We propose a compact computational imaging system with adaptive weighted feedback amplitude-phase retrieval (awfAPR) algorithm, in which the traditional axial linear scanning method is replaced by periodic optical path modulation (OPM) strategy. The introduced adaptive feedback scenario can significantly suppress noise contamination. Specifically, OPM is achieved by the rotation of gradient thicknesses of the transparent optical medium. Compared with multi-distance/height scanning (MDPR), all system components in the OPM system are fixed at discrete lateral positions. Besides, according to the auxiliary of corresponding auto-focusing criterion and sub-pixel registration algorithms, the OPM system is also self-calibration and independent of the accuracy of rotation and thickness parameter. Furthermore, experimental results show that the adaptive weighted feedback strategy remarkably improves the stability and robustness toward the noise. OPM has flexible adaptability to optical path modulation method. The proposed optical system configuration has minimal hardware requirements and is anticipated to expand dynamic real-time imaging.