Thiamine Chloride Research Articles

A clinical case of acute methadone poisoning in an infant child

Introduction. The article considers a case of a favorable outcome of severe acute oral methadone poisoning complicated by the development of acute respiratory failure and toxic hypoxic encephalopathy.
 Clinical observation. A clinical case of acute oral (through breast milk) methadone poisoning of severe degree in a child of 9 months and 6 days with the development of toxicohypoxic encephalopathy is presented. The narcotic substance entered the body once, after breastfeeding from mother to child. Acute poisoning in the child was manifested by respiratory insufficiency with impaired consciousness (did not respond to pain stimuli, short-term apnea was noted, saturation of arterial blood with oxygen (SpO2) was 62%).
 Intensive therapy included infusion, antidote, detoxification therapy, correction of acid-base state disorders, water-electrolyte balance, hypoxic disorders.
 Conclusion. Methadone-induced respiratory failure is characterized by dose dependence and the possibility of relief after administration of naloxone.
 In our clinical case, a specific antidote was used at the prehospital and hospital stages and an activator of metabolic cellular processes – riboxin in combination with B vitamins: thiamine chloride (vitamin B1) and pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6).
 In conclusion, it should be noted that the relevance of acute methadone poisoning in childhood remains high. Taking into account the mechanisms of the toxic effect of methadone, it is possible to formulate the directions of intensive therapy: maintenance of life support systems, rational antidote therapy, the fight against hypoxia and its consequences.

STABILIZERS OF SOLUTIONS OF CHEMICAL COPPER PLATING

The work is devoted to the study of the effect of various compounds on the stability of electroless copper plating solution containing Trilon B. as a chelating agent. The stability of electroless copper plating solutions was estimated by the accelerated method as the time before the start of intensive decomposition of the solution after the introduction of 0.15 ml of colloidal palladium activator solution heated to 75 °C in 250 ml. As stabilizers, both known, currently used, and newly selected compounds were investigated. Sulfur- and/or nitrogen-containing organic and inorganic compounds such as: sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, 2,2’–dipyridyl, thiosemicarbazide, potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), potassium hexacyanoferrate (II), thiourea, thioglycolic acid, dimethylglyoxime, potassium rhodanide in concentrations in the range of 1 - 50 μmol/l were among the first studied. It is shown that when the stabilizers are contained in the solution at the optimal concentrations set (for each compound), solutions containing sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, thioglycolic acid, thiosemicarbazide, thiourea (in descending order of stabilizing action), i.e. compounds containing a sulfur-carbon bond, have the greatest stability. With this in mind, other sulfur-containing compounds, including heterocyclic ones, were selected and studied as stabilizers: α-lipoic acid, thiamine chloride, methyl orange, nitroso-p-salt, methylene blue and SPADNS (sodium salt of 2-(psulfophenylazo)-1,8- dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6- disulfonic acids). In addition, nitrogen-containing compounds that were not previously used in electroless copper plating solutions as stabilizers were also studied: nicotine, pyridoxine, Janus Green B (8-(4-dimethylaminophenyl) diazenyl-N, N-diethyl-10-phenylphenazine-10-ium-2-amine chloride), nigrosine, however. Solutions of electroless copper plating in the presence of these compounds did not show high stability. It has been established that the most effective, comparable in effect to the stabilizers currently used, are α-lipoic acid and thiamine chloride. The advantages of the latter are their availability and low toxicity. For citation: Solopchuk M.S., Grigoryan N.S., Asnis N.A., Vagramyan T.A., Shmelkova P.O., Bardina O.I. Stabilizers of solutions of chemical copper plating. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2023. V. 66. N 3. P. 100-107. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20236603.6708.

Studying the influence of functional ingredients on the vitamin composition of immunostimulating pastille of marmalade products

The study of functional ingredients to change the composition of water-soluble vitamins in the developed pastille of marmalade products was studied. The large concentration of riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, folic and ascorbic acids, pyridoxine was observed in the sample with the addition of 1% Hypericum, which shows that the high content of these vitamins in the herb (Hypericum olympicum). The vitamin composition of marmalade samples with the addition of various functional oils has been studied. In these samples, as in the control sample, thiamine chloride was not detected, which is supposed to be due to the influence of technological processing modes when obtaining oils. According to the content of riboflavin, nicotinic acid and pantothenic acids, the sample with walnut oil prevailed, corresponded to 0.06, 0.011 and 0.12 mg/100 g. In the sample with Hypericum oil, 0.011 mg/100 g of nicotinic acid and 0.1 mg/100 g of pantothenic acid were found more. The sample with milk thistle oil contained more riboflavin 0.068 mg/100 g, pyridoxine 0.158 mg/100 g, folic acid 0.08 mg/100 g. There was more ascorbic acid in the sample with the addition of Hypericum oil and amounted to 0.145 mg/100 g. According to the results of a comparative analysis of water-soluble vitamins, it is recommended for use in the preparation of marmalade products: Hypericum in the form of a herbal component, including in combination with aerial parts of sea buckthorn; oils of walnut plants, milk thistle, Hypericum wort, sea buckthorn.

Identification Methods for Pseudo-crystalline Polymorphs of Thiamine Chloride Hydrochloride, Which Transform Easily Depending on the Handling Environment

Three forms of pseudo-crystalline polymorph of thiamine chloride hydrochloride are dependent on hydration states. We investigated how the measurement environment affects the transition of the pseudo-crystalline polymorph, and aimed to establish a reliable method of identifying the forms clearly by IR spectrophotometry. We prepared three pseudo-crystalline forms and compared their IR spectra. In the IR spectra obtained by the potassium chloride (KCl) disk method, Form II was identified based on its characteristic absorption, but Forms I and III could not be distinguished clearly. Form I transformed to Form III after mixing with undried KCl powder, and Form III transformed to Form I by simply being left in the laboratory environment. These results suggested that the reversible transformation between Forms I and III occurred depending on the hydration status during the process of measurement, as measured by the shift in the absorption wavenumber of the primary alcohol stretching vibration. In addition, Forms I and III could not be distinguished clearly by the X-ray powder diffraction and their crystalline forms were similar plate crystals. However, in the IR spectra by the attenuated total reflection (ATR) method, the three forms could be identified based on each characteristic absorption. In summary, the ATR method does not require pretreatment for sample analysis, can be performed quickly, and is thus suitable to identify crystalline polymorph forms such as pseudo-crystalline polymorphs of thiamine chloride hydrochloride, which transform easily depending on the hydration status in a measurement environment.

Effect of pH and concentration on the chemical stability and reaction kinetics of thiamine mononitrate and thiamine chloride hydrochloride in solution

Thiamine (vitamin B1) is an essential micronutrient in the human diet, found both naturally and as a fortification ingredient in many foods and supplements. However, it is susceptible to degradation due to heat, light, alkaline pH, and sulfites, among effects from other food matrix components, and its degradation has both nutritional and sensory implications as in foods. Thiamine storage stability in solution was monitored over time to determine the effect of solution pH and thiamine concentration on reaction kinetics of degradation without the use of buffers, which are known to affect thiamine stability independent of pH. The study directly compared thiamine stability in solutions prepared with different pHs (3 or 6), concentrations (1 or 20 mg/mL), and counterion in solution (NO3−, Cl−, or both), including both commercially available salt forms of thiamine (thiamine mononitrate and thiamine chloride hydrochloride). Solutions were stored at 25, 40, 60, and 80 °C for up to one year, and degradation was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) over time, which was then used to calculate degradation kinetics. Thiamine was significantly more stable in pH 3 than in pH 6 solutions. In pH 6 solutions, stability was dependent on initial thiamine concentration, with the 20 mg/mL thiamine salt solutions having an increased reaction rate constant (kobs) compared to the 1 mg/mL solutions. In pH 3 solutions, kobs was not dependent on initial concentration, attributed to differences in degradation pathway dependent on pH. Activation energies of degradation (Ea) were higher in pH 3 solutions (21–27 kcal/mol) than in pH 6 solutions (18–21 kcal/mol), indicating a difference in stability and degradation pathway due to pH. The fundamental reaction kinetics of thiamine reported in this study provide a basis for understanding thiamine stability and therefore improving thiamine delivery in many foods containing both natural and fortified thiamine.

Amorphization of Thiamine Mononitrate: A Study of Crystallization Inhibition and Chemical Stability of Thiamine in Thiamine Mononitrate Amorphous Solid Dispersions

This study investigated thiamine degradation in thiamine mononitrate (TMN):polymer solid dispersions, accounting for the physical state of the vitamin and the recrystallization tendency of TMN in these dispersions. Results were compared with those from solid dispersions containing a different salt form of thiamine (thiamine chloride hydrochloride (TClHCl)). TMN:polymer dispersions were prepared by lyophilizing solutions containing TMN and amorphous polymers (pectin and PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone)). Samples were stored in controlled temperature and relative humidity (RH) environments for eight weeks and monitored periodically by X-ray diffraction and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Moisture sorption, glass transition temperature (Tg), intermolecular interactions, and pH were also determined. Similar to the TClHCl:polymer dispersions, thiamine was more chemically labile in the amorphous state than the crystalline state, when present in lower proportions in amorphous TMN:polymer dispersions despite increasing Tg values, when environmental storage conditions exceeded the Tg of the dispersion, and when co-formulated with PVP compared to pectin. When thiamine remained as an amorphous solid, chemical stability of thiamine did not differ as a function of counterion present (TMN vs. TClHCl). However, storage at 75% RH led to hydration of thiamine:PVP dispersions, and the resulting pH of the solutions as a function of thiamine salt form led to a higher chemical stability in the acidic TClHCl samples than in the neutral TMN samples.

Amorphization of Thiamine Chloride Hydrochloride: Effects of Physical State and Polymer Type on the Chemical Stability of Thiamine in Solid Dispersions.

Thiamine is an essential micronutrient, but delivery of the vitamin in supplements or foods is challenging because it is unstable under heat, alkaline pH, and processing/storage conditions. Although distributed as a crystalline ingredient, thiamine chloride hydrochloride (TClHCl) likely exists in the amorphous state, specifically in supplements. Amorphous solids are generally less chemically stable than their crystalline counterparts, which is an unexplored area related to thiamine delivery. The objective of this study was to document thiamine degradation in the amorphous state. TClHCl:polymer dispersions were prepared by lyophilizing solutions containing TClHCl and amorphous polymers (pectin and PVP (poly[vinylpyrrolidone])). Samples were stored in controlled temperature (30–60 °C) and relative humidity (11%) environments for 8 weeks and monitored periodically by X-ray diffraction (to document physical state) and HPLC (to quantify degradation). Moisture sorption, glass transition temperature (Tg), intermolecular interactions, and pH were also determined. Thiamine was more labile in the amorphous state than the crystalline state and when present in lower proportions in amorphous polymer dispersions, despite increasing Tg values. Thiamine was more stable in pectin dispersions than PVP dispersions, attributed to differences in presence and extent of intermolecular interactions between TClHCl and pectin. The results of this study can be used to control thiamine degradation in food products and supplements to improve thiamine delivery and decrease rate of deficiency.

Rapid Method for the Determination of Thiamine and Pantothenic Acid in Infant Formula and Milk-Based Nutritional Products by Liquid Chromatography‒Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Thiamine and pantothenic acid play a critical role in numerous metabolic reactions and are typically supplemented in infant and adult nutritional formulas as thiamine chloride hydrochloride and calcium pantothenate salts. A rapid compliance method for the analysis of thiamine and pantothenic acid applicable to infant formula and milk-based nutritional products is described. Proteins are removed by centrifugal ultrafiltration, followed by analysis by reversed-phase liquid chromatography‒tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), with quantitation accomplished by internal standard technique. The method was shown to be accurate, with acceptable recovery (thiamine, 99.3-101.1%; pantothenic acid, 99.2-108.6%). A certified reference material (NIST 1849a), showed no statistical bias (α = 0.05) for thiamine (P = 0.64); although a statistically significant bias (P < 0.01) for pantothenic acid was found, the nominal bias was only 4.7% (mean = 7.1 mg/hg; certified value = 6.8 mg/hg). A comparison of results by LC-MS/MS and current methods showed negligible bias (mean bias: thiamine, 0.01 mg/hg; pantothenic acid, 0.17 mg/hg) and no statistical significance (α = 0.05; thiamine, P = 0.399; pantothenic acid, P = 0.058). Acceptable precision was demonstrated with a repeatability of 7.2% repeatability relative standard deviation (RSDr) (HorRat: 0.6) and an intermediate precision of 7.0% RSD for thiamine, and a repeatability of 5.7% RSDr (HorRat: 0.5) and an intermediate precision of 6.1% RSD for pantothenic acid. This rapid method is intended for use in high-throughput laboratories as part of routine product compliance release testing of thiamine and pantothenic acid in manufactured infant and milk-based nutritional products.

Development of novel Cu(I) compounds with vitamin B1 derivative and their potential application as anticancer drugs

The synthesis and crystal structure of two new copper(I) compounds with molecular formula of {Cu4[(µ3-thiocrome)2Cl4]∙2(H2O)}n1, and Cu2[(µ2-thiocrome)2Cl2] 2 are reported. The crystal structure of compounds 1 and 2 are solved by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The reaction of Cu(II) with thiamine chloride in water at room temperature produces Cu(I) thiochrome compounds 1 and 2. Compound 1 shows a 1D chain structure based on the linkage of two crystallographic different copper centers and thiochrome ligand through the N(1), N(2) and N(3) nitrogen atoms. Compound 2 is a 0D dimeric copper structure assembled by two thiochrome ligands. For both compounds, the copper(I) centers exhibits a distorted trigonal pyramidal geometry. The antitumor capacity of both compounds was tested in vitro against a human cancer cell line, the colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cell line, by determining their effect on cell viability. The two compounds showed similar IC50 values, and were slightly more potent than cisplatin, against the same cell line.

Chemical stability and reaction kinetics of two thiamine salts (thiamine mononitrate and thiamine chloride hydrochloride) in solution

Two types of thiamine (vitamin B1) salts, thiamine mononitrate (TMN) and thiamine chloride hydrochloride (TClHCl), are used to enrich and fortify food products. Both of these thiamine salt forms are sensitive to heat, alkali, oxygen, and radiation, but differences in stability between them have been noted. It was hypothesized that stability differences between the two thiamine salts could be explained by differences in solubility, solution pH, and activation energies for degradation. This study directly compared the stabilities of TMN and TClHCl in solution over time by documenting the impact of concentration and storage temperature on thiamine degradation and calculating reaction kinetics. Solutions were prepared containing five concentrations of each thiamine salt (1, 5, 10, 20, and 27 mg/mL), and three additional concentrations of TClHCl: 100, 300, and 500 mg/mL. Samples were stored at 25, 40, 60, 70, and 80 °C for up to 6 months. Degradation was quantified over time by high-performance liquid chromatography, and percent thiamine remaining was used to calculate reaction kinetics. First-order reaction kinetics were found for both TMN and TClHCl. TMN degraded significantly faster than TClHCl at all concentrations and temperatures. For example, in 27 mg/mL solutions after 5 days at 80 °C, only 32% of TMN remained compared to 94% of TClHCl. Activation energies and solution pHs were 21–25 kcal/mol and pH 5.36–6.96 for TMN and 21–32 kcal/mol and pH 1.12–3.59 for TClHCl. TClHCl degradation products had much greater sensory contributions than TMN degradation products, including intense color change and potent aromas, even with considerably less measured vitamin loss. Different peak patterns were present in HPLC chromatograms between TMN and TClHCl, indicating different degradation pathways and products. The stability of essential vitamins in foods is important, even more so when degradation contributes to sensory changes, and this study provides a direct comparison of the stability of the two thiamine salts used to fortify foods in environments relevant to the processing and shelf-life of many foods.

Application of Vitamin B1-Coated Carbon Nanotubes for the Production of Starch Nanocomposites with Enhanced Structural, Optical, Thermal and Cd(II) Adsorption Properties

The objective of this investigation was to meliorate the physicochemical properties of corn starch-based polymeric nanocomposites (PNCs) by accommodating different levels of thiamine chloride assigned as vitamin B1 (VB)-treated carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The PNCs were acquired by solution casting method as a green method. The effect of CNTs@VB amounts on different properties of the PNCs including; hydrophilicity, structural properties, Cd(II) removal as well as optical traits was surveyed. Transmission electron microscope and field-emission scanning electron microscope images exposed that the CNTs@VB were fine distributed in the starch matrix. X-ray diffraction spectra of the PNCs displayed characteristic peak of the nanotube and also a decline in polymer crystallization after CNTs@VB incorporation. Compared with the intact starch, the PNCs indicated an improvement in thermal stability. The removal percentages of Cd(II) were amplified with raising adsorbent dosages to 0.08 g.

Association of Spherical Porous Nanocluster Keplerate-Type Polyoxometalate Mo72Fe30 with Biologically Active Substances

The peculiarities of formation of ionic associates of the spherical porous nanocluster polyoxometalate [Mo72Fe30O252(CH3COO)12{Mo2O7(H2O)}2{H2Mo2O8(H2O)}(H2O)91] ~ 150H2O with biologically active substances, in particular, thiamine chloride using the methods of UV/Vis spectroscopy, pH-metry, laser light scattering (the measurement of Zeta potential and particle size distribution), Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy has been studied. The location of thiamine molecules on POM’s surface is given. The solubility product of associate was estimated. The formation of molecular associates of polyoxometalate with insulin, albumin has been shown. Using the meglumine acridonacetate the influence of complexing agents on the possibility of obtaining associates on the basis of [Mo72Fe30O252(CH3COO)12{Mo2O7(H2O)}2{H2Mo2O8(H2O)}(H2O)91] ~ 150H2O has been studied.

Amorphization of thiamine chloride hydrochloride: A study of the crystallization inhibitor properties of different polymers in thiamine chloride hydrochloride amorphous solid dispersions

Amorphous solid dispersions of thiamine chloride hydrochloride (THCl) were created using a variety of polymers with different physicochemical properties in order to investigate how effective the various polymers were as THCl crystallization inhibitors. THCl:polymer dispersions were prepared by lyophilizing solutions of THCl and amorphous polymers (guar gum, pectin, κ-carrageenan, gelatin, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)). These dispersions were stored at select temperature (25 and 40°C) and relative humidity (0, 23, 32, 54, 75, and 85% RH) conditions and monitored at different time points using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Moisture sorption isotherms of all samples were also obtained. Initially amorphous THCl was produced in the presence of ≥40% w/w pectin, κ-carrageenan, gelatin, and guar gum or ≥60% w/w PVP. Trends in polymer THCl crystallization inhibition (pectin≥κ-carrageenan>gelatin>guar gum≫PVP) were primarily based on the ability of the polymer to interact with THCl via hydrogen bonding and/or ionic interactions. The onset of THCl crystallization from the amorphous dispersions was also related to storage conditions. THCl remained amorphous at low RH conditions (0 and 23% RH) in all 1:1 dispersions except THCl:PVP. THCl crystallized in some dispersions below the glass transition temperature (Tg) but remained amorphous in others at T~Tg. At high RHs (75 and 85% RH), THCl crystallized within one day in all samples. Given the ease of THCl amorphization in the presence of a variety of polymers, even at higher vitamin concentrations than would be found in foods, it is likely that THCl is amorphous in many low moisture foods.

Evaluation of ZnO-Vitamin B1 Nanoparticles on Bioactivity and Physiochemical Properties of the Polycaprolactone-Based Nanocomposites

ABSTRACTIn the present study, we investigated the use of thiamine chloride hydrochloride (vitamin B1)-modified ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-VB1 NPs) to reinforce polycaprolactone matrix. The stable and bioactive PCL/ZnO-VB1 nanocomposites were fabricated with the combination of ultrasonication and solution casting methods. Transmission electron microscope results indicated that the ZnO-VB1 NPs were uniformly dispersed in the matrix. The nanocomposites showed high hydroxyapatite formation (high bioactivity) in the simulated body fluid. The nanocomposites with 2 wt% of the modified nanoparticles were found to have highest mechanical strength. The nanocomposites with more nanofiller concentrations exhibited high wettability.

Potentiometric and surface topography studies of new carbon-paste sensors for determination of thiamine in Egyptian multivitamin ampoules

We report here for the first time two potentiometric carbon-paste sensors for determination of thiamine chloride hydrochloride in aqueous solutions. The proposed sensors use the ion-pair of thiamine with tetraphenylborate as an electro-active species and dibutyl phthalate (sensor I) or o-nitrophenyloctyl ether (sensor II) as solvent mediators. The effect of solvent mediator was studied using dibutyl phthalate, o-nitrophenyloctyl ether, ethylhexyl adipate, dioctyl phthalate, tricresyl phosphate and paraffin oil. The slopes of the calibration graphs are 29.49±0.24 and 29.60±0.15mV/decade for sensors (I) and (II), respectively. The sensors are able to detect down to 5.25×10−6 and 3.57×10−6 for (I) and (II), respectively. Both sensors show reasonable thermal stability and fast response time. The selectivity coefficients obtained from the matched potential method indicate high selectivity of the proposed sensors toward thiamine over commonly interfering cations. Sensor (I) has a lifetime of only 1–2days; however, sensor (II) remains usable for up to one month. Analytical applications to pure solutions and Egyptian multivitamin ampoules show excellent recovery values ranging from 97.92 to 103.72% and 97.21 to 102.19% for sensors (I) and (II), respectively. Moreover, the precision and reproducibility of the sensors are indicated from the low values of %RSD of five replicate measurements. In addition, the surface topography of the sensors was studied using scanning electron microscopy to investigate the effect of chemical modification on the surface structure.

The effect of a water-soluble vitamins on the activity of some enzymes in diabetes

Intramuscular injections of the vitamin complex containing: thiamine chloride (B1), riboflavin (B2), lipoic acid (N), calcium pantothenate (B5), pyridoxine hydrochloride (B6), folic acid (B9), ascorbic acid (C) can reduce the blood glucose level in serum of rats with alloxan diabetes, stabilize activity of some enzymes of energy metabolism, lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Synthesis of cocarboxylase: process intensification via microwave irradiation

Energy saving is the key point in the development of new chemical technologies and industrial scaling of the processes of obtaining chemical reagents, functional materials, pharmaceutical substances, etc. The use of the non-classical process activation methods, including microwave radiation, known as effective heating source, allowing significant process acceleration, is a promising direction in the field of new energy-saving technologies.The paper gives the results of modeling of the process of synthesis of cocarboxylase - known pharmaceutical substance - in a microwave field. The synthesis includes two stages – preparation of polyphosphoric acid (phosphorylating agent) and phosphorylation of thiamine chloride. The effect of microwave radiation on duration and energy parameters of these processes of various scales (from several grams to several kilograms) was studied. The efficiency of the microwave radiation use at both stages from the point of view of influence on the duration of processes and energy consumption was shown. The effective technique of the preparation of polyphosphoric acid by the method of phosphoric acid dehydration in the microwave field was developed. Optimal parameters of microwave thiamine chloride phosphorylation were found. The comparative assessments of time and energy expenditure in these processes, including taking into account their scaling to the industrial volumes were given for the justification of the economic feasibility of replacing the thermal heating by microwave radiation.

The comparison of approaches to the solid-state NMR-based structural refinement of vitamin B1 hydrochloride and of its monohydrate

The 13C and 15N CPMAS SSNMR measurements were accompanied by the proper theoretical description of the solid-phase environment, as provided by the density functional theory in the pseudopotential plane-wave scheme, and employed in refining the atomic coordinates of the crystal structures of thiamine chloride hydrochloride and of its monohydrate. Thus, using the DFT functionals PBE, PW91 and RPBE, the SSNMR-consistent solid-phase structures of these compounds are derived from the geometrical optimization, which is followed by an assessment of the fits of the GIPAW-predicted values of the chemical shielding parameters to their experimental counterparts.

Synthesis and crystal structure of the salt of the protonated thiamine cation with the palladium(II) tetrachloride anion [HTA]2[PdCl4]Cl2 · 2H2O

The reaction of thiamine chloride hydrochloride with a solution of palladium chloride in hydrochloric acid gave a protonated thiamine salt [HTA]2[PdCl4]Cl2 · 2H2O (I) (TA is 4-methyl-3-[(2′-methyl-4′-amino-3′,4′-dihydropyrimidinyl-5′)methyl]-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiazolium cation, C12H16N3O2S). The crystal structure of I was determined by X-ray diffraction. The crystals are triclinic: a = 11.459(8) A, b = 12.239(8) A, c = 6.910(1) A, α = 103.24(3)°, β = 76.95(3)°, γ = 106.04(3)°, Z = 2, space group P $\bar 1$ . The structural units of I are doubly charged [HTA]2+ cations, [PdCl4]2− and Cl− anions, and crystallization water molecules combined by hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions. The planar thiazolium and pyrimidine rings are in the F conformation, Φt = 1.0°, Φp = −86.6°, and the dihedral angle between the planes is 85.5°. The torsion angles of the hydroxyethyl group are as follows: C(9)C(10)C(11)O(1), 175.6°; S(1)C(9)C(10)C(11), 33.2°; it is involved in the hydrogen bond with the free Cl− anion. The sulfur atom forms a short (3.052 A) intermolecular S-Cl contact with the chlorine atom of the [PdCl4]2− anion, which forms supramolecular chains.

Potentiometric Multisensory Systems with Novel Ion-Exchange Polymer-Based Sensors for Analysis of Drugs

This paper examines potentiometric multisensory systems that consist of novel cross-sensitive PD-sensors (Potential Donnan-sensors). The analytical signal of PD-sensors is the Donnan potential at the ion-exchange polymer/electrolyte test solution interface. The use of novel sensors for the quantitative analysis of multicomponent aqueous solutions of amino acids, vitamins and medical substances is based on protolytic and ion-exchange reactions at the interfaces of ion-exchangers and test solutions. The potentiometric sensor arrays consist of PD-sensors and ion-selective electrodes. Such systems were developed for the multicomponent quantitative analysis of lysine monohydrochloride, thiamine chloride and novocaine hydrochloride solutions that contained salts of alkaline and alkaline-earth metals, as well as for mixed solutions of nicotinic acid and pyridoxine hydrochloride. Multivariate methods of analysis were used for sensor calibration and the analysis of the total response of sensor arrays. The errors of measurement of the electrolytes in aqueous solutions did not exceed 10%. The developed multisensory systems were used to determine the composition of a therapeutic “Mineral salt with low content of sodium chloride” and to determine concentrations of novocaine in sewage samples from a dental clinic.