Thick Steel Plates Research Articles

Axial compressive behavior of corroded double-steel-plate composite shear wall with binding bars

Steel structure is susceptible to corrosion, and corrosion will seriously affect its own load-bearing capacity and service life. In this paper, the axial compressive behavior of double-steel-plate composite shear wall (DSCW) with binding bars under different corrosion degrees is experimentally studied. The typical failure modes include the steel plate local buckling, binding bars fracture, concrete crushing, and steel plate weld tearing. The increase of corrosion rate has unfavorable influence on the axial compressive bearing capacity, initial stiffness, and ductility of DSCW. Finite element (FE) models are established to further investigate the axial compressive behavior of DSCW. It is concluded that the concrete and steel plate strength grade, the concrete section area, the steel plate thickness, and the binding bars diameter and spacing significantly affect the axial compressive bearing capacity of DSCW. A formula calculating the axial compressive bearing capacity of corroded DSCW with binding bars is proposed. The formula agrees well with the test results and can provide a reference for the engineering application.

Numerical investigation on seismic performance of reinforced rib-double steel plate concrete combination shear wall

Double steel plate concrete composite shear wall (SCSW) has been widely utilized in nuclear power plants and high-rise structures, and its shear connectors have a substantial impact on the seismic performance of SCSW. Therefore, in this study, the mechanical properties of SCSW with angle stiffening ribs as shear connections were parametrically examined for the reactor containment structure of nuclear power plants. The axial compression ratio of the SCSW, the spacing of the angle stiffening rib arrangement and the thickness of the angle stiffening rib steel plate were selected as the study parameters. Four finite element models were constructed by using the finite element program named ABAQUS to verify the experimental results of our team, and 13 finite element models were established to investigate the selected three parameters. Thus, the shear capacity, deformation capacity, ductility and energy dissipation capacity of SCSW were determined. The research results show that: compared with studs, using stiffened ribs as shear connectors can significantly enhance the mechanical properties of SCSW; When the axial compression ratio is 0.3–0.4, the seismic performance of SCSW can be maximized; with the lowering of stiffener gap, the shear bearing capacity is greatly enhanced, and when the gap is lowered to a specific distance, the shear bearing capacity has no major affect; in addition, increasing the thickness of stiffeners can significantly increase the shear capacity, ductility and energy dissipation capacity of SCSW. With the rise in the thickness of angle stiffening ribs, the improvement rate of each mechanical property index slows down. Finally, the shear bearing capacity calculation formula of SCSW with angle stiffening ribs as shear connectors is derived. The average error between the theoretical calculation formula and the finite element calculation results is 8% demonstrating that the theoretical formula is reliable. This study can provide reference for the design of SCSW.

Confinement mechanism of rectangular CFST components using double horizontally-corrugated steel plates

This paper presents experimental and analytical investigations on the confinement mechanism of a novel rectangular concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) component for use in composite shear walls. The CFST component consists of a steel tube made by welding double horizontally corrugated steel plates and double flat steel plates, and infilled with concrete. Tests of eight components and finite element analysis of twenty-three components under uniform compression were conducted to explore confinement mechanism of the novel tube to core concrete. The impacts of several factors such as steel plate thickness, nominal sectional aspect ratios, slenderness ratios, and the strength of the steel and concrete on the confinement mechanism were analyzed. The non-uniform confinement mechanism of horizontally corrugated steel plates was investigated based on their vertical and horizontal strain responses at the wave crests, middles, and troughs. The test results and numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed CFST components exhibited desirable axial compressive behavior with ductile failure modes. The tested specimens with nominal sectional aspect ratios ranging from 1.2 to 2.39 had strength indexes greater than 1.17. Even with a width-thickness ratio of 325.33, the horizontally corrugated steel plates effectively confined the core concrete. Furthermore, this research proposed a design strength model that considered the confinement effects of corrugated plates. The model accurately predicted the experimental and numerical results.

Experimental investigations of residual stresses in thick high‐strength steel plates

AbstractResidual stresses strongly influence the load‐bearing capacity of steel members under compressive axial loads. Current developments in steel and steel‐concrete composite structures imply the use of high‐strength steel grades up to 960 MPa. For such steel plates, only limited results of residual stress investigations are known so far. The authors have applied two established measuring methodologies like the sectioning method and X‐ray diffraction to determine the residual stress state of 40 mm thick steel plates and different widths. The results show that the distribution and amount of longitudinal residual stresses are mainly determined by the oxyfuel‐cutting procedure used to manufacture the specimens. The distribution over the thickness could be determined by X‐ray diffraction. Compared to the results of examinations on lower‐grade steel plates an assumed correlation of residual stresses and steel grades could not be observed. Consequently, residual stresses have a reduced influence on the load‐bearing capacities of structures prone to buckling as the ratio of yield strength to residual stress states declines significantly.

Influence of heat input on the mechanical characteristics, corrosion and microstructure of ASTM A36 steel welded by GTAW technique

The Gas Tungsten Arc Welding process weld for the 4 mm thickness of the ASTM A36 steel plate with varied heat input parameters of 0.608 kJ/mm, 0.900 kJ/mm and 1.466 kJ/mm, respectively. The effect of different heat inputs on microstructure, corrosion, and mechanical characteristics of developed weld joints are examined by three zones: heat-affected zone, welded zone, and base metal zone. The optical microscopic results of weld joints illustrate that fine grain structure leads to enhance welding strength. It is revealed that the increased heat input parameter on the weld joint shows a decreased tensile strength and hardness of the weld joint. The corrosion resistance of the weld joint is evaluated by Potentio-dynamic polarization. It facilitates that the corrosion rate of the weld joint is decreased with increasing heat input, which results indicate the best and worst corrosion micrograph of the polygonal ferrite and ferrite plus polygonal ferrite. However, the weld joint prepared with 0.900 kJ/mm heat input found maximum corrosion resistance.

Prediction of roll wear and thermal expansion based on informer network in hot rolling process and application in the control of crown and thickness

The inaccuracy of roll thermal expansion and roll wear settings affects strip steel plate shape and thickness in hot-rolling process. Roll wear and thermal expansion are nonlinear time series that cannot be neglected in the roll engineering. In order to make up for the shortcomings of the existing models, a novel prediction model of roll thermal expansion and roll wear based on Informer is developed. Firstly, multiple experiments are conducted to determine hyperparameter such as training epoch, dropout, batch size and learning rate. Then, the predicted results of finishing mill group (F1–F7 stand) are compared with the long-short-term memory (LSTM) model, the artificial neural network (ANN) model and the recurrent neural network (RNN) model. The results show that the model based on Informer network has highly accurate in predicting roll thermal expansion and roll wear. Finally, the application results show that the hit rate is 98.412 % within the tolerance range ± 4 μm and the hit rate within the ±40 μm thickness tolerance deviation range reach 98.94 % which proves that the roll wear and thermal expansion model based on Informer has outstanding advantages in the hot rolling shape control system.

Dissimilar autogenous TIG joint of Alloy 617 and AISI 304H steel for AUSC application

To reduce costs and improve high-temperature performance in Advanced Ultra Super Critical (AUSC) boilers, it is necessary to weld austenitic steel to Inconel alloy. In this study, the autogenous tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding process was used to join Alloy 617 and an austenitic AISI 304H steel plate of thickness 5 mm. Microstructural analysis showed that the microstructure formation was uneven along the weldments, with columnar and cellular dendrites near the interface while the central area of the weld exhibited a combination of columnar, cellular, and equiaxed dendrites. The use of energy dispersive spectroscopy and electron probe micro-analysis unveiled the presence of an unmixed layer at the interface between the weld and AISI 304H steel. Furthermore, a notable variation in the concentration of alloying elements such as Fe, Cr, Ni, Co, and Mo was observed. Within the weld metal, inter-dendritic areas showed the presence of precipitates rich in Cr, Ti, and Mo. Meanwhile, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of Alloy 617 exhibited the presence of phases like Cr and Mo-rich M23C6 as well as Mo-rich M6C. Hardness tests showed non-uniform hardness along the weldments, with a hardness of 199 ± 6 HV in the weld metal and 225 ± 4 HV in Alloy 617 HAZ, and 207 ± 7 HV in AISI 304H HAZ. The Mo and Cr segregation in the inter-dendritic spaces led to a decline in the tensile properties of the welded parts and resulted in failure from the region of the weld metal.

The seismic behaviors of steel-concrete-steel composite walls with dumbbell-shaped connectors

In this study, quasi-static tests were conducted on six steel-concrete-steel composite wall (SCSCW) specimens with novel dumbbell-shaped connectors (DSCs) to investigate their seismic performance. The research parameters included the connector arrangement scheme and the axial load. The failure mode, load-displacement curve, and strain data were analyzed in detail. All the specimens exhibited flexural failure, and the experimental phenomena included the local buckling of external steel plates and compressive failure of internal concrete. The local buckling located between the foundation and first row of connectors, had a limited effect on the bearing capacity of the specimens. The connectors effectively controlled the buckling range of the external steel plates. With increasing axial load, the deformation capacity of the specimens decreased significantly. Under the same displacement, the greater the axial load, the greater the secant stiffness, and the higher the accumulated energy dissipation value. When the load reached its peak value, the yield range of the bottom front steel plates of specimen with large axial load was less than that of the specimen with small axial load. The theoretical formula accurately calculated the flexural bearing capacity of SCSCWs, and the maximum error and the average ratio which was defined as experimental value to calculated value were 9% and 1.02, respectively. The horizontal load-displacement relationship of the specimens was calculated using the OpenSees software, and the maximum error of the bearing capacity was 4%. The parametric analysis showed that increasing the steel plate thickness can effectively improve the bearing capacity of SCSCWs.

Early Shrinkage Modeling of Complex Internally Confined Concrete Based on Capillary Tension Theory

This paper evaluates the shrinkage performance of concrete under complex internal constraint environments comprising steel plates, studs, and reinforcement to investigate their respective influence laws on the shrinkage performance of concrete. An early shrinkage model of concrete under complex internal constraints was established based on the theory of capillary tension, and the effects of steel plate, nails, and steel reinforcement on the shrinkage performance of concrete were theoretically analyzed. Six sets of concrete-constrained shrinkage tests and pore structure tests were then performed under different internal constraint conditions with the steel plate thickness, reinforcement diameter, and stud-related parameters (stud diameter, height, and spacing) as research variables. The test results demonstrate that the pore structure of concrete increases with the increase in the constraint coefficient, and that the increase in the pore structure will cause a decrease in the capillary pore stress, which is the driving force of concrete shrinkage. Its decrease will inevitably lead to a decrease in concrete shrinkage. By comparing the calculated values of the shrinkage model with the measured values, it is found that the average value of the prediction error is less than 15%, which reveals that the predicted values of shrinkage are in good agreement with the measured values and proves that the model can effectively predict the shrinkage of concrete that is restrained by steel plates, pins, and reinforcing bars.

Experimental investigation of the flux-assisted TIG weldment of super duplex stainless steel

The focus of the current article is on the microstructure and behavior of the autogenous joints produced by ATIG welding on 6 mm thick super duplex stainless steel plates. The blending of two mostly used metallic oxides TiO2 and SiO2 is used as flux materials in the varied ratio to carry out ATIG welding. The essential processing requirements like welding current maintained at 160A and argon gas flow velocity maintained at 16 L/minute are used for the weld joint experiment. The complete study of weld morphology, various zone of weld region, weld interface microstructure, and mechanical and corrosive characteristics are all studied in this investigation. In comparison to other varied ratios of bicomponent flux-assisted welded joints, the bicomponent flux compromised of 50% of TiO2 and 50% of SiO2 assisted weldment showed excellent tensile strength, impact strength, and corrosion resistance.

Experimental Research on the Impact Resistance of Partially Precast Concrete Beams Strengthened with Bonded Steel Plates

A structure may be exposed to a range of unexpected loads throughout its full life cycle. Partially precast concrete (PC) beams refer to the process of manufacturing concrete beams in which one part of the component is pre−fabricated in a factory and the other part is completed at the construction site. Through the test, it is possible to better ensure the safety and dependability of the PC composite beams under impact load by examining the reinforcement effect, structural toughness, and damage mode of PC composite beams with bonded steel. Additionally, a scientific basis and practical guidance are provided for the actual project. Their impact resistance can significantly affect the overall safety of a structure when subjected to an impact load. Three of the four PC beams used in this investigation were strengthened with steel plates. Residual flexural bearing capacity tests and drop weight impact tests were then conducted. The impacts of steel plate thickness and U−shaped steel plate hoops on the failure mechanism and dynamic response of the component were investigated. The dynamic responses obtained from the experiments included the displacement–time history curve, impact force, and support reaction force. In order to explore the failure mechanism of the partially precast beam during the impact process, a staged analysis was conducted based on the failure mode and dynamic response characteristic values of each curve. Residual flexural bearing capacity tests were used to examine the residual flexural bearing capacity of PC beams strengthened with bonded steel plates. The results of the research reveal that the failure mechanisms of each test beam are bending–shear failures. With the increase in bonded steel thickness, the peak mid−span displacement reduced by 6.55%, the residual mid−span displacement decreased by 29.53%, and the residual flexural bearing capacity improved by 25.02%. With the adoption of U−shaped steel plate hoops, the residual flexural bearing capacity significantly increased while the peak mid−span and residual mid−span displacements both decreased.

Influence of TiN Inclusions and Segregation Bands on the Mechanical Properties and Delayed Crack in Thick NM550 Wear-Resistant Steel.

The formation mechanism of the delayed crack after flame cutting and mechanical properties in thick NM550 wear-resistant steel are studied by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and an electron backscattered diffractometer. The delayed crack is formed at the segregation zone (SZ) located in the center of the 65 mm thick steel plate. The strength of the non-segregation zone (NSZ) with a martensite microstructure is slightly higher than that of SZ with a mixture microstructure of martensite plus bainite, and the plasticity of NSZ is significantly better than that of SZ. There exists a more severe segregation in the SZ, and only a slight segregation in the NSZ. The average grain sizes of the segregation bands in the NSZ and SZ are 15.72 µm and 6.76 µm, respectively. The number density of TiN larger than 5 µm in the NSZ and SZ is 0.031 and 1.156 number/mm2, respectively. Therefore, a high hardness segregation band with fine grains and a high dislocation density, along with the large number of coarse TiN inclusions within it, results in delayed cracking. For TiN inclusions close to the crack, microvoids or microcracks around the TiN are formed, and the delayed crack will propagate along the edge of the TiN or through the TiN inclusions.

Study on plug-pin energy-dissipating joint with integrated mild steel dampers

Plug-pin joints are designed for easy assembly and fast construction. Full-scale experiments were carried out on three exterior beams-to-column joints subjected to reversal cyclic loading. It has been proved from experimental results that the proposed connection not only guarantees structural integrity but also moves the plastic hinge away from the column edge. Based on the experimental results, a novel plug-pin connection with integrated mild steel dampers is proposed. The energy dissipation joint fully adopts a dry connection method, and the joint's ductility is significantly improved by the integrated energy-dissipating steel plates. Finite element models are established to study the effects of different diameters of steel bars and thicknesses of energy-dissipating steel plates on structural response and mechanical properties under low cyclic reciprocating loads. Parameter studies were carried out, and the obtained results indicate that the proposed joints can bear a greater displacement load than that of cast-in-place joints and achieve greater energy dissipation. The maximum bearing capacity of the joint can be improved by increasing the thickness of the energy-dissipating steel plates, but the bearing capacity decline period of the joint will appear in advance under the same order of loading. If designed properly, structures installed with the plug-pin joint will be expected to adjust the order of plastic hinge development, thus achieving better seismic performance.

The effect of heat input in multi-pass GMAW of S960QL UHSS based on weaving and stringer bead procedure on microstructure and mechanical properties of HAZ

Quenched and tempered S960QL (yield strength ≥ 960 MPa) ultra-high strength steel (UHSS) thick plates were joined by multi-pass robotic gas metal arc welding (GMAW) using weaving and stringer bead techniques. The effects of microstructural changes in heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the joint on toughness and hardness were examined. Weaving and stringer bead techniques applied for the multi-pass welding procedure altered average peak temperatures and exposure time to those temperatures. Mechanical properties of HAZs were evaluated by utilizing notch impact and hardness tests, and these results were correlated with microstructural characterizations using optical (OM) and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). Prior austenite grain (PAG) coarsening occurred because of increased exposure time to peak temperature in coarse-grained HAZ (CGHAZ) of the W-5 (weaving pass) joint. CGHAZs at the face pass, which have not been subjected to a second thermal cycle, have the highest hardness in both joints. Hardness of SCHAZ and CGHAZ of S-12 joint was 7% and 1% higher compared with W-5 joint, respectively. Weld metal hardness of W-5 joint was 15% lower than that of S-12 joint. Both joints not only fulfilled the requirements of minimum 50 J per EN ISO 10025-6 at −20 °C but exceeded this limit by 50% (W-5) and 200% (S-12). Lateral expansions for impact toughness specimens were around 17.5% for S-12 joint, whereas it was 4% for W-5 joint. Since HAZ in the S-12 (stringer bead) joint is narrow compared with the one in the W-5 joint, impact toughness values were higher with the S-12 joint due to the locations of the notches of the impact specimens.

Influence of edge-deposited layers on mechanical and corrosion properties of laser beam welds of 15 mm thick AISI 2205 duplex stainless steel

AISI 2205 duplex stainless steel is used in a variety of industries, including the chemical and petrochemical industries. This is due to its high tensile strength combined with good ductility and corrosion resistance. However, in laser beam welding, these properties are negatively affected by the high cooling rates typical of the welding process. The resulting higher ferrite content in the weld metal than in the base material leads to a reduction in the ductility and corrosion resistance of the welded joint. To overcome this problem, in this study, thick plates were coated by direct energy deposition (DED) prior to laser beam welding, whereas a duplex powder mixture containing a higher nickel concentration was used as a coating material. To improve the weld quality for the proposed two-step process, a method of additional material deposition instead of conventional tack weld was investigated. The resulting welded joints showed a well-balanced austenite to ferrite ratio and their properties and microstructure were verified by metallographic analysis, electron backscatter diffraction and Charpy impact testing. Using the standard ASTM G48 test method, it was found that the corrosion resistance of the welds was improved by a factor of four in average compared to the conventionally welded joints. The resulting properties, such as good ductility and corrosion resistance, of the welds with pre-coated edges showed good agreement with those of the base metal and confirmed the proposed two-step process as a promising alternative to the conventional approaches for welding thick duplex stainless steel plates.

The DISCS method for perforation simulation of thin metallic plates by a rigid projectile

The DISCS method had been developed for penetration analysis of an axisymmetric projectile with a slender nose into a semi-infinite medium. Recently, the authors developed an approximate approach to assess perforation of concrete slabs of finite thickness, using the DISCS method. The present paper extends the approximate model to the perforation analysis of ductile metallic thin plates and determines the key parameters of the projectile residual velocity, the target perforation limit, and the ballistic limit. The present investigation focuses on thin metallic plates, the thickness of which is considerably smaller than that of the concrete slabs and smaller in comparison to the projectile nose length. The method is rather simple, easy to implement and provides a fast solution. An idealized target is characterized by a set of discs of small thickness responding in the plate plane, disregarding the local damage around the penetration ductile hole. The in-plane response of the discs during penetration and perforation of an idealized target are calculated. The Residual Velocity upon perforation of the Idealized Target (RVIT) is lower than the residual velocity of the real plate since it disregards the local damage, hence, the RVIT is the lower bound of the true residual velocity of the real perforated thin plate. Therefore, a positive RVIT for the thin plate with a given thickness indicates right away that the real target will be perforated. Using the RVIT parameter, the proposed DISCS method turns into a series of RVIT-perforation problems of plates with thicknesses that are smaller than the real thickness, to determine the decreasing RVIT with increasing thickness, until the full thickness is considered. The analysis is carried out using the modified (hybrid) DISCS method, that aims at analyzing penetration depth into a thick target. The analysis is based on the theoretical field equations and the constitutive equations of the plate material. The proposed method is based on a theoretical model and on engineering insight. Neither empirical constants nor any calibrations are required. Validation of the proposed method is carried out thorough comparisons with numerous test data on ductile aluminum and steel plates of different thicknesses that are struck by rigid projectiles at different impact velocities. All the comparisons demonstrate very good correspondence between the proposed method predictions and the test data.

Optimization of welding parameters for BCTW-GIA single-pass welding using RSM

ABSTRACTBypass coupling triple-wire indirect arc (BCTW-GIA) welding technology was applied to single-pass welding for medium and thick plates. The regression models between process variables and target responses were built with response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD). The effect of significant process variables namely bypass current, groove gap, plate thickness, and welding speed on penetration-to-width ratio (P/W) of weld joint and tensile strength (TS) was evaluated. Guiding process parameters were determined with numerical optimization for BCTW-GIA single-pass welding of 8 mm, 10 mm, and 12 mm thickness steel plates. With the advice parameters, the average tensile strength of the weldments with three thickness were 558 MPa, 539 MPa, and 547 MPa. The true P/W of butt joints was also in desirable range. That the error between predicated value and experiment value was no more than 10% emphasized the positive effect of regression model of TS and P/W.

Experimental Investigation on Fatigue Improvement of Orthotropic Steel Bridge Deck Using Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete

AbstractThe high-performance topping concrete overlay would significantly reduce the fatigue stresses at susceptible details of orthotropic steel deck (OSD) and effectively improve the fatigue performance. Full-scale fatigue tests and numerical simulations were carried out to quantify the effects of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) topping pavement in reducing the OSD fatigue stresses based on a practical bridge design. Fatigue stress of the OSD critical details was measured from tests and cracking was observed in the SFRC overlay. Both an innovative pre-pump-pulse Brillouin optical time domain analysis (PPP-BOTDA) distributed optical fiber sensor and strain gauges were also used to measure the stress at OSD fatigue-prone details, including the crossbeam cut-out, rib-to-deck weld, rib-to-crossbeam weld and splice of U-rib. The corresponding three-dimensional (3-D) finite element model was then established and verified by the test results, and used to conduct a parametric study to obtain a quantitative expression of fatigue stress reduction factor, in terms of relative elastic modulus and thickness of overlay and steel deck plate. The proposed quantitative model of the fatigue stress reduction effect can guide the cost-effective design of composite bridge deck.

Experimental study on seismic performance of thin-walled steel-straw board composite walls with built-in steel plate

Based on the original cold-formed thin-walled steel (CFS)-straw board composite wall, CFS-paper straw board-steel plate composite wall is proposed as a new type of composite wall. To examine the seismic performance of this type of wall, cyclic loading tests were conducted on seven wall specimens to investigate their hysteresis curves, skeleton curves, shear capacity, displacement, lateral stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation coefficient. The key parameters of the specimens were as follows: with or without a steel plate, built-in/external steel plate, steel plate thickness, and single-sided or double-sided layout of steel plates. Experimental results show that the addition of steel plates can improve the shear capacity and lateral stiffness of composite wall. Walls with steel plates of the same thickness placed on the inside have higher shear capacity, lateral stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation performance than those placed on the outside. The shear capacity of a composite wall with double-sided steel plates is higher than that of a wall with single-sided steel plates. Increasing the steel plate thickness can improve the bearing capacity and lateral stiffness; however, the increase in shear capacity does not have a linear relationship with thickness. Finite element analyses were performed on the specimens to investigate the influence of other factors on the shear capacity of composite walls. Finally, the shear force flow calculation method was used to derive the shear bearing capacity of composite walls. The results of the shear capacity calculation formula derived based on the failure of the self-tapping screw connection compared with experimental values were found to be accurate.

Influence of Stand-off Distance on the Blast-Resistance of Steel Plate Supported Concrete Walls

The influence of stand-off distance for the protective performance and capability of the steelplate supported concrete barriers is modelled, within the current work. Steel and concrete have been used for centuries to build protective structures. Due to the military's concern with mitigating the effects of explosions and bullets, they have both collectively seen major improvements as a material for protective constructions. The significance of stand-off distance on the durability of steel plate supported concrete wall is investigated through simulations. Johnson-Cook hardening and damage molds have been used to define the mechanical behavior of steel, while concrete damage plasticity has been used to define the behavior of concrete. The growth of detonation products is modeled using the JWL equation of state, in which Comp B is selected as explosive. Coupled-Eulerian-Lagrangian methodology is employed in the constructed finite element model. The outcomes demonstrated that the stand-off distance has a substantial impact on a structure's durability. The explosives' ability to cause damage is less effective as stand-off distance increases. For the case that the stand-off distance is 50 mm, the explosion completely destroyed both the 10 mm thick steel plate and the concrete. However, according to the simulation's findings at the stand-off distance of 300 mm, the structure has sustained relatively minor damage. Also, the steel plate functioned as a protective barrier in most cases, as designed.