelet fraction. Zinc also contributed to the improvement of harvest biomass, increased zinc accumulation in rice grain and endosperm.

Effect of spraying Jasmonic acid and Girdling on growth, yield and improving fruits quality of Crimson seedless grapevine

THIS study was carried out during two successive seasons (2016 and 2017) in a private vineyard orchard at Boktares village, Agacenter, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. The experiment was conducted on 5-years-old Crimson seedless grapevine cultivar. The vines were grown in a clay soil under surface irrigation system and cane trained using pergolla trellis system. The aim of work was study effects of jasmonic acid and girdling on yield andfruit quality of Crimson seedless grapevine. Jasmonic acid wasused as a foliar application at rate (10, 20, 40 ppm) at two times: after berry set and begging berry color (at veraison stage) alone or combination with girdling begging berry color at) veraison stage). The Results showed that applications of jasmonic acid + girdling were effective for improving yield per vine, cluster weight, berry weight, volume, berry length and width, redberries & pink berries (as a visual assessment) soluble solids content, totalsugar, total anthocyanin in berry skin and total phenols while decreased total acidity and greenberry. Moreover, enhanced pruning wood weight, ripening wood and total carbohydrates in canes as compared with the controlduring both seasons. In addition increment internode length, internode thickness and trunk thickness.The promising results in this respect were obtained when the vines were sprayed with jasmonic acid 40 ppm+ girdling.

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) from North Dakota—a New Bioenergy Crop for the Nemoral Zone of Europe

ABSTRACTParallel to the growing interest in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) in southern countries of Europe, there is enhanced interest in knowing about its potential adaptability in the European regions with cool and moderate climates. The objective of this work was to characterize important agricultural parameters of switchgrass originated from North Dakota in order to identify the most valuable accessions for further research, propagation, and breeding in the Nemoral zone of Europe. The selection aimed at evaluating overwintering and productivity of switchgrass, with the ultimate objective of biomass quality improvement. Field trials were carried out in the central lowland of Lithuania during 2012–2014 on 33 germplasm accessions of switchgrass originating from North Dakota. Allthe tested accessions exhibited almost similar overwinter survival rate, i.e., 93.7–96.7%. Significant differences were observed in mean dry matter yields of all the tested accessions harvested once or twice per season (P < 0.05). The higher yielding accessions during both study years were differentiated. The yield potential of these accessions depended on a number of morphological traits, including internode thickness, plant height, panicle length, and leaf and stem weight per tiller (P < 0.05). Ash and mineral composition was associated with the genotype and the year of biomass harvest (P < 0.05). The switchgrass genotypes originating from North Dakota appeared to be adaptable to the European environment with cool and moderate climate and short growing season. The best-performing accessions can serve as a valuable genetic source for future breeding programmes.

Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sugarcane productivity under semiarid tropical agro ecosystem in India

Impact of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in sugarcane productivity was assessed through a field experiment from plant and ratoon sugarcane in Tamil Nadu, India. Control, 12.5 and 18.75 kg ha -1 of AMF along with 75% and 100% of phosphorous application were triedas treatments. 18.75 kg ha -1 AMF applied plots showed significant difference in germination percentage, tiller number, internode thickness and ultimately in cane yield in both plant and ratoon crop comprising two seasons. Quality parameters such as Pure Obtainable Cane Sugar and brix% of sugarcane were also significantly improved with the application of AMF, compared to control. The yield and post harvest soil fertility data showed that there is considerable statistically significant difference between AMF applied plots and control plots. These results suggest that the application of AMF will assist in improving the profitability of the farmers through higher sugarcane productivity and sustaining soil fertility. Besides, the quantity of phosphorus fertilizer application can also be reduced by 25% and application of AMF as a biofertilizer to sugarcane is good boon for millers since it has a direct impact on the quality of sugarcane juice.

Formation of the length and diameter of the first and second aboveground internodes of hard wheat varieties under West Siberian conditions

It is shown that the thickness of internodes of hard wheat plants is formed before the wax ripeness stage. Moisture conditions, temperature regime, and varietal characteristics substantially affect the length and diameter of aboveground internodes.

Selection on phenotypic plasticity of morphological traits in response to flooding and competition in the clonal shore plant Ranunculus reptans

Adaptive evolution of phenotypic plasticity requires that plastic genotypes have the highest global fitness. We studied selection by spatial heterogeneity of interspecific competition and flooding, and by temporal heterogeneity of flooding on morphological plasticity of 52 genotypes of the clonal shore plant Ranunculus reptans. Competition reduced clone size, rosette size, leaf length and stolon internode thickness. Flooding had similar effects and reduced competition. Differences in selection between environments imply potential for either local adaptation or for indirect evolution of phenotypic plasticity. We also detected direct selection for plastic reductions in internode length in response to flooding and for a plastic increase in internode length in response to competition. Plastic responses of some morphological traits to flooding were in line with selection thereon, suggesting that they indeed are adaptive and might have evolved in response to direct selection on plasticity.

FARKLI EKİM ZAMANLARINDA KULLANILAN CCC UYGULAMALARININ BEZELYE (Pisum sativum)' DE BİTKİ GELİŞMESİNE VE VERİME ETKİSİ

OZET Farkli ekim zamanlarinda yetistirilen erkenci ve gecici bezelye cesidinde CCC uygulamasinin bitki gelismesine ve verime etkisinin incelendigi bu arastirmadan elde edilen sonuclar su sekilde ozetlenebilir. 1- CCC uygulanmasi her iki bezelye cesidinde de bogum uzunlugunu azaltmis, bogum kalindigim artirmistir. CCC uygulamasinin bu etkisi uc ekim zamaninda da gorulmustur. 2- Bogum uzunlugu ve kalinligi bakimindan IL ekim ama/unda bitki gelismesinin III ekim zamanina gore daha zayif oldugu belirlenmistir. 3- CCC uygulamalarinin bogum sayisina etkisi yillara, cesitlere ve ekim zamanlarina gore degismistir. 4- Bili i boyu genetikle ekim zamanin gecikmesine paralel \ azalmasina neden olmustur. 5- Genelde CCC uygulamalarinin bakla boyuna ve bakla agirligina fazla bir etkisi olmamistir (ozellikle ekim zamaninin bakla agirligina etkisi, CCC uygulamasindan daha fazla olmustur. 6- Uygulamalar bitki basina tek ve cift meyveli cicek salkimi sayisini artirmis, gec el im ise azaltmistir. 7- CCC uygulamasi bitkide hakla sayisini artirmis fakat baklada dune rayisiiti uzalimisnr. 8-1000ppm CCC uygulamasi her uc ekim zamaninda da \ erimi artirmistir. Ancak ekim zamaninin verime olan etkisinin CCC'in etkisinden daha fazla oldugu tesbit edilmistir. THE EFFECTS OF CCC TREATMENTS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF GARDEN PEAS (Pisum sativum cvs, Kelvedon andWJtecord) GROWN AT DIFFERENT SO WING DATESIN ERZURUM SUMMARY In order to detertnine the effects of CCC treatments on plant growth and yield of garden pea grown at different sowing dates, this study was carried out in 1977 and 1978 on the Agrucultural Experiment Station, Faculty of Agriculture, University cf Ataturk, Erzurum. Seeds of peas cvs. Kelvedon and WJRecord Sown 40 cm aport within-rew spacing 10 cm in plots of 3, Oto 2,8 m on 3 rd and 29 th May and 25 th June in 1977; 17 the and 28 th May and 10 th June in 1978. The treatments consisted ofO, 500,1000 and 2000 ppm CCC (2-chloroethyl) trimethylamonium chloride) as a plant growth regulator. It was sprayed when plants were 3-4 true leaves stage. The experiment was terminated when economical harvesting was over, and yield and yield components were determined. The experiment design was split-split plot. Ali data obtained in this study were subjected to anatysis ofvariance and means separeted by Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results dotained in this study can be summarized as follows: 1- The CCC treatments decreased of length of internodes ofboth cultivars but increased thickness of internodes in ali sowing dates. 2- In second sowing time length and tickness of internodes were lower than first and third sowings. 3- The effect of CCC treatments on number of nodes varied mth varieties, sowings andyears. 4- In general, length of plant decreased with delaying sowing date. Treatments of CCC decreased the length of plant too. 5- T here was no signiftcant effect of treatments on length and weigth of pods. The effect of sowing dates on weigth of pods was greater than CCC treatments. 6- Treatments of CCC increased the number of clusters single or double poded but late sowings decreased. 7- The treatments of CCC increased number of pods per plant but decreased number of seeds per pod. 8• 500 and 1000 ppm CCC treatments incresed the yield in ali sowings but the effect of sowing date on total yield was greater than CCC treatm

Gamma irradiation effects on sugarcane ( Saccarum sp.) clone Co-547

Acute gamma irradiation effects; 1·0, 2·0, 3·0, 4·0, 5·0, 7·5, 10·0 kiloroentgens; on sugarcane ( Saccharum sp.) clone Co-547 setts studied through the cane grand growth period included bud radiosensitivity estimation and evaluation of the magnitude of induced genetic variability. Seedling performance D50 ranged from 1·1 to 1·8 kR over the grand growth period (52 to 172 days from sett planting) and between 2·0–3·0 kR from the plant survival data. Cane yield decreased significantly from 3·0 kR, predominantly influenced by the plant survival at maturity. Variants were selected for increased internode thickness, higher tiller number and rind colour changes that need to be verified in subsequent vegetative generations. Our results suggest that variability can be induced in a high frequency in sugarcane following sett irradiation. However, in order to maintain a positive high yield/optimum sugar recovery/population size correlation, the treatment limits should not exceed 3·0 kR when specific attributes need to be introduced into clones.